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1.
麻素红 《气象学报》2019,77(4):662-673
2016年中国国家气象中心区域台风模式（GRAPES_TYM）对第18号热带气旋（记为TC 1618）的路径预报出现了较大的误差:其平均路径误差显著大于全年的平均误差。分析了涡旋初始化方案（包括涡旋重定位以及涡旋强度调整）对其路径预报的影响。结果显示,涡旋强度调整是造成TC1618预报路径平均误差偏大的主要原因。不同的强度调整半径（r0=12°,9°,6°,3°）对TC1618路径影响的敏感性试验结果显示,强度调整半径越大,其平均路径预报误差越大。500 hPa副热带高压以及平均海平面涡旋尺度分析发现:较大的强度调整半径（r0=12°,9°）其初始时刻的涡旋尺度较大,涡旋北侧邻近区域副热带高压等值线相对偏北,副热带高压相对偏弱。尺度大的涡旋其北移速度较大,并且在积分过程中其环流邻近区域副热带高压进一步减弱,导致涡旋环流会更早与其西北侧东移的西风槽结合,移速偏快。   相似文献   

2.
Typhoon Megi, the 13th typhoon of the 2010 typhoon season, was selected for case study by utilizing the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Twelve sensitivity experiments with various initial tropical cyclone (TC) intensities and sizes were conducted to investigate their impacts on the simulation of typhoon track. Interaction between TC and the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) was also analyzed to explore the mechanism for the impact on TC track of the initial TC intensity and size. Numerical results indicate that the simulated TC size and TC track are sensitive to initial TC intensity and size. Stronger initial TC intensity and larger initial TC size often lead to larger simulated TC size and make TC turn northward earlier. Further analysis suggests that, with the increase of initial TC intensity and size, more air mass enters into the TC region, which subsequently reduces the extent of WPSH. As a result, the steering flow changes significantly and eventually causes the TC to turn northward earlier. The present study confirms that the initial TC intensity and size have certain influences on the TC track simulation, which demonstrates the importance of accurate initial condition for successful simulation of the TC intensity and TC track. Moreover, it also deepens our understanding of the interaction between TC and WPSH, provides helpful clues for the TC track change study, and discusses the future directions for improvement of TC track forecast.  相似文献   

3.
The sensitivity of the simulation of tropical cyclone(TC) size to microphysics schemes is studied using the Advanced Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF). Six TCs during the 2013 western North Pacific typhoon season and three mainstream microphysics schemes–Ferrier(FER), WRF Single-Moment 5-class(WSM5) and WRF Single-Moment6-class(WSM6)–are investigated. The results consistently show that the simulated TC track is not sensitive to the choice of microphysics scheme in the early simulation, especially in the open ocean. However, the sensitivity is much greater for TC intensity and inner-core size. The TC intensity and size simulated using the WSM5 and WSM6 schemes are respectively higher and larger than those using the FER scheme in general, which likely results from more diabatic heating being generated outside the eyewall in rainbands. More diabatic heating in rainbands gives higher inflow in the lower troposphere and higher outflow in the upper troposphere, with higher upward motion outside the eyewall. The lower-tropospheric inflow would transport absolute angular momentum inward to spin up tangential wind predominantly near the eyewall, leading to the increment in TC intensity and size(the inner-core size, especially). In addition, the inclusion of graupel microphysics processes(as in WSM6) may not have a significant impact on the simulation of TC track, intensity and size.  相似文献   

4.
Summary A simple 1.5 layer reduced gravity transport model is used to understand the influence of a moving tropical cyclone on the upper layer of the Bay of Bengal. The wind stress used to force the model is derived from an idealised cyclone. The model cyclone is considered to be a symmetric vortex with both tangential and radial winds. The cyclone center moves northwestwards between the points 97E, 8N and 82E, 23N. In the control experiment, the cyclone is allowed to move the total distance in 5 days. The oceanic response is asymmetric in contrast to the symmetric wind forcings. Right bias found in the maxima of model circulation and upper layer thickness deviations, is in agreement with other modelling studies.Fifteen sensitivity experiments are carried out by varying the intensity, size and speed of the cyclone, by changing the model parameters and with different initial conditions. Model fields show linear response to changes in the intensity and size of the cyclone. The changes in the maximum wind of the cyclone produces highest variability in the model fields. Increase in model resolution in association with the corresponding decrease in viscosity results in the enhancement of maxima of the flow magnitude and ULTD. Increasing the phase speed of the initial mode results in a wider spreading of energy and hence decrease in the flow intensity and the upper layer deviations. Model results do not show much variation by considering different initial conditions.With 9 Figures  相似文献   

5.
台湾岛和台湾海峡地区台风和伴生低压相对运动规律初探   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
本文根据1949—1987年有关的台风资料,研究台湾岛和台湾海峡地区台风和伴生低压相对运动规律。台风和伴生低压相互旋转,气旋式和反气旋式各占一半。利用它们所处的方位,可以定性判别旋转方向。气旋式的旋转角度与两者初始距离、强度、方位关联较好,台风和伴生低压的相互作用对它们的路径有影响,有2/3的路径产生突变,这些变化是:台风有折加速,互旋左折减速,伴生低压发展取代台风。   相似文献   

6.
Comprehensive sensitivity analyses on physical parameterization schemes of Weather Research Forecast (WRF-ARW core) model have been carried out for the prediction of track and intensity of tropical cyclones by taking the example of cyclone Nargis, which formed over the Bay of Bengal and hit Myanmar on 02 May 2008, causing widespread damages in terms of human and economic losses. The model performances are also evaluated with different initial conditions of 12?h intervals starting from the cyclogenesis to the near landfall time. The initial and boundary conditions for all the model simulations are drawn from the global operational analysis and forecast products of National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP-GFS) available for the public at 1° lon/lat resolution. The results of the sensitivity analyses indicate that a combination of non-local parabolic type exchange coefficient PBL scheme of Yonsei University (YSU), deep and shallow convection scheme with mass flux approach for cumulus parameterization (Kain-Fritsch), and NCEP operational cloud microphysics scheme with diagnostic mixed phase processes (Ferrier), predicts better track and intensity as compared against the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) estimates. Further, the final choice of the physical parameterization schemes selected from the above sensitivity experiments is used for model integration with different initial conditions. The results reveal that the cyclone track, intensity and time of landfall are well simulated by the model with an average intensity error of about 8?hPa, maximum wind error of 12?m?s?1and track error of 77?km. The simulations also show that the landfall time error and intensity error are decreasing with delayed initial condition, suggesting that the model forecast is more dependable when the cyclone approaches the coast. The distribution and intensity of rainfall are also well simulated by the model and comparable with the TRMM estimates.  相似文献   

7.
Initial mesoscale vortex effects on the tropical cyclone(TC) motion in a system where three components coexist(i.e.,an environmental vortex(EV),a TC,and mesoscale vortices) were examined using a barotropic vorticity equation model with initial fields where mesoscale vortices were generated stochastically.Results of these simulations indicate that the deflection of the TC track derived from the initial mesoscale vortices was clearly smaller than that from the beta effect in 60% of the cases.However,they may have a more significant impact on the TC track under the following circumstances.First,the interaction between an adjacent mesoscale vortex and the TC causes the emergence of a complicated structure with two centers in the TC inner region.This configuration may last for 8 h,and the two centers undergo a cyclonic rotation to make the change in direction of the TC motion.Second,two mesoscale vortices located in the EV circulation may merge,and the merged vortex shifts into the EV inner region,intensifying both the EV and steering flow for the TC,increasing speed of the TC.  相似文献   

8.
基于集合Kalman滤波数据同化的热带气旋路径集合预报研究   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  
构建了一个基于集合Kalman滤波数据同化的热带气旋集合预报系统，通过积云参数化方案和边界层参数化方案的9个不同组合，采用MM5模式进行了不同时间的短时预报。对预报结果使用“镜像法”得到18个初始成员，为同化提供初始背景集合。将人造台风作为观测场，同化后的结果作为集合预报的初值，通过不同参数组合的MM5模式进行集合预报。对2003～2004年16个台风个例的分析表明，初始成员产生方法能够对热带气旋的要素场、中心强度和位置进行合理扰动。同化结果使台风强度得到加强，结构更接近实际。基于同化的集合路径预报结果要优于未同化的集合预报。使用“镜像法”增加集合成员提高了预报准确度，路径预报误差在48小时和72小时分别低于200 km和250 km。  相似文献   

9.
台风“风神”路径、强度及引发江西降水诊断分析   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  
利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、T213分析资料和常规观测资料,从水汽条件、热力条件、动力条件等方面,对2008年第6号台风“风神”路径、强度变化的原因,及其对江西的影响进行分析。结果表明,台风路径与副高的强度和位置变化密切相关,台风移动方向与风场结构中强风速的风向一致。台风在海上强度减弱主要与水汽来源不足有关,登陆后还与冷空气侵入暖中心有关。由于强度减弱且西南季风不强,造成水汽来源不足,从而导致“风神”没有给江西造成大范围暴雨天气。其中的局地强降水天气发生在台风环流高能梯度锋区,这主要是由于干侵入引发对流性不稳定造成的。  相似文献   

10.
A new method, BDA perturbing, is used in ensemble forecasting of typhoon track. This method is based on the Bogus Data Assimilation scheme. It perturbs the initial position and intensity of typhoons and gets a series of bogus vortex. Then each bogus vortex is used in data assimilation to obtain initial conditions. Ensemble forecast members are constructed by conducting simulation with these initial conditions. Some cases of typhoon are chosen to test the validity of this new method and the results show that: using the BDA perturbing method to perturb initial position and intensity of typhoon for track forecast can improve accuracy, compared with the direct use of the BDA assimilation scheme. And it is concluded that a perturbing amplitude of intensity of 5 hPa is probably more appropriate than 10 hPa if the BDA perturbing method is used in combination with initial position perturbation.  相似文献   

11.
Predicting the intensity of tropical cyclones(TCs)is challenging in operational weather prediction systems,partly due to the difficulty in defining the initial vortex.In an attempt to solve this problem,this study investigated the effect of initial vortex intensity correction on the prediction of the intensity of TCs by the operational numerical prediction system GRAPES_TYM(Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System_Typhoon Model)of the National Meteorological Center of the China Meteorological Administration.The statistical results based on experiments using data for major TCs in 2018 show that initial vortex intensity correction can reduce the errors in mean intensity for up to 120-h integration,with a noticeable decrease in the negative bias of intensity and a slight increase in the mean track error.The correction leads to an increase in the correlation coefficient of Vmax(maximum wind speed at 10-m height)for the severe typhoon and super typhoon stages.Analyses of the errors in intensity at different stages of intensity(including tropical storms,severe tropical storms,typhoons,severe typhoons,and super typhoons)show that vortex intensity correction has a remarkable positive influence on the prediction of super typhoons from 0 to 120h.Analyses of the errors in intensity for TCs with different initial intensities indicate that initial vortex correction can significantly improve the prediction of intensity from 24 to 96 h for weak TCs(including tropical storms and severe tropical storms at the initial time)and up to 24 h for strong TCs(including severe typhoons and super typhoons at the initial time).The effect of the initial vortex intensity correction is more important for developing TCs than for weakening TCs.  相似文献   

12.
Summary Convective to planetary scale processes govern the motion and structure of tropical storms. A model with a high resolution and a large domain is required for accurate prediction of a storm's track and intensity. A series of integrations are performed using a primitive equation model and an initial state that defines a tropical storm that later developed into a hurricane in the real atmosphere. Increasing the horizontal resolution or domain of the model improves the forecast track. However only the increase in the horizontal resolution produces a better hurricane structure.Banded structure in the vertical motion field, asymmetries in the low tropospheric winds similar to those observed and upper tropospheric cyclonic outflow develop in high horizontal resolution experiments. It is shown that horizontal advection and pressure gradient terms produce wind tendencies in the low troposphere that displace the vortex in the observed direction. A high pressure area surrounding the central low pressure area appears in the upper troposphere. Around this high pressure area large pressure gradients develop that induce outflow winds in the distal storm area.  相似文献   

13.
雷暴区域追踪矢量与雷暴单体追踪矢量融合临近预报研究   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
雷暴追踪矢量的准确性是决定短时临近降水外推预报效果的关键。以TREC（Tracking Radar Echoes by Correlation）为代表的区域追踪和以TITAN（Thunderstorm Identifiation,Tracking,Analysis,and Nowcasting）为代表的单体追踪是追踪雷暴移动矢量的两种典型方法。TREC基于追踪格点雷达回波数据得到,能较好体现层状云降水和对流云降水系统的区域总体移动趋势;TITAN可以识别、分析雷暴的二维和三维属性,自动跟踪雷暴的移动速度和方向,形成雷暴单体移动矢量,能够更好地刻画小尺度雷暴单体的移动速度和方向。将TREC和TITAN两种移动矢量进行融合,生成新的外推移动矢量,既保留了TREC方法在刻画大尺度雷暴总体移动趋势信息方面的特长,又能充分发挥TITAN方法在刻画小尺度雷暴运动细节信息上的优势。融合试验表明,采用TREC和TITAN两种降水移动矢量融合的新技术,可以一定程度改进降水外推移动矢量场估计的准确度,提升降水落区和强度外推预报的准确度,对改善北京地区降水临近预报水平具有一定正效果。   相似文献   

14.
In this paper,by carrying out sensitivity tests of initial conditions and diagnostic analysis of physical fields,the impact factors and the physical mechanism of the unusual track of Morakot in the Taiwan Strait are discussed and examined based on the potential vorticity(PV)inversion.The diagnostic results of NCEP data showed that Morakot’s track was mainly steered by the subtropical high.The breaking of a high-pressure zone was the main cause for the northward turn of Morakot.A sensitivity test of initial conditions showed that the existence of upper-level trough was the leading factor for the breaking of the high-pressure zone.When the intensity was strengthened of the upper-level trough at initial time,the high-pressure zone would break ahead of time,leading to the early northward turn of Morakot.Conversely,when the intensity was weakened,the breaking of the high-pressure zone would be delayed.Especially,when the intensity was weakened to a certain extent,the high-pressure zone would not break.The typhoon,steered by the easterly flow to the south of the high-pressure zone,would keep moving westward,with no turn in the test.The diagnostic analysis of the physical fields based on the sensitivity test revealed that positive vorticity advection and cold advection associated with the upper-level trough weakened the intensity of the high-pressure zone.The upper-level trough affected typhoon’s track indirectly by influencing the high-pressure zone.  相似文献   

15.
The Impact of the Storm-Induced SST Cooling on Hurricane Intensity   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
The effects of storm-induced sea surface temperature (SST) cooling on hurricane intensity are investigated using a 5-day cloud-resolving simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Two sensitivity simulations are performed in which the storm-induced cooling is either ignored or shifted close to the modeled storm track. Results show marked sensitivity of the model-simulated storm intensity to the magnitude and relative position with respect to the hurricane track. It is shown that incorporation of the storm-induced cooling, with an average value of 1.3℃, causes a 25-hPa weakening of the hurricane, which is about 20 hPa per 1℃ change in SST. Shifting the SST cooling close to the storm track generates the weakest storm, accounting for about 47% reduction in the storm intensity. It is found that the storm intensity changes are well correlated with the air-sea temperature difference. The results have important implications for the use of coupled hurricane-ocean models for numerical prediction of tropical cyclones.  相似文献   

16.
对经过中国台湾岛和海南岛、吕宋岛、日本诸岛以及朝鲜半岛的热带气旋在过岛前后的运动、结构和强度的时空变化进行了统计诊断分析。研究结果表明,台湾岛附近热带气旋运动左偏（定义为偏于以前路径的左侧）机率最大,且台湾岛周围是产生诱生低压的高频区。采用理想东、西风环境场作为数值模拟背景场,数值研究了岛屿地形强迫与台湾附近的环境流场的相互作用及其对热带气旋运动偏转的影响,提出了岛屿地形强迫、背景场和热带气旋涡旋三者相互作用对热带气旋路径突然转折影响的观点,即台湾地形有利于环境场中诱生出一对偏差偶极涡,这对诱生偏差偶极涡将导致逼近岛屿的热带气旋产生运动方向的突然偏折,且在不同基本气流条件下,岛屿地形对热带气旋运动可能产生显著不同的影响。  相似文献   

17.
As an approach to the technological problem that the wind data of QuikSCAT scatterometer cannot accurately describe the zone of typhoon-level strong wind speed, some objective factors such as the typhoon moving speed, direction and friction are introduced in this study to construct the asymmetric strengthening of the QuikSCAT wind field. Then by adopting a technology of four-dimensional data assimilation, an experiment that includes both the assimilation and forecasting phases is designed to simulate Typhoon Rananim numerically. The results show that with model constraints and adjustment, this technology can incorporate the QuikSCAT wind data to the entire column of the model atmosphere, improve greatly the simulating effects of the whole-column wind, pressure field and the track as well as the simulated typhoon intensity covered by the forecast phase, and work positively for the forecasting of landfall locations.  相似文献   

18.
In this study, the sensitivity of tropical cyclone (TC) track to the moisture condition in a nearby monsoon gyre (MG) is investigated. Numerical simulations reveal that TC track is highly sensitive to the spatial distribution of relative humidity (RH). In an experiment conducted with higher (lower) RH in the eastern (western) semicircle of an MG, the TC experiences a sharp northward turning. In contrast, when the RH pattern is reversed, the simulated TC does not show a sharp northward turning. The RH distribution modulates the intensity and structure of both the TC and MG, so that when the TC is initially embedded in a moister environment, convection is enhanced in the outer core, which favors an expansion of the outer core size. A TC with a larger outer size has greater beta-effect propagation, favoring a faster westward translational speed. Meanwhile, higher RH enhances the vorticity gradient within the MG and promotes a quicker attraction between the TC and MG centers through vorticity segregation process. These cumulative effects cause the TC to collocate with the MG center. Once the coalescence process takes place, the energy dispersion associated with the TC and MG is enhanced, which rapidly strengthens southwesterly flows on the eastern flanks. The resulting steering flow leads the TC to take a sharp northward track.  相似文献   

19.
A new Tropical Cyclone (TC) initialization method with the structure adjustable bogus vortex was applied to the forecasts of track, central pressure, and wind intensity for the 417 TCs observed in the Western North Pacific during the 3-year period of 2005–2007. In the simulations the Final Analyses (FNL) with 1° × 1° resolution of National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) were incorporated as initial conditions. The present method was shown to produce improved forecasts over those without the TC initialization and those made by Regional Specialized Meteorological Center Tokyo. The average track (central pressure, wind intensity) errors were as small as 78.0 km (11.4 hPa, 4.9 m s?1) and 139.9 km (12.4 hPa, 5.5 m s?1) for 24-h and 48-h forecasts, respectively. It was found that the forecast errors are almost independent on the size and intensity of the observed TCs because the size and intensity of the bogus vortex can be adjusted to fit the best track data. The results of this study indicate that a bogus method is useful in predicting simultaneously the track, central pressure, and intensity with accuracy using a dynamical forecast model.  相似文献   

20.
王文儒  白山 《气象》2010,36(9):42-46
锋面滑升运动是形成锋面降水的重要原因,弄清锋面滑升运动的物理机制对锋面降水的预报是必要的。依据大气动力学原理,对锋面滑升运动的物理成因进行了研究。已知暖空气沿锋面的滑动与暖空气垂直于锋面的风速(u_w)和锋面移动速度(c)之差有关。当暖空气垂直于锋面的风速小于锋面的移动速度(u_wc)时,暖空气向上滑动;当暖空气垂直于锋面的风速大于锋面的移动速度(u_wc)时,暖空气向下滑动。因为锋面的移动速度小于锋后冷空气垂直于锋面的风速(cu_c),所以,暖空气沿锋面的滑动与锋区中垂直于锋面方向的风速的分布有关,当锋区中有(?)u/(?)u0时,暖空气必定向下滑动;暖空气若向上滑动,锋区中必为(?)u/(?)x0。本文依据大气动力学原理给出了锋面坡度公式,通过演绎该式,得到了分析锋区中(?)u/(?)x的公式,结果表明:(1)当锋面坡度增大时,大气沿锋面向上滑动,反之向下滑动。(2)锋面强度加强时,大气沿锋面向上滑动,反之向下滑动。(3)暖平流时上滑,冷平流时下滑。(4)当锋面上出现气旋式涡度增大时,大气沿锋面向上滑动,反之向下滑动。(5)当垂直于锋面方向的地转风沿锋面由下向上增大时,大气沿锋面向上滑动,反之向下滑动。  相似文献   

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