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1.
Summary Water stored in the soil serves as a reservoir for the evapotranspiration (ET) process on land surfaces, therefore knowledge of the soil moisture content is important for partitioning the incoming solar radiation into latent and sensible heat components. There is no remote sensing technique which directly observes the amount of water in this reservoir, however microwave remote sensing at long wavelengths (>10 cm) can give estimates of the moisture stored in the surface 5-cm layer of the soil. This approach is based on the large dielectric contrast between water and dry soil, resulting in emissivity changes from 0.96 for a dry smooth soil to less than 0.6.In this paper, basic relationships between soil moisture and emissivity are described using both theory and observations from various platforms. The ability of the approach to be extended to large regions has been demonstrated in several aircraft mapping experiments, e.g., FIFE, Monsoon 90, Washita 92 and HAPEX Sahel. Some results from Monsoon 90 are presented here. Applications of these soil moisture maps in runoff prediction, rainfall estimation, determining the direct evaporation from the soil surface and serving as a boundary condition for soil profile models are presented.With 10 Figures 相似文献
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Variation of surface albedo and soil thermal parameters with soil moisture content at a semi-desert site on the western Tibetan Plateau 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
Almost three years of continuous measurements taken between January 2001 and May 2003 at the Gaize (or Gerze) automatic weather station (32.30 °N, 84.06 °E, 4420 m), a cold semi-desert site on the western Tibetan Plateau, have been used to study seasonal and annual variations of surface albedo and soil thermal parameters, such as thermal conductivity, thermal capacity and thermal diffusivity, and their relationship to soil moisture content. Most of these parameters undergo dramatic seasonal and annual variations. Surface albedo decreases with increasing soil moisture content, showing the typical exponential relation between surface albedo and soil moisture. Soil thermal conductivity increases as a power function of soil moisture content. The diffusivity first increases with increasing soil moisture, reaching its maximum at about 0.25 (volume per volume), then slowly decreases. Soil thermal capacity is rather stable for a wide range of soil moisture content. 相似文献
3.
Variability of soil moisture and its relationship with surface albedo and soil thermal parameters over the Loess Plateau 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Data from July 2006 to June 2008 observed at SACOL(Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University,35.946°N,104.137°E,elev.1961 m),a semi-arid site in Northwest China,are used to study seasonal variability of soil moisture,along with surface albedo and other soil thermal parameters, such as heat capacity,thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity,and their relationships to soil moisture content.The results indicate that surface albedo decreases with increases in soil moisture content,s... 相似文献
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5.
The sensitivity of climate to orbitally-related changes in solar radiation at 9000 yr BP (before present) is examined using fixed and interactive soil moisture versions of a low resolution general circulation model. In both versions of the model increased solar radiation for June–August at 9000 yr BP (compared to present) produced enhanced northern monsoons and warmer continental interiors in comparison to present whereas decreased solar radiation at 9000 yr BP in December–February produced weaker southern monsoons. The increased rainfall in the northern tropics in summer increased soil moisture and runoff at 9000 yr BP in the interactive model; in the southern hemisphere decreased rainfall in summer led to decreased soil moisture and runoff. Conditions in summer became drier (decreased soil moisture and runoff) at 9000 yr BP in the northern extratropics.The experiments showed that the magnitude (but not the sign) of model sensitivity to 9000 yr BP radiation is altered by the effects of interactive soil moisture. Decreased soil moisture (about 20%) over northern Eurasia in the interactive model led to smaller evaporative increases, greater temperature increases and greater reduction of precipitation than for the model with fixed soil moisture. Over northern tropical lands, slightly smaller temperature increases and greater evaporation and precipitation increases in the interactive model are linked to the simulation of increased soil moisture at 9000 yr BP. The differences in sensitivity between the two versions of the model over northern Eurasia are statistically significant at the 95% level whereas those for the tropics are not.Overall, the results of the simulations are generally supported by the geologic evidence for 9000 yr BP; however, the evidence lacks sufficient precision and the model resolution is too coarse for detailed model/data comparisons and for assessment of the relative accuracy of the two 9000 yr BP experiments.The computed sensitivities of temperature and soil moisture to 9000 yr BP radiation differ from those simulated under equilibrium conditions in the various general circulation model experiments for increased atmospheric concentration of CO2. In contrast to the effects of the enhanced seasonal cycle of solar radiation at 9000 yr BP, a CO2 increase causes a broad warming of both the ocean and land with little modification of land/ocean temperature difference. The experiments for 9000 yr BP indicate a clearer signal for summer drying than is obtained in the experiments for increased CO2. The results suggest that the 9000 yr BP climate may be of limited utility as an analog to future warm climates. 相似文献
6.
基于Radarsat-2 SAR数据反演定西裸露地表土壤水分 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用Radarsat-2 SAR数据和定西地区野外土钻法及WET仪器观测的土壤水分数据,分析了同极化后向散射系数与不同土层深度土壤水分之间的关系,采用交叉极化(VV/VH)组合模型反演土壤水分并进行对比验证。结果表明:水平、垂直同极化后向散射系数均与10~20 cm土壤含水量相关性最好,相关系数R均为0.74;受地表粗糙度和土壤质地等影响,同极化后向散射系数与0~10 cm土壤水分相关性均较低。交叉极化组合模型的反演值与10~20 cm实测土壤水分相关性较高,R值达0.75,而与0~10 cm和20~30 cm实测值的相关性较低(R值分别为0.47和0.52),但均通过α=0.05的显著性检验;WET仪器实测0~6 cm土壤水分经校正后与反演值的相关系数为0.46(通过α=0.01的显著性检验),校正后的结果有效提高了WET仪器测量精度。交叉极化组合模型可用于裸露地表土壤水分的反演,更适用于提取10~20 cm土壤含水量信息。 相似文献
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以我国长江中下游的南京及其周边15个市(县)为例,采用野外测定、室内分析与遥感反演相结合的方法,开展了土壤电阻率估算研究.选用影响土壤电阻率的土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤可溶盐总量与土壤阳离子交换量等4个主要因子,遥感反演土壤水分和温度空间分布,以获取估算土壤电阻率所需要的主要参数;采用偏最小二乘二次多项式(PLSQM)模型对不同地表覆盖类型下的土壤电阻率进行估算,PLSQM估算模型的估算值与实测值的相关系数达到0.85,平均相对误差(MRE)为19.02%,均方根误差(RMSE)为7.79.结果表明,草地、农田、林地3种不同地表覆盖类型下土壤电阻率有明显差异,PLSQM模型实现了较高估算精度,具有较好的应用潜力. 相似文献
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土壤水分是植物生长、发育的必要条件,是研究农牧业干旱程度的重要指标,监测土壤水分对农业、旱情、气候等具有重要意义。本研究分析了西藏高原实测土壤湿度与同期MODIS植被供水指数和波段7反射率之间的关系。结果表明,MODIS第7波段单窗算法是较为有效和简便的西藏高原土壤水分监测方法,对高原中部植被生长季基于MODIS波段7的二次多项式监测模型较好,而对整个高原非生长季三次多项式监测模型效果较好,MODIS第7波段同样可以用于高原农田土壤湿度的遥感监测。 相似文献
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根据Palmer气象干旱指数 (PDSI) 的中间量Palmer湿润指数原理, 计算了西北地区东部冬小麦农气观测站延安、咸阳等多个站点1961—2000年逐月Palmer湿润指数, 对各站点的冬小麦不同发育期的旱涝情况做了初步的验证和应用。Palmer湿润指数与Z指数对比结果表明:Palmer湿润指数对农作物旱情分析更具有客观性, 分析结果更符合实际情况, 因而可以作为我国西北地区东部农作物旱涝的评估工具。 相似文献
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以食用向日葵为试验材料,大田试验采取人为控制土壤水分在胁迫、适宜和过湿 (土壤田间持水量的40%~54.9%,55%~69.9%和70%~90%) 条件下,研究了向日葵3个生育期 (二对真叶—花序形成期、花序形成—开花期、开花—成熟期) 的光合光响应特性。结果表明:在试验设置光强条件下,各生育期净光合速率随着光合有效辐射的增加而增加,同等的光合有效辐射下净光合速率也随着土壤水分的减少依次降低,尤其是随着光合有效辐射的增大愈加明显。土壤湿度对最大净光合速率和表观量子效率的影响并不是同步的,最大净光合速率随着土壤湿度的增加而增大,而表观量子效率在一定程度的水分胁迫情况下出现最大值。不同的土壤水分含量对光补偿点和光饱和点影响不同,光饱和点随着土壤水分的增加而增加,光补偿点却相反,表明水分胁迫使向日葵可利用光的范围缩小,而适宜水分则扩大了光的利用范围,更有利于干物质积累。暗呼吸速率随着植物的生长进程逐渐降低,不同生育期的水分胁迫均导致暗呼吸速率降低。 相似文献
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D.L. Verseghy 《大气与海洋》2013,51(3):435-456
Abstract The performance of two Canadian land surface schemes of widely differing complexity is compared and contrasted in a pair of year‐long simulations using the GCM developed at Atmospheric Environment Service, Canada. The old land surface model incorporates the force‐restore method for soil temperatures and the bucket approximation for soil moisture; the new model, CLASS (Canadian Land Surface Scheme) features three soil layers, an explicitly modelled snow layer, a thermally separate vegetation canopy, and physically‐based calculations of heat and moisture transfers between all of the land surface components and the atmosphere. It was reported in previous papers that compared with observations, the old scheme tends to generate a climate which is characterized by anomalously high precipitation rates and cold temperatures over land. In this paper, by reference to field measurements and to the energy fluxes and temperatures generated by the two models at local scales, the hypotheses earlier postulated as to the underlying reasons for this are validated. The main factor contributing to the climate anomalies observed with the old scheme is found to be its generation of excessive evaporation rates; this is caused by the fact that the evaporation rate is never directly energy‐limited, the fact that the scaling of the evaporation rale with decreasing soil moisture content underestimates the effect of vegetation stomatal resistance, and the fact that the evaporation rate over bare soil depends not on the surface soil moisture, but on the moisture content of whole modelled soil column. The cold surface temperatures are additionally attributed to systematic errors incurred by the forward‐stepping temperature scheme, and to the fact that soils subjected to subzero temperature forcing in the winter are modelling as freezing completely. Finally, the inability of the old scheme to simulate partially frozen soils means that it proves unable to handle either shallow frost penetration at temperature latitudes, or the development of an active layer in permafrost. 相似文献
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基于吉林省观测土壤水分的WOFOST模型模拟研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用吉林省白城站试验数据进行模型参数调整,通过独立的观测资料对生育期、叶面积指数、地上部分各器官生物量进行模拟验证与评价。以白城站和榆树站代表吉林省西部玉米种植区和中部黄金玉米带参数,利用农业气象观测站发育期资料、气象资料和经过质量控制后的逐日土壤水分自动站观测数据进行模拟。为了提高WOFOST模型模拟精度,将由模型通过降水量计算的土壤体积含水量替换为实测土壤水分计算的体积含水量,采用替换后的土壤体积含水量参与模型下一步运算,以此来模拟2001—2016年春玉米穗生物量变化状况,构建玉米土壤体积含水量改善率(PD)指标,来表征降水驱动和土壤水分驱动对作物模型模拟结果的影响。结果表明:(1)模型对白城站春玉米生育期、叶面积、地上部分总生物量和叶生物量较准确,而穗生物量模拟效果一般。(2)从代表站白城来看,穗生物量模拟值与降水量存在明显正相关,降水偏少的年份土壤模拟效果明显优于降水驱动。(3)从区域来看,以盐碱土为主的地区或降水量偏少的年型下土壤水分驱动效果优于降水驱动;在以黑土为主的区域或降水偏多的年型下,两者模拟效果基本接近。(4)总体来说,利用观测土壤水分替换降水量参与模型能够显著提高模型模拟精度。 相似文献
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用NOAA/AVHRR资料遥感土壤水分时风速的影响 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
以热惯量法为基础,在地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）的支持下,通过计算地形参数Ｒ与Ｆ,间接考虑了风速对用ＮＯＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ资料遥感土壤水分的影响。结果表明：考虑风速后,遥感土壤水分的精度比热惯量法有所提高;风速对遥感土壤水分的影响主要限于土壤浅层,到３０ｃｍ深度以下时可以不考虑其影响;遥感土壤水分的最佳深度并不在土壤表层,而在２０ｃｍ深度左右。 相似文献
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Martin Mozny Mirek Trnka Zdenek Zalud Petr Hlavinka Jiri Nekovar Vera Potop Michal Virag 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2012,107(1-2):99-111
Since 2000, the network of stations that make up the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI) has measured the soil moisture content at the 0- to 0.9-m layer using sensors placed within the natural soil profile under closely cropped grass cover. Using information from 8?years of continuous observation at seven stations throughout the Czech Republic, we verified the usefulness of the Soil Moisture Index (SMI). The SMI is a potentially useful index for calculating the water deficit in the Czech Republic and Central Europe. During this period, a statistically significant decrease in moisture content was detected, and negative SMI values predominated. There were frequent occurrences of flash drought, defined as a very rapid decline in soil moisture during a 3-week period. The CHMI can use SMI values below ?3 in the Integrated Warning Service System. The routine calculation of SMI values can alert agricultural producers to the development of flash drought conditions and provide them with information regarding the effectiveness of recent rainfall events. An increase in soil moisture, in contrast, could serve as a warning sign for hydrology because it creates the preconditions for flooding. The complex study of soil humidity regimes is becoming more significant in connection with current global climatic change warnings in hydrological cycles. 相似文献
15.
Extended application of the conditional nonlinear optimal parameter perturbation method in the common land model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
An extension of the conditional nonlinear optimal parameter perturbation (CNOP-P) method is applied to the parameter optimization of the Common Land Model (CoLM) for the North China Plain with the differential evolution (DE) method. Using National Meteorological Center (NMC) Reanalysis 6-hourly surface flux data and National Center for Environmental Prediction/Department of Energy (NCEP/DOE) Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project II (AMIP-II) 6-hourly Reanalysis Gaussian Grid data, two experiments (I and II) were designed to investigate the impact of the percentages of sand and clay in the shallow soil in CoLM on its ability to simulate shallow soil moisture. A third experiment (III) was designed to study the shallow soil moisture and latent heat flux simultaneously. In all the three experiments, after the optimization stage, the percentages of sand and clay of the shallow soil were used to predict the shallow soil moisture in the following month. The results show that the optimal parameters can enable CoLM to better simulate shallow soil moisture, with the simulation results of CoLM after the double-parameter optimal experiment being better than the single-parameter optimal experiment in the optimization slot. Furthermore, the optimal parameters were able to significantly improve the prediction results of CoLM at the prediction stage. In addition, whether or not the atmospheric forcing and observational data are accurate can seriously affect the results of optimization, and the more accurate the data are, the more significant the results of optimization may be. 相似文献
16.
Jianxiu Qiu Xingguo Mo Suxia Liu Zhonghui Lin 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2014,118(1-2):159-171
Soil moisture variability of various spatial scales is analyzed based on empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method using soil moisture datasets with various spatial resolutions: 1 km eco-hydrological model simulation, 0.25° passive microwave (Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System, AMSR-E) dataset, and 0.5° land surface model simulation from Climate Predictor Center (CPC). All three datasets generate EOFs that explain similar variances with those generated from in situ observations from agro-meteorological network. Using AMSR-E product and eco-hydrological model simulation, it is found that the primary spatial pattern of soil moisture obtained from watershed scale has a strong connection to topographic attributes, followed by soil texture and rainfall variability, as suggested by the correlation between the primary EOF mode (EOF1) of soil moisture and landscape attributes. However, the EOF analysis of both AMSR-E and CPC datasets at regional scale reaches the conclusion that soil texture indices, such as sand and clay content, is of higher importance to soil moisture EOF1 spatial pattern (explaining 61 % variance) than topography is. Furthermore, correlation between soil moisture EOF1 and soil property is higher in spring than in autumn, which indicates that soil water-holding and drainage capabilities are more important under dry conditions. At national scale, the combined effects of topographic feature and soil property are clearly exhibited in EOF1. The study results reveal that different emphases should be placed on accurate acquisition of landscape attributes for soil moisture estimation according to various spatial scales. 相似文献
17.
基于1992~2010年全国778个农业气象站土壤湿度观测资料、ERA-Interim、JRA55、NCEP-DOE R2和20CR土壤湿度再分析资料,通过平均差值、相关系数、差值标准差、标准差比四个参数,利用Brunke排名方法和EOF(Empirical Orthogonal Function)分析,对四套土壤湿度再分析资料在中国西北东部—华北—江淮区域的适用性进行了分析。主要结论如下:不同季节的平均偏差空间分布上,JRA55资料同观测数据的平均偏差在±0.08m~3 m~(-3)之间,春、夏季西北东部JRA55土壤湿度偏小,ERA-Interim、NCEP-DOE R2、20CR资料较观测数据偏湿,华北南部、江淮地区平均偏差小于西北东部、华北北部。在年际变化上,各个季节ERA-Interim资料同观测资料最为接近,能稳定地再现西北东部、华北、江淮地区土壤湿度干湿变化趋势,反映出重要的旱涝年。整体而言,四套再分析资料中ERA-Interim资料同观测资料接近,JRA55、NCEP-DOE R2资料次之,20CR资料最差。 相似文献
18.
Brian P. Reen David R. Stauffer Kenneth J. Davis Ankur R. Desai 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,120(2):275-314
The importance of soil moisture inputs and improved model physics in the prediction of the daytime boundary-layer structure during the Southern Great Plains Hydrology Experiment 1997 (SGP97) is investigated using the non-hydrostatic fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR) Mesoscale Model MM5. This is Part II of a two-part study examining the relationship of surface heterogeneity to observed boundary-layer structure. Part I focuses on observations and utilizes a simple model while Part II uses observations and MM5 modelling. Soil moisture inputs tested include a lookup table based on soil type and season, output from an offline land-surface model (LSM) forced by atmospheric observations, and high-resolution ( 800 m) airborne microwave remotely sensed data. Model physics improvements are investigated by comparing an LSM directly coupled with the MM5 to a simpler force-restore method at the surface. The scale of land surface heterogeneities is compared to the scale of their effects on boundary-layer structure.The use of more detailed soil moisture fields allowed the MM5 to better represent the large-scale (hundreds of km) and small-scale (tens of km) horizontal gradients in surface-layer weather and, to a lesser degree, the atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) height, which was evaluated against observations measured by differential absorption lidar (DIAL). The benefits of coupling an LSM to the MM5 were not readily evident in this summertime case, with the model having particular difficulty simulating the timing of maximum surface fluxes while underestimating the depth of the mixed layer. 相似文献
19.
土壤水分对冬小麦影响机制研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
文中通过试验系统地研究了冬小麦叶片气孔形态与土壤湿度的关系,结果表明:土壤干旱使气孔密度增加,上表皮的密度大于下表皮;气孔开张度随土壤湿度下降而变小;气孔导度与土壤湿度呈指数相关,随土壤含水量的下降呈指数减少。随土壤湿度的改变小麦的生理过程也发生改变,蒸腾速率随土壤湿度下降呈指数减小。并研究了土壤干旱对叶绿素超微结构的影响及与脯氨酸的关系。 相似文献
20.
土壤湿度是影响天气和气候非常重要的因子之一,但目前针对土壤湿度可预报性的研究报道相对较少。该文在对BCC_CSM模式进行了适合的陆面初始化的条件下,设计了两组在中国东部地区采用不同土壤湿度初值的回报试验研究该地区土壤湿度的可预报性及初值对其可预报性影响问题。试验结果表明:BCC_CSM模式在真实的外场强迫下可以模拟出相对合理的土壤湿度;土壤湿度的可预报性在表层约为3候,随着深度的增加,土壤湿度的可预报性持续时间增加,在中层预报性甚至能达到月尺度以上;初值对于土壤湿度的预报存在影响,在表层影响时间约为2~3候,影响时间随着深度增加;浅层土壤湿度受降水的影响较大,浅层土壤湿度变化滞后降水变化约1~2 d,中层土壤湿度变化与降水变化存在5 d左右的滞后关系。 相似文献