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1.
William J. Hargis Jr Morris H. Roberts Jr David E. Zwerner 《Marine environmental research》1984,14(1-4)
The Elizabeth River is Virginia's most heavily populated, industrialized and contaminated subestuary. Its sediments contain the residues of wastes discharged for several hundred years. To examine some of the effects of sediment from a particularly noxious location, we chose the spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), a bottom-feeding sciaenid and naturally occurring spring-summer migrant of the river whose juveniles adapt readily to laboratory conditions. Spot from the Ware River, a nearby uncontaminated reference subestuary, were placed in two 380 liter (100 USgal), flow-through tanks (70 each). One tank contained Elizabeth River sediments contaminated with PAHs. The second tank contained uncontaminated sediment from the York River as a control. 13 spot each were placed in two aquaria that received the overflow from the sediment-containing tanks. Animals from the reference estuary were examined and processed to provide baseline information.Results obtained to date show the following: (1) spot experimentally exposed to contaminated sediment developed penetrating integumental lesions within 8 days after exposure began and later severe fin and gill erosion; (2) their hematocrits were significantly reduced and no weight gain occurred; (3) pancreatic and liver alterations were observed in some of the chemically stressed fish; (4) control fish exhibited no fin erosion or integumental lesions; (5) control fish showed no hematocrit or growth reduction; and (6) dead fish were first observed in the contaminated-sediment tank after 8 days while no control fish died. Clearly, one or more factors associated with Elizabeth River sediments and/or water closely associated with those sediments (probably the heavy concentrations of PAHs) are capable of causing serious injury, disease and death in experimental spot populations. 相似文献
2.
《Marine environmental research》1987,22(3):205-213
A recently developed spectrophotometric technique was used to examine the effect of environmental pollutants on pinocytosis by fish macrophages. Spot, Leiostomus xanthurus, and hogchoker. Trinectes maculatus, were captured from the York River, a relatively non-polluted ricer, and from the Elizabeth River, known to be highly contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Kidney cell types were separated by density gradient centrifugation and single cell suspensions of macrophages were used in in vitro studies. The pinocytic activity of kidney macrophages from spot and hogchoker was determined by means of a colorimetric assay of ingested neutral red dye. It was found that the pinocytic activity of macrophages from spot exposed to contaminated waters did not differ from control values. However, there was a two-fold increase in pinocytic activity in pollutant-stressed hogchoker. It is proposed that hogchoker could serve as an indicator species to monitor pollution effects in the environment. 相似文献
3.
The goal of these experiments was to explore the relationship between cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) induction and the teratogenicity of sediments from the Atlantic Wood Industries Superfund site (Elizabeth River, VA) in Fundulus heteroclitus embryos. In these experiments we used embryos spawned from reference site adults to assess CYP1A activity and teratogenicity induced by aqueous Elizabeth River sediment extracts (ERSE). Embryo exposures to ERSE induced CYP1A activity and caused deformities, including pericardial edema, heart elongation and tail shortening. Co-exposures with various CYP1A inhibitors significantly decreased CYP1A activity and increased the teratogenicity of the sediment extract. Potential mechanisms for this increased toxicity are discussed herein. 相似文献
4.
《Marine environmental research》1987,23(2):89-101
Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were measured in young-of-the-year feral fish collected between June and October 1985 from three stations in the highly polluted Elizabeth River and from one reference station in the relatively unpolluted Ware River. AHH activity increased to a peak in July and September, and then declined in October whereas SOD activity increased throughout the study period. Both AHH and SOD activities were higher in fish from the Elizabeth River stations than those from the Ware River.Fish condition factor was measured for all fishes. These values were lower than the values found in the literature for a site located in South Carolina, but did not differ among the four stations sampled in the present study. 相似文献
5.
A luminol-dependent chemiluminescence (CL) assay is currently being developed and tested with macrophages isolated from the kidneys of spot (Leiostomus xanthrus) and hogchoker (Trinectes maculatus). Both peak amplitude and time of maximum response have been observed to vary with the species tested and the stimulus used. In York River (reference), spot zymosan elicited the most immediate response with a peak at 18 min, while the response induced by Staphylococcus aureus was delayed (28 min). In York River (reference) hogchoker, the most immediate response was induced by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) with a peak at 7min. S. aureus and zymosan elicited somewhat delayed responses (13 min and 15 min, respectively). Macrophages from spot captured in the Elizabeth River, which is highly contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were markedly deficient in generating a zymosan-induced CL response compared with York River reference fish. Spot exposed in the laboratory to contaminated sediments showed a similar decrease in the CL response. 相似文献
6.
牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)是我国名贵的海产鱼类，也是我国北方沿海地区大规模增养殖的经济鱼种之一。目前随着牙鲆养殖业的蓬勃发展,养殖规模也不断扩大,养殖中各种病害的爆发也相继增多、由此给养殖业户造成了巨大的经济损失。为此科学家们研究出了各种防病、治病方法。其中,通过接种疫苗对鱼类病害进行免疫防治被认为是最重要、有效和绿色环保的方法之一,许多针对鱼类病原的灭活、减毒和基因工程疫苗相继研制成功,这些疫苗的应用在不同程度上都可以提高鱼类的抗病性,减少发病率。作者利用制备鳗弧菌灭活疫苗对牙鲆进行注射免疫的方法,从而观察牙鲆外周血细胞吞噬活性的变化，探讨了鱼类非特异性细胞免疫的保护机制,为今后进一步深入研究提供了可靠依据。 相似文献
7.
Lisa R. Bacanskas Julia Whitaker Richard T. Di Giulio 《Marine environmental research》2004,58(2-5):597
A population of killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) inhabiting a creosote-polluted inlet of the Elizabeth River demonstrates tolerance to the acute toxic effects exerted by contaminated sediments on reference site killifish. Previous data have suggested that upregulated antioxidant defenses contribute to short-term tolerance in killifish exposed to Elizabeth River sediments. This study investigated population differences in antioxidant defenses from wild caught Elizabeth River and reference population killifish in different seasons, and after being held in the laboratory. Parameters measured in the killifish were total glutathione concentrations (GSHT), activities of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and lipid peroxidation (LPO), all in adult hepatic tissues. The Elizabeth River population exhibited greater GSHT, higher GPx activities, and increased LPO as compared to the reference population. Sex specific population differences were also observed in GSHT and GPx. Both populations displayed decreased GSHT and increased GR from early to late summer, as well as after being held in the laboratory. This study indicates that there are many factors that may contribute to differences in levels of antioxidant defenses in addition to exposure to contaminants, including reproductive status and environmental conditions. 相似文献
8.
English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) and starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) are two sympatric flatfish species which show markedly different responses to chemical contaminant exposure. Whereas English sole develop hepatic neoplasms, the prevalences of which are strongly linked to exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), evidence of neoplasia is virtually nonexistent in starry flounder, even those residing in areas with very high levels of PAH in the sediments. Because PAHs are activated to genotoxic forms by the action of cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) in teleosts, we are examining the hypothesis that variation in the hepatic expression of this major inducible cytochrome P450 isozyme may contribute to the differential contaminant response. These two species were captured in the Duwamish Waterway, a contaminated area of Puget Sound, Washington. Catalytic activity of CYP1A [determined as aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) activity] was measured in the liver to quantitatively assess the relative induction of CYP1A in these two species, and AHH activity was significantly higher in English sole than in starry flounder (p = 0.015). Cellular expression of CYP1A was determined by immunohistochemical localization of tissues, using an avidin-biotin peroxidase complex method, with polyclonal rabbit anti-cod CYP1A. The results showed a markedly reduced expression of CYP1A in hepatocytes of starry flounder, which is consistent with the apparent resistance of this species to the development of hepatocellular neoplasia. This reduced expression of CYP1A in hepatocytes of contaminant-exposed fish was previously seen in oyster toadfish from the Elizabeth River, Virginia, and this species is also apparently resistant to hepatocellular neoplasia. 相似文献
9.
莱州湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼数量分布及其与环境因子相关关系研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
于2007年和2008年6月、8月,用大型浮游生物网对莱州湾鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类组成与数量分布进行了4个航次调查。结果表明,采集到11271粒鱼卵,隶属于4目、15科、22种(不包括2个未定名物种);仔稚鱼2942尾,隶属于4目、9科、12种(不包括2个未定名物种)。6月份是莱州湾大部分鱼类主要产卵期,鱼卵、仔稚鱼种类达25种,鱼卵优势种以斑(Clupanodon punctatus)和凤鲚(Coilia mystus)为主;仔稚鱼优势种以凤鲚、梭鱼(Mugil soiuy)和斑为主。8月份产卵的鱼类较少,仅采集到15种鱼卵、仔稚鱼,优势种均以凤鲚和鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)为主。鱼卵、仔稚鱼平面分布极不均匀,黄河、广利河和老弥河口附近海域数量较多,莱州湾中部海域数量较少。通过SPSS软件分析发现,鱼卵数量与仔稚鱼、表层铵盐含量呈显著正相关(r=0.438,0.604,P0.01),与盐度、透明度呈负相关(r=-0.343,-0.329,P0.05);仔稚鱼数量仅与鱼卵数量和表层铵盐含量呈显著正相关(r=0.438,0.536,P0.01),与其它环境因子没有明显相关关系(P0.05)。 相似文献
10.
为筛选适合添加于草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)饲料的植物源免疫增强剂,本试验以白芍(Radix paeoniae Alba)、杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)和知母(Rhizoma anemarrhenae)三种允饲植物配制的复方制剂A、B和C为研究对象,开展其对草鱼非特异性免疫功能的比较研究。试验将二龄草鱼随机分成6个试验组和1个对照组,试验组和对照组按鱼体重量的3%每天分别投喂添加复方制剂的饲料和空白饲料。试验第7、14、21、28天分别采集试验草鱼血液,用于检测血液细胞组分、血清溶菌酶、血清SOD;试验第29天,对各组试验草鱼进行腹腔注射嗜水气单胞菌活菌,记录攻毒后14天内各组草鱼的存活率。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验第14天时,以2%和4%剂量添加的复方制剂A分别显著提高草鱼白细胞吞噬活性128%和143%,分别提高草鱼血清溶菌酶活性69%和85%,分别提高草鱼血清SOD活性61%和55%;连用28天对草鱼的保护率分别达到49%和55%,复方制剂A对草鱼非特异性免疫增强效果优于复方制剂B和C。 相似文献
11.
作为典型的降河洄游鱼类,花鳗鲡(Anguilla marmorata)在我国主要分布于长江下游及以南水域。中草药作为抗生素等化学类渔药的绿色替代品,对养殖鱼类具有抗菌、消炎、促生长等多种功效。为研究中草药复方在花鳗鲡病害防治中的作用,扩大水产养殖业渔药研制与应用的选择,采用非连续性密度梯度离心法对花鳗鲡外周血白细胞的分离体系进行了优化,试验设置了密度分别为1.031、1.043、1.056、1.067、1.090 g/mL的五种分离液,分别采用染色观察法和流式细胞术检测各分离液中白细胞浓度;以浓度1.0mg/mL的五种复方药液分别与105cell/mL的白细胞悬液共孵育2h后,分别采用NBT法和流式细胞术测定白细胞的呼吸暴发活性和吞噬能力,评价五种中草药复方(多糖复方Dt,白头翁复方Btw,板蓝根复方Blg,大黄复方Dh,百里酚复方Blf)对花鳗鲡外周血白细胞的激活作用。结果显示:1.043g/mL和1.056g/mL的分离液所分离获得白细胞浓度均接近105cell/mL,可在后续实验中叠加使用该两个浓度的分离液分离获得白细胞;流式细胞术检测白细胞浓度比染色观察法更为灵敏准确;5种复方均能显著提高花鳗鲡外周血白细胞的呼吸暴发活性(P<0.05),大小依次为Blg>Dt>Btw>Blf>Dh;Dt和Blg能显著提高白细胞吞噬率(P<0.05),Btw、Blf、Dh也能提高白细胞吞噬率,但差异不显著(P>0.05);5种复方对发生吞噬白细胞比率的影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。 相似文献
12.
13.
刀鲚(Coilianasus)是长江珍稀名贵的生殖洄游性、肉食性鱼类,自2020年1月1日0时起,长江10年内全面禁止刀鲚生产性捕捞。与此同时,衍生出刀鲚池塘养殖、工厂化养殖和网箱养殖模式,在这些养殖模式中,由于刀鲚长期处于肥水和高密度的养殖环境内,自身处于不安全的状态下,造成自身的免疫机能受到抑制和抗病力下降,导致养殖成活率低或大量死亡现象,造成刀鲚养殖规模一直没有大的进展。本研究通过对刀鲚各个生长发育过程的特征解析,将刀鲚生活史划分为水花开口、乌仔、稚鱼(夏花)、幼鱼和成鱼5个生长阶段,同时将刀鲚养殖所涉及的生态系统划分为浮游植物、原生动物、轮虫(卵)、枝角类、桡足类、底栖动物幼体、鱼(虾)苗、软靡、微囊配合饲料和有机碎屑、微生物8个层次,通过结合非生态系统构建了刀鲚生态养殖系统模式。通过构建该生态养殖模式对刀鲚养殖模式进行更加深入的研究和探讨,从而助力刀鲚产业的快速发展。 相似文献
14.
南极超微细菌ANT52(Alteromonas stellipolaris)外膜蛋白和脂多糖的提取物对黑鲷的免疫活性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从南极超微细菌ANT52(Alteromonas stellipolaris)提取粗外膜蛋白(Outer membrane protein,OMP)和粗脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS),分不同处理(OMP、LPS、OMP+LPS)免疫注射黑鲷,在免疫后的第1、7、14、21、28、35天时检测试验鱼的白细胞吞噬活性、溶菌酶活力、抗菌活力以及酚氧化酶活力等非特异性免疫指标的变化.结果表明,自南极超微细菌ANT52提取的LPS及OMP 均能够显著提高黑鲷的白细胞吞噬活性(P<0.05),增强黑鲷血清中的抗菌活力、溶菌酶的活力和酚氧化酶活力(P<0.05).各免疫处理对黑鲷免疫活性的影响效果不同,LPS、OMP单独注射的免疫促进效果优于组合注射(LPS+OMP);且LPS、OMP单独注射的黑鲷各免疫指标基本上在接种后的第28天时最高,而组合注射LPS+OMP在接种后的第21天最高.上述物质表现的免疫作用机理有待于进一步研究. 相似文献
15.
Fish utilization of a salt marsh intertidal creek in the Yangtze River estuary, China 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Binsong Jin Cuizhang Fu Junsheng Zhong Bo Li Jiakuan Chen Jihua Wu 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2007,73(3-4):844-852
The structure and temporal variations of the fish community in salt marshes of Chinese estuaries are poorly understood. Fish utilization of a salt marsh intertidal creek in the Yangtze River estuary was studied based on quarterly sampling surveys in July and November, 2004, and February and May, 2005. Fishes were collected by consecutive day and night samplings using fyke nets during the ebbing spring tides. A total of 25,010 individuals were caught during the study. 17 families and 33 species were documented, and the most species-rich family was Gobiidae. Three species, Synechogobius ommaturus, Chelon haematocheilus and Lateolabrax maculatus together comprised 95.65% of the total catch, which were also the most important commercial fishery species in the Yangtze River estuary. The fish community was dominated by juvenile individuals of estuarine resident species. Time of year significantly affected fish use of salt marshes, but no significant effects of diel periodicity on the fish community were found except for fish sampling in July. These findings indicate that salt marshes in the Yangtze River estuary may play important nursery roles for fish community. 相似文献
16.
南宁邕江网箱养殖区浮游生物种群结构特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
浮游生物是评价水体质量的一项重要生物指标,为了解广西南宁邕江网箱养殖区的水质状况,于2009年9月-2010年9月在金陵至清川桥江段网箱养殖区设置2个监测断面,每两个月采样1次,对其水质和浮游植物种群组成、密度和优势种变化进行了系统研究.结果表明:邕江网箱养殖区共检出浮游植物8门98属(种),绿藻、硅藻分别占浮游植物总种数的42.8％、24.5％;共检出浮游动物4大类44属(种),优势种为轮虫类,占浮游动物总种数的43.2％.总体看来,邕江网箱养殖区浮游生物种数夏秋季节多,冬春季节少;浮游生物密度与种数季节变化趋势一致.邕江网箱养殖区综合营养状态指数(TLI)介于59.28-66.87之间,属于中度富营养化水平.Shannon-Wiener多样性及均匀度指数分别介于1.35-1.56和0.2275-0.2586之间,表明邕江网箱养殖区在监测期内处于中营养—富营养状态,这与采用相关加权综合营养状态指数法的评价结果一致. 相似文献
17.
拉萨河源头水域中浮游生物、鱼类资源调查与分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
拉萨河是西藏重要的河流之一,流经多个县市,拉萨河的生态性调查和环境保护对西藏的社会和经济发展重要意义。本调查在拉萨河上游11个乡镇分别进行断面取点调查,对各乡镇境内拉萨河段进行浮游生物与鱼类取样统计分析。本次调查中,共检出浮游植物76个种类,其中硅藻门48种,占总种类数的63.2%;绿藻门12种,占总种类数的15.8%;蓝藻门6种,占总种类数的7.9%;金藻门4种,占总种类数的5.3%;隐藻门3种,占总种类数的3.9%;黄藻门和裸藻门各1种,分别占总种类数的1.3%;共检出浮游动物4大类50种,其中原生动物24种,占总种数的48%;轮虫12种,占总种数的24%;枝角类10种,占总种数的20%;桡足类4种,占总种数的8%;共发现1目2科5属的鱼类5种,均为鲤形目,本地鱼类有3种,占总数的60%,外来种有2种,占到总数的40%,其中拉萨裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis younghusbandi Regan)和双须叶须鱼[Ptychobarbus dipogon(Regan)]为雅鲁藏布江特有鱼类。本次调查采集到的外来鱼种有棒花鱼和鳅鱼两种。经本次调查,西藏拉萨河源头流域,生物多样性略贫乏,尤其是鱼类种类较少。而鱼类保护工作面临的两大挑战就是外来鱼种入侵以及过度捕捞而造成的鱼类资源减少。 相似文献
18.
We documented the temporal occurrence patterns and habitat use of fish in the Mangyeong River estuary on the western coast
of Korea from February to December 2003 based on monthly samples collected with a stow net. A total of 46 fish species were
collected during the study period. Chelon haematocheilus, Konosirus punctatus, Neosalanx jordani, Sardinella zunasi, Synechogobius hasta, and Thryssa kammalensis were the predominate species, accounting for 84.4% of the collected fish. We classified the fish as brackish water (BF),
coastal migratory (CMF), diadromous (DF), or freshwater (FF) fish. BF such as C. haematocheilus, S. hasta, and Coilia nasus were the most abundant and were collected almost year-round. As water temperatures increased in spring, adult CMF, such as
K. punctatus, S. zunasi, T. kammalensis, T. adelae, Johnius grypotus, Miichthys miiuy, and Larimichthys polyactis, entered the estuary. In summer, large numbers of their juvenile offspring were caught, indicating a peak in fish abundance.
The juveniles grew in the estuary before moving out to deeper waters for overwintering. Diadromous juveniles, such as those
of Anguilla japonica (commonly known as glass eel), were collected in the spring during their upstream migration. FF, such as Carassius cuvieri and Acheilognathus rhombeus, were collected during the rainy season. In terms of the number of species, the number of individuals, and the biomass, the
ratio of BF to all other fish type classifications in the Mangyeong Estuary (without a dam) was higher than that in the Geum
River estuary (with a dam). The fish assemblage in the Mangyeong Estuary still maintained estuarine characteristics before
dike enclosure, providing habitats for BF, nursery grounds for CMF, and migratory pathways for DF. 相似文献
19.
Previous research had documented prevalent liver neoplasia within feral fish populations from half a dozen polluted waterways of North America.1–3 A brown bullhead, Ictalurus nebulosus, population in the Black River, Ohio, had a 33% prevalence of grossly observable liver tumors in fish older than 2 years compared to 0 % in 249 bullhead from a reference location (Buckeye Lake).4 To approximate the actual prevalence of gross plus microscopic lesions combined in the Black River population, we captured 125 bullhead at least 250 mm in length in 1982. Livers were preserved for histopathology and pectoral fin spines were removed for aging. On average, each liver was sectioned at five levels for diagnosis. Bullheads (whole fish) and Black River sediment were analyzed for polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as previously reported.4,5 Bullheads were found to have a higher incidence of liver tumors than was grossly apparent and to contain elevated levels of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). 相似文献
20.
The fecundity of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was estimated from maturing fish captured by anglers in the lower Waitaki River in 1985 and 1987–89, and from mature fish spawned at the Glenariffe Research Station on the Rakaia River in 1992. Fecundity was positively correlated with fork length (FL); estimated fecundities at 750 mm FL were 5024 eggs for Waitaki and 4829 eggs for Glenariffe salmon. The slopes of the regressions of fecundity on FL differed between the populations but the Glenariffe data did not differ from Rakaia River samples from 1967, 1973, and 1976. Significant inter‐annual variation in the FL‐fecundity relationship was detected in Waitaki River samples. Egg weights, taken from the Glenariffe samples, were positively correlated with length and averaged 0.17 g. However, salmon with high fecundity for their FL tended to have small eggs, and vice versa. 相似文献