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新生代深海铁锰矿床的大规模成矿是地质历史上特有的现象,其形成的海底铁锰结核/结壳因富含巨量的有用金属而备受关注。水成型铁锰成矿的胶体成因模型自20世纪90年代中期提出以来已被广泛接受并采用。随着近20年来纳米地球科学的迅速发展,人们意识到纳米颗粒作为胶体的最小部分,能够以其独特的性质显著影响铁锰成矿过程。通过总结已有研究,发现铁氧化物与锰氧化物会以纳米颗粒的形式普遍共存于多种表生地质环境,还证实了水成型铁锰结核/结壳中的主要铁锰矿物（如水羟锰矿和水铁矿）都是纳米颗粒。铁氧化物纳米颗粒对二价锰[Mn(Ⅱ)]的表面催化氧化可能是水成型铁锰矿物通常在纳米尺度密切共生的原因。此外,在铁锰结壳中还观测到大量在以往研究中被普遍忽视的三价锰[Mn(Ⅲ)]矿物,其含量在结壳顶部最高,随深度增加逐渐下降,四价锰[Mn(Ⅳ)]矿物的含量则呈相反的变化趋势。不同价态锰氧化物纳米颗粒的表面能差异导致Mn(Ⅲ)矿物在Mn(Ⅱ)的氧化过程中最先沉淀,并可能在沉淀之后逐渐转化为Mn(Ⅳ)矿物。相信随着纳米地球科学与高精度原位实验技术的发展,必将不断深化对海水铁锰循环及海底铁锰成矿的认识。 相似文献
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在苏联卡拉卡斯盆地水域中的铁和锰具有不同的溶解度,铁是难以溶解的元素,在最初氧化时铁从二价氧化成四价,形成凝胶。在卡拉卡斯近海区铁继续凝聚,从补给区带出的铁部分沉积;另一部分则进入盆地的深水区。而锰是较易溶解的元素,比铁具有更高的电离栅,锰溶解在水中时经受了长期的氧化作用,它从二价过渡到四价。锰的氧化作用比铁小,容易从氧化中分出。里斯托夫对铁和锰的沉积作用进行了实验工作。 相似文献
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关于现代浅海型海底热液活动的研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
浅海型海底热液活动一般出现于海底火山顶部或者翼部,其所处的特殊地理位置是深海热液活动和陆上热泉的过渡地形。研究浅海型海底热液活动使我们更全面了解地球内部热量的缓慢散发形式。目前浅海型热液活动研究多侧重于流体、伴生气体、沉积物等方面：对于流体研究主要通过流体元素特征探讨流体源,虽然浅海热液活动流体在海底喷出,但流体主要组分有时是海水,有时是陆上大气水—海水只是作为少部分加入其中。对于伴生气体的研究表明：热液喷出时伴生气体组分多是火山气来源,火山气的加入导致热液流体酸性增强,使热液流体较容易淅沥出围岩中的元素,因此尽管浅海型热液流体流经路程短,但是流体中依然包含了较多物质,从而在海底表面沉淀沉积物,甚至可以形成烟囱体,由此可见浅海型热液活动与火山活动紧密相关。对于沉积物的研究显示浅海热液活动产生的沉积物组分简单,也有像深海热液活动中烟囱状沉积体的形成。沉积物对周围水域中元素浓度起到积极影响,如Fe、As含量等,这是热液流体与海水相互作用的结果。
现代浅海型热液活动往往出现于近海岸处,距离人类生活较深海热液活动更加接近,所以浅海热液活动对周围环境影响的深度及广度应该成为下一步研究重点。 相似文献
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全球海水剖面Fe同位素组成存在显著不均一性.对大西洋洋中脊、大西洋近海岸带、东太平洋和西太平洋弧后扩张中心多个站位的海水剖面溶解Fe浓度和Fe同位素组成进行了综合分析,得出以下主要认识:（1）不同区域的海水剖面溶解Fe浓度和Fe同位素组成呈现不同的变化特征,海水Fe同位素的变化趋势与海水溶解氧浓度变化一致,而与海水溶解Fe浓度呈镜像变化关系;（2）不同深度的海水溶解Fe浓度和Fe同位素组成特征的主要控制因素不同.表层海水受到大气降尘、生物作用影响呈现富重Fe同位素特征,受河流的影响Fe同位素组成偏轻;深层海水主要受到深海沉积和海底热液活动的影响,其中沉积物中的非还原溶解Fe导致海水富集重Fe同位素,而受洋中脊热液流体影响的深部海水显著富集轻Fe同位素;（3）将目前已知海底热液溶解Fe通量最小值（0.5 Gmol/a）作为全球大洋的热液溶解Fe通量,利用不同来源的溶解Fe同位素与其通量间的关系估算海底热液对海洋的Fe循环的贡献为~5.5%.由于海底热液流体的Fe通量可能远大于0.5 Gmol/a,因此,海底热液活动对海洋溶解Fe的贡献可能远超过前人的估算结果（6.0%）. 相似文献
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《地球科学进展》2019,(11)
海底峡谷是大陆边缘重要的海底地貌形态,也是沉积物从浅海向深海搬运的重要通道和生物多样性热点,对海底科学研究、海底资源开发利用及海底基础设施建设与安全运营具有重要意义。载人深潜和以遥控潜器(ROV)和自主潜器(AUV)为代表的无人深潜技术为人类探索现代海底峡谷提供了重要途径。海底峡谷的深潜科学考察始于1940年代后期,最初为潜水员下潜考察,1960年代开始各种载人和无人潜器逐步应用于海底峡谷的科学探索。载人潜器能将科学家带至海底进行实地观察和精准取样。无人潜器的优点是:成本低、效率高,无人员安全之忧,水下作业时间长,且可以到达人类难以企及的极端海域。深潜技术在海底峡谷地学研究中的应用主要包括海底地形地貌和底质调查,各种侵蚀和沉积底形及其成因分析,块体搬运和流体动力学过程研究,冷泉、冷水珊瑚等生物群落分布及海底生物侵蚀作用研究。欧美发达国家过去70余年在海底峡谷科学深潜考察研究方面所积累的经验和成果对于我国正在兴起的深海深潜科学考察具有重要的启示和借鉴意义。 相似文献
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铁锰氧化物矿物胶膜是我国黄棕壤中重要的铁锰元素富集载体,选取我国华中地区典型的铁锰氧化物矿物胶膜样品,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)、偏光显微镜(POM)、环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)、能谱仪(EDX)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、高能量X射线粉末衍射(XRD)等研究方法,对原位和分离处理后的黄棕壤铁锰胶膜进行了详细的矿物学表征.结果表明,黄棕壤铁锰氧化物矿物胶膜由表及里,由外到内依次呈现富锰条带、富铁锰条带、富铁条带、富锰铁条带、富铁条带,并且锰铁元素含量之比不规则降低,其所含铁锰氧化物矿物主要为锰钡矿、针铁矿、水钠锰矿、六方水锰矿、水羟锰矿,粒度为纳米级,形貌多样. 相似文献
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莫托萨拉铁锰矿床位于西天山阿吾拉勒成矿带东端,研究程度相对薄弱,在矿床成因方面存在热水沉积、沉积-热液改造、胶体化学沉积等争论。本文详细研究了莫托萨拉最上层锰矿及其围岩的矿物组成、结构构造和地球化学特征,并综合前人资料对整个铁锰矿床的成因做了进一步探讨。本研究首次在矿区发现了热液长石岩,其主要由钠长石、钾长石以及少量重晶石、霓石、锌铁黄长石等矿物组成,类似于"白烟型"热水沉积岩。莫托萨拉最上层锰矿主要由锰橄榄石、褐锰矿、红硅锰矿、磁锰铁矿以及少量重晶石、方铁锰矿等矿物组成,发育有典型的热水内碎屑结构,指示其沉积于海底热液喷流口附近。该层锰矿的Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值很低(0～0.02)、Si/Al值较高(7.9～10.9)、Fe/Ti值很高(428～1353),通过UCC标准化后发现明显富集Zn、Ba、Pb等元素,而Co、Ni、Cu等元素未见富集,以上地球化学特征与现代海底热液成因铁锰沉积物一致。在Fe/Ti-Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)、Si O2-Al2O3、10×(Co+Ni+Cu)-Fe-Mn、100×(Zr+Ce+Y)-15×(Cu+Ni)-(Fe+Mn)/4等判别图中,莫托萨拉的锰矿层和铁矿层样品均落在海底热液沉积区。锰矿层和铁矿层的稀土元素经PAAS标准化后具有明显的Ce负异常、Eu正异常和Y正异常,与现代海底热液成因铁锰沉积物的稀土配分模式非常相似。综合分析本次研究的矿物学、岩石学、地球化学特征以及前人资料,本文认为莫托萨拉铁锰矿床为海相热水沉积成因,成矿与同期海底火山的间歇性活动密切相关,海底热液的化学组分、温度高低和活动强弱都具有明显的脉动性。莫托萨拉矿区铁锰共存但各自独立成矿,且铁锰分离程度较高,这在显生宙沉积型锰矿中独具特色。鉴于前人曾报道莫托萨拉铁矿石中存在菌藻类微生物化石,我们推测,该矿床的铁锰分离过程除了受控于沉积环境的氧化还原条件变化外,微生物的选择性氧化沉淀可能也发挥了重要作用,值得开展深入研究。 相似文献
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Guangfa Zhong 《地球科学进展》2019,34(11):1111-1119
Submarine canyons represent one of the most important geomorphologic features in continental margins, act as one of the most important conduits of seafloor sediment transporting from shallow waters into the deep sea, and are also biodiversity hotspots. Submarine-canyon investigations are therefore significant for seafloor scientific research, submarine mineral and resource exploitation, and the construction and safety operation of submarine infrastructures. Deep-sea diving by manned submersibles and robot submersibles represented by Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV) provides an important approach to the investigation of modern submarine canyons. The biggest advantage of manned submersibles is that they can bring scientists to the deep sea for in-place observations and precise sampling, while the robot deep-sea diving has the advantages of low cost, high efficiency, no personnel safety concerns, and the ability to reach the extreme sea areas that are difficult for humans to reach. Deep-sea diving has found broad applications in the geo-scientific research of submarine canyons. These studies cover seafloor topography and geomorphology, seafloor sediments, erosional and depositional bedforms, mass transport processes and flow dynamics, cold springs, cold-water corals and other biological habitats, as well as seafloor biological erosion. The research experience and scientific findings in scientific diving investigation of submarine canyons accumulated by the developed countries in Europe and the United States over the past 70 years are of great reference and significance to the emerging scientific deep-sea diving in China. 相似文献
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Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) in sub-seabed geological formations is currently being studied as a potential option to mitigate the accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere. To investigate the validity of CO2 storage in the sub-seafloor, development of techniques to detect and monitor CO2 leaked from the seafloor is vital. Seafloor-based acoustic tomography is a technique that can be used to observe emissions of liquid CO2 or CO2 gas bubbles from the seafloor. By deploying a number of acoustic tomography units in a seabed area used for CCS, CO2 leakage from the seafloor can be monitored. In addition, an in situ pH/pCO2 sensor can take rapid and high-precision measurements in seawater, and is, therefore, able to detect pH and pCO2 changes due to the leaked CO2. The pH sensor uses a solid-state pH electrode and reference electrode instead of a glass electrode, and is sealed within a gas permeable membrane filled with an inner solution. Thus, by installing a pH/pCO2 sensor onto an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), an automated observation technology is realized that can detect and monitor CO2 leakage from the seafloor. Furthermore, by towing a multi-layer monitoring system (a number of pH/pCO2 sensors and transponders) behind the AUV, the dispersion of leaked CO2 in a CCS area can also be observed. Finally, an automatic elevator can observe the time-series dispersion of leaked CO2. The seafloor-mounted automatic elevator consists of a buoy equipped with pH/pCO2 and depth sensors, and uses an Eulerian method to collect spatially continuous data as it ascends and descends.Hence, CO2 leakage from the seafloor is detected and monitored as follows. Step 1: monitor CO2 leakage by seafloor-based acoustic tomography. Step 2: conduct mapping survey of the leakage point by using the pH/pCO2 sensor installed in the AUV. Step 3: observe the impacted area by using a remotely operated underwater vehicle or the automatic elevator, or by towing the multi-layer monitoring system. 相似文献
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Major minerals (sulfates, sulfides, quartz) are distributed in different parts of submarine hydrothermal ore deposits. For instance, the abundance of barite increases stratigraphically upwards in the massive orebodies of the Kuroko deposits (black and yellow ores), while quartz is abundant in the lower parts (siliceous ore). The different distribution of barite and quartz in the Kuroko deposits can not be accounted for by thermochemical equilibrium calculations based on the precipitation due to mixing of ascending hydrothermal solutions with ambient cold seawater. In the present study, a coupled fluid flow‐precipitation kinetics model was used to calculate the amounts of quartz, barite, and anhydrite precipitated from a hydrothermal solution mixed with seawater, assuming reasonable values for temperature, precipitation rate, fluid flow velocity, mineral surface area/fluid mass ratio (A/M), and initial concentrations of hydrothermal solution and seawater before mixing occurred. The results indicate that barite precipitates more efficiently than quartz from discharging fluids with relatively higher flow velocity, lower temperatures and under the condition of lower A/M ratios on the seafloor (black ore), whereas quartz precipitates more effectively from solutions with lower flow velocity, higher temperatures and higher A/M ratios beneath the seafloor (siliceous ore) and in the orebody (barite ore, ferruginous chert ore). Anhydrite precipitates in shallow sub‐seafloor environments with lower precipitation rates and higher A/M ratios than barite and higher precipitation rates and lower A/M ratios than quartz. These results explain the observed occurrences of barite, anhydrite, and quartz in the Kuroko deposits. Namely, barite is abundant in black ore and barite ore which formed above the seafloor, anhydrite formed in high‐permeability tuff breccias, and quartz formed in low permeability dacite intrusive bodies in the sub‐seafloor environment. 相似文献
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Shigeshi Fuchida Jun-ichiro Ishibashi Kazuhiko Shimada Tatsuo Nozaki Masanobu Kawachi Yoshitaka Matsushita Hiroshi Koshikawa 《Geochemical transactions》2018,19(1):15
We observed the initial release rate of metals from four fresh (i.e., without long time exposure to the atmosphere) hydrothermal sulfide cores into artificial seawater. The sulfide samples were collected by seafloor drilling from the Okinawa Trough by D/V Chikyu, powdered under inert gas, and immediately subjected to onboard metal-leaching experiments at different temperatures (5 °C and 20 °C), and under different redox conditions (oxic and anoxic), for 1–30 h. Zinc and Pb were preferentially released from sulfide samples containing various metals (i.e., Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) into seawater. Under oxic experimental conditions, Zn and Pb dissolution rates from two sulfide samples composed mainly of iron disulfide minerals (pyrite and marcasite) were higher than those from two other sulfide samples with abundant sphalerite, galena, and/or silicate minerals. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that the high metal-releasing sample contained several galvanic couples of iron disulfide with other sulfide minerals, whereas the low metal-releasing sample contained fewer galvanic couples or were coated by a silicate mineral. The experiments overall confirmed that the galvanic effects with iron disulfide minerals greatly induce the initial release of Zn and Pb from hydrothermal sulfides into seawater, especially under warm oxic conditions. 相似文献
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Takazo Shibuya Tsuyoshi Komiya Kentaro Nakamura Ken Takai Shigenori Maruyama 《Precambrian Research》2010
Based on the petrology of hydrothermally altered Archean basaltic greenstones, thermodynamic calculations of phase equilibria were conducted to estimate the composition of a high-temperature (∼350 °C) hydrothermal fluid in an Archean subseafloor basalt-hosted hydrothermal system. The results indicate that the hydrothermal fluid was highly alkaline attributed to the presence of calcite in the alteration minerals under a high-CO2 condition, and predict a generation of SiO2-rich, Fe-poor hydrothermal fluids in the Archean subseafloor hydrothermal system. The chemically reactive mixing zones between alkaline hydrothermal fluids and slightly acidic-neutral seawater are characterized by inverse pH and chemical polarity to modern hydrothermal systems, leading to extensive precipitation of silica and iron oxyhydroxides on/under the seafloor. Such processes can be responsible for the abiotic formation of voluminous chert and subseafloor silica dike, the mechanism of silicification, and the pH-controlled generation of banded iron formation that has been arising mainly from the redox chemistry in the Archean ocean. Such high-temperature alkaline fluids could have had a significant role not only in the early ocean geochemical processes but also in the early evolution of life. 相似文献
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为了探索高渗透性洋壳中高温热液循环系统的形成机制,以数值模拟为手段研究热液循环中的矿物沉淀过程及其对洋壳渗透率的反馈.在热液对流-矿物反应模型中考虑了硬石膏、黄铁矿和黄铜矿的沉淀和溶解反应,基于矿物的溶度积计算矿物的沉淀/溶解量,并将其转换为渗透率的变化.结果显示,黄铁矿和黄铜矿分布于350~380℃等温线范围内,并随着热液温度升高而逐渐向海底推移.海水被加热及与热液混合过程中沉淀出硬石膏,在热液上升通道两侧形成低渗透性的烟囱状结构,降低了海水-热液混合程度从而使热液温度升高.高温热液通道建立后,便会有更多的金属物质随着高温热液被运输至浅层洋壳或海底.模拟结果为理解海底高温热液喷口的形成机制提供了借鉴. 相似文献
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The Parnok deposit is made up of stratiform lodes of iron (magnetite) and manganese (oxide-carbonate, carbonate, and carbonate-silicate) ores localized among terrigenous-carbonate sediments (black shales) on the western slope of the Polar Urals. The lithological study showed that ore-bearing sediments were accumulated in a calm hydrodynamic setting within a relatively closed seafloor area (trap depressions). Periodic development of anaerobic conditions in the near-bottom seawater was favorable for the accumulation of dispersed organic matter in the terrigenous-carbonate sediments. Carbon required to form calcium carbonates in the ore-bearing sediments was derived from carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater. In the organic-rich sediments, carbonates were formed with the participation of carbon dioxide released by the destruction of organic matter. However, δ13C values (from 0.5 to ?4.4‰ PDB) suggest a relatively low fraction of the isotopically light biogenic carbon in the host calcite. The most probable sources of Fe and Mn were hydrothermal seepages at the seafloor. The Eh-pH conditions during stagnation were favorable for the precipitation of Fe and accumulation of Mn in a dissolved state. Transition from the stagnation regime to the concentration of oxygen in near-bottom waters was accompanied by oxidation of the dissolved Mn and its precipitation. Thus, fluctuations in Eh-pH parameters of water led to the differentiation of Fe and Mn. Initially, these elements were likely precipitated as oxides and hydroxides. During the subsequent lithification, Fe and Mn were reduced to form magnetite and rhodochrosite. The texture and structure of rhodochrosite aggregates indicate that manganese carbonates already began to form at the diagenetic stage and were recrystallized during the subsequent lithogenetic stages. Isotope data (δ13C from ?8.9 to ?17.1‰ PDB) definitely indicate that the oxidized organic matter of sediment served as the main source of carbon dioxide required to form manganese carbonates. Carbonates from host rocks and manganese ores have principally different carbon isotopic compositions. Unlike carbonates of host rocks, manganese carbonates were formed with an active participation of biogeochemical processes. Further processes of metagenesis (T ≈ 250–300°C, P ≈ 2 kbar) resulted in the transformation of textures, structures, and mineral composition of all rocks of the deposit. In particular, increase in temperature and pressure provided the formation of numerous silicates in manganese ores. 相似文献
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This study investigated Holocene and fossil hydrothermal manganese deposits in the Izu-Ogasawara arc. Mineralogically, these deposits comprise 10 Å and 7 Å manganate minerals, and the fossil samples showed higher 10 Å stabilities. Chemical compositions of the Holocene samples are typical of other hydrothermal manganese deposits, including low Fe/Mn ratios, low trace metals, and low rare earth elements. Although the fossil samples generally have similar chemical characteristics, they exhibit significant enrichment in Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ba, REE, Tl, and Pb contents. Furthermore, the chondrite-normalized REE patterns showed more light REE enrichment trends. These chemical characteristics suggest post-depositional uptake of these metals from seawater. U-Th dating of a Holocene hydrothermal manganese deposit from the Kaikata Seamount indicated 8.8 ± 0.94 ka for the uppermost layer and downward growth beneath the seafloor with a growth rate of ca. 2 mm/kyr. This is approximately three orders of magnitude faster than that of hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts. U-Pb age of a fossil hydrothermal manganese deposit from the Nishi-Jokyo Seamount showed 4.4 ± 1.6 Ma, which was contemporary with basaltic volcanism (5.8 ± 0.3 Ma). Hydrothermal manganese deposits contain high concentrations of high value Mn, but only small amounts of valuable minor metals; their ages constrain the periods of past hydrothermal activity and provide a vector to explore for polymetallic sulfide deposits. 相似文献