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1.
Matthew G. Hannah 《GeoJournal》2010,75(4):397-406
Ewald’s recent genealogy of constructions of risk in Western societies argues that the 1980s saw an important paradigm shift
to the “precautionary principle”. Critical scholars have taken up this idea as a lens through which to interpret the Bush
administration’s ‘war on terror’. I argue that 11 September 2001 actually brought about qualitative changes to this paradigm.
Bush’s pre-emptive doctrine is driven, and perhaps even more importantly, continually justified to the US population, by what
might be called the “trans-precautionary principle”, a move from “decisionism” to “actionism”, and a new radicalization of
the way fear is produced and managed. Donald Rumsfeld’s famous typology of different articulations of knowledge and ignorance
offers an excellent analytical window onto the connections between ignorance, fear and geopolitical action in this new regime.
In the latter part of the essay, his four modes of knowledge/ignorance are arrayed, for heuristic purposes, in an abstract
spatial grid organized along dimensions of the specificity and possession of knowledge. This allows a ‘mapping’ of some of
the Bush administration’s more controversial strategies in the ‘war on terror’, as a set of different pathways through Rumsfeld
Space. 相似文献
2.
《Geoforum》2016
Legal processes shape how water resources are allocated, regulated, distributed, and governed. This paper examines the public trust doctrine, a legal principle that addresses the state’s role in governing natural resources by requiring states to manage certain bodies of water and their shorelines for the good of the public. The paper focuses on how the public trust doctrine has been used—with varying degrees of success—to protect water bodies by contesting the diversion and transfer of water in California. The paper compares how the doctrine was applied in two cases: Mono Lake and the Salton Sea, two California lakes that have been threatened by water diversions and transfers. Advocates at Mono Lake successfully used the public trust doctrine for environmental protection, while public trust was an unsuccessful strategy at the Salton Sea. The paper examines issues of nonequilibrium ecosystems, natural versus artificial ecosystems, and wasteful versus reasonable uses of water.By investigating why one case was deemed eligible for public trust protections while the other was not, this paper examines how discursive constructions of nature are embedded in and enacted by legal institutions and how these constructions of nature impact the implementation of legal protections of natural resources. In examining the use of the public trust doctrine in California, the paper examines both the potential and the limitations of the public trust in practice, showing how legal processes and institutions can be used to protect public interests in natural resources but also how particular environmental narratives are reinforced through these institutions. 相似文献
3.
陈国顺 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》1997,(4)
介绍了ＦｏｒｔｒａｎＭ的基本概念和特点。ＦｏｒｔｒａｎＭ是一个支持分布式环境中并行计算的Ｆｏｒｔｒａｎ语言新成员，它在Ｆｏｒｔｒａｎ７７上扩充而成，不仅能支持数据并行程序设计，而且能支持任务并行程序设计。在重磁数据处理中，常常要进行大计算量的运算，如果采用并行计算方法，可以大大提高低档机器的运算能力，降低运算费用，缩短处理周期。本文用ＦｏｒｔｒａｎＭ把ＧＭＰＳ改造成并行计算系统ＧＭＰＳ－ＦＭ，经实际运行，效果良好，最后对测试结果作了分析。 相似文献
4.
Ivars Gutmanis 《GeoJournal》1995,37(2):257-266
In the post-Soviet era, the United States (US) is expected to contribute its military forces and defense resources in the event of need for Regional Conflicts and Operations Other Than War (OOTW). Such contributions may not be forthcoming. The principal reasons for the possible absence to the US contributions to maintain the New World Order is the paucity in the articulation of the US foreign and defense policies. The US public's well known preference for domestic policies, rather than foreign military and related operations, has been reinforced by the absence of the comprehensive explanation by the US political leaders of the US foreign and defense policies to the American people. The US military are preparing military doctrine for the possible engagements in the Regional Conflicts and OOTW, but these efforts are affected by the US well established past military doctrine to fight wars to a clear victory on the battlefield as well as by the absence of clear national military policy. American particulation in the future military operations — Regional Conflicts or OOTW — remains very much in doubt. 相似文献
5.
L.L. Sloss 《地学学报》1992,4(3):320-328
Over the past one hundred years North American geologists have been influenced by concepts of Earth history based on periodic events involving marked (‘Neocatastrophic’) changes and competing concepts involving steady-state (‘Uniformitanan’) behaviour. T.C. Chamberlin, a late 19th-/early 20th-Century exponent of a nonuniformitarian scenario of earth history, proclaimed ‘diastrophism as the ultimate basis of correlation’ - meaning that geological history is punctuated by orogenic paroxysms causing retreat of epicontinental waters to oceanic basins, creating segmentation of the stratigraphic and chronological record. At mid-Century James Gilluly gained wide support for the proposition that orogeny has followed a Uniformitarian, near-steady-state course. Accordingly, episodic diastrophism is a myth and cannot be the basis for periodic eustatic sea-level change, interregional unconformities, etc. In more recent decades two powerful new influences on geological thought have emerged. The global tectonic paradigm has forced upon us the realization that rearrangements of lithospheric plates are capable of changing the freeboard of continents. At the same time technological advances in the acquisition and processing of seismic-reflection data have been seized by receptive minds to organize the newly available stratigraphic imagery for application to the discipline of seismic stratigraphy which emphasizes the identification and correlation of unconformity-bounded successions of strata. Expansion of the methodology to the outcrop, beyond the limitations of seismic resolution, has brought about the flowering of the New Sequence Stratigraphy, doctrine that has deservedlyachieved wide application and acclaim. Practitioners of sequence stratigraphy, impressed by the distances over which unconformity-bounded stratal units can be correlated, hew to the belief that eustatic (commonly glacially engendered) sea-level change is the control. This paper examines evidence of tectonic episodes affecting cratons and their margins. These offer promise of a more satisfactory understanding of stratigraphic sequences and of the Earth history they represent. Consideration of these matters makes it inescapable that the elevation and subsidence of cratons (and their component basins and arches) reflect tectonic phenomena of the continental lithosphere quite independent of eustatic events. 相似文献
6.
B. S. Sokolov 《Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation》2010,18(3):229-233
The concept of a geomeride proposed by V.N. Beklemishev in 1928 and subsequently mistakenly forgotten is of basic significance
for the development of the biosphere doctrine, global ecology, and stratigraphy. In the article, notions "biosphere," "living
matter," and "geomeride" are discussed. The specified term "biogeomeride" is proposed to emphasize the significance of the
living constituent of the biosphere in its biodiversity. 相似文献
7.
Science-based management of shallow-water habitats is limited by information on the spatial distribution of properties of sediments. This limitation in part stems from the lack of an adequate model or system to classify and delineate subaqueous soil types (sediments). Present classification systems are inadequate because the existing paradigm does not actually consider them as “soils” but merely as “sediments”. Field observations suggest that these sediments could be better understood as “soils”, and the present paradigm could be modified to incorporate a new one—a pedological paradigm. We propose the application of a pedological paradigm for subqueous soils of subtidal habitats to develop ecological interpretations of subaqueous soil types and apply an inventory of subaqueous soil resources for management of estuarine shallow-water habitats. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A01BY074 00009 相似文献
8.
中国东部是否存在第四纪冰川作用之争论,自从李四光１９３４年提出该学说以来已经持续达６５年之久,迄今尚未终结。本文认为冰川时间单位实际上只是一个地质时(ｇｅｏｃｈｒｏｎ)。由于冰川是缓慢前进和后退的,因而冰期和间冰期的时间值从北向南随地而异,其界线是穿时的。通常承认冰期是一个单位,但不是时间岩石单位。中国东部第四纪冰川学说存在不肯定性暴露了气候地层划分和冰川地层单位命名的脆弱性。作者建议使用术语“杂砾岩”来取代“冰碛层”一词。 相似文献
9.
Amira is a powerful three-dimensional visualization package that has been employed recently by the science and engineering communities to gain insight into their data. We discuss a new paradigm for the use of Amira in the Earth sciences that relies on the client-server paradigm. We have developed a module called WEB-IS2, which provides web-based access to Amira. This tool allows Earth scientists to manipulate Amira controls remotely and to analyze, render and view large datasets through the Internet without regard for time or location. This could have important ramifications for GRID computing. 相似文献
10.
11.
李三忠 索艳慧 周洁 钟世华 孙国正 刘洁 王光增 朱俊江 姜素华 李玺瑶 郭晓玉 刘丽军 刘永江 曹现志 郭玲莉 赵淑娟 王鹏程 关庆彬 陈龙 刘勃然 周建平 姜兆霞 刘琳 曹花花 戴黎明 于胜尧 刘博 王秀娟 王程程 王玺 刘泽 管红香 李晓辉 胡军 段威 于雷 刘晓光 王誉桦 钟源 刘鹏 张文超 李洛阳 赵彦彦 许淑梅 《地质学报》2022,96(10):3541-3558
传统板块构造理论50多年来一直是占统治地位的地学理论，是理解固体地球运行的基本范式，但遇到三大难题：板块起源、板内变形和板块驱动力。针对这三大难题，微板块构造理论试图开拓一个全球构造研究的新范式。本文通过与传统板块构造理论中基本原理的逐条对比，阐明了微板块构造理论的基本原理和优势及其对传统板块构造理论的拓展。微板块构造范式既不同于传统板块构造范式，又不同于地幔柱范式，是两者的重要补充与拓展。文中着重从几何学、运动学、动力学、适用范围、理论出发点、理论假设与预测的角度，阐明了大板块与微板块的异同，并探讨了两者的转换关系及其转换机制的多样性，介绍了微板块生长成为大板块的4种途径、大〖JP2〗板块破碎为微板块的3种转换模式，探索了前板块构造体制下微地块在非线性地球系统中通过自组织、自生长等方式，进化为板块体制下微板块的自然选择过程。本文还提出陆壳型微地块是密度选择的结果，其密度决定了其保存机制，这是陆壳起源的根本；〖JP〗微地块向微板块的转变是刚性选择的结果，其刚性是初始板块构造体制起始的必要条件；微板块不对称俯冲或对流型式的转变是热选择的结果，其热不对称性是现代板块构造体制起始的必要条件。 相似文献
12.
Amira is a powerful three-dimensional visualization package that has been employed recently by the science and engineering communities to gain insight into their data. We discuss a new paradigm for the use of Amira in the Earth sciences that relies on the client-server paradigm. We have developed a module called WEB-IS2, which provides web-based access to Amira. This tool allows Earth scientists to manipulate Amira controls remotely and to analyze, render and view large datasets through the Internet without regard for time or location. This could have important ramifications for GRID computing.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10069-003-0013-y 相似文献
13.
Amira is a powerful three-dimensional visualization package that has been employed recently by the science and engineering communities to gain insight into their data. We discuss a new paradigm for the use of Amira in the Earth sciences that relies on the client-server paradigm. We have developed a module called WEB-IS2, which provides web-based access to Amira. This tool allows Earth scientists to manipulate Amira controls remotely and to analyze, render and view large datasets through the Internet without regard for time or location. This could have important ramifications for GRID computing.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10069-003-0013-y 相似文献
14.
Peter Newby 《GeoJournal》1997,43(4):351-358
Urban planners have to develop a planning doctrine (Faludi and Van der Valk 1990). This concept stands for a body of thoughts concerning (a) spatial arrangements within an area, (b) the development of that area; and (c) the way both should be handled. To be successful, they need a planning community (planners, top officials and sub-national establishments for political support) that nurtures it. The planners of the Amsterdam General Extension Plan (1935) developed a doctrine that covers three levels of functions and activities: (1) Amsterdam is a regional centre, a closed functional system, an orthogenetic city. (2) a monocentric urban form and (3) homogeneous neighbourhood communities around a common neighbourhood centre (church, school, medical services, shops). Since the early 1970s Amsterdam has become (1) an international centre, a heterogenetic city, part of a network city system, (2) has developed into a polycentric urban region, and (3) has been acquiring ethnically mixed quarters, divided communities losing their basic function as common neighbourhood centres and even as control areas or domains (Hägerstrand 1970). So in Amsterdam the planning-doctrine was not particularly successful. 相似文献
15.
Natural Hazards - Building a culture of risk is an essential objective within the integrated risk management paradigm. Challenges arise both due to increasing damage from natural hazards and the... 相似文献
16.
According to the classic doctrine of angiosperm evolution, the archetype carpel in angiosperms is of plicate form. However, this concept is facing increasing challenges from the systematics based on molecular data, which now takes ascidiate carpel as ancestral. This reorientation in evolutionary thinking cannot be fully achieved unless there is supporting fossil evidence. Here a fruit, named Liaoningfructus, is reported from the famous Yixian Formation (Early Cretaceous, 125 Ma), which yielded several pioneer angiosperms in the past decades. The configuration of the fruit suggests that the carpel giving rise to the fruit is most likely ascidiate, favoring the above reorientation. There are two seeds in the fruit, and at least one of them is served by a vascular bundle arising from the bottom of the fruit, implying a basal placentation in the former carpel, which again is different from the classic thinking. This discovery not only enhances the diversity of angiosperms in the Yixian Formation, but also accelerates the on-going switching of thinking on angiosperm evolution 相似文献
17.
Margarita Bowen 《Geoforum》1985,16(2):213-225
In the context of global crisis the Bacon-Descartes model of exact science, with its mechanistic world view and its doctrine of progress in man's mastery of nature, is being replaced by a more coherent philosophy of science based on ecosystem concepts. The late twentieth century, it seems, marks the end of centuries of positivism and the beginning of an age of ecoscience. This paper looks at the origins of the discredited positivist claims for an objective scientific method and proposes the ecology of knowledge as a more appropriate theory, both for the sciences and for ordinary knowledge. From this viewpoint claims for a fundamental division between the natural and social sciences on the basis of method and subject matter can no longer be sustained. Moreover, as the feminist and deep ecology movements join in condemning the tradition of patriarchal, exploitative science, a new conceptual framework is emerging in which science is being directed towards more holistic views and more democratic processes, guided by a more socially and environmentally responsible ethic. 相似文献
18.
B. J. Murton Ph.D. 《GeoJournal》1980,4(1):55-62
As a result of critism of the industrial-urban biased paradigm of development, a new social development approach is beginning to emerge. According to this strategy, development must be fitted to ecological constraints, priority attention must be given to rural development, and planning for rural development must be decentralized, participatory, and deeply immersed in the particulars of local settings. Agropolitan districts, or networks of socio-economic and political interaction, have been suggested as a suitable territorial basis for this paradigm. In India, where local planning has not been successful, indigenous regional systems, which correspond closely to criteria suggested to delineate agropolitan districts, have existed for hundreds of years. This is especially true in Tamil Nadu where a hierarchy of nesting socio-spatial units is firmly established in peasant tradition. Information is presented on the positive and negative aspects of the use of such regions for rural planning. It is suggested that these regions may better fulfil the objectives of agropolitan development than sets of functional regions derived from the urban hierarchy. 相似文献
19.
B. J. Murton 《GeoJournal》1982,4(1):55-62
As a result of critism of the industrial-urban biased paradigm of development, a new social development approach is beginning to emerge. According to this strategy, development must be fitted to ecological constraints, priority attention must be given to rural development, and planning for rural development must be decentralized, participatory, and deeply immersed in the particulars of local settings. Agropolitan districts, or networks of socio-economic and political interaction, have been suggested as a suitable territorial basis for this paradigm. In India, where local planning has not been successful, indigenous regional systems, which correspond closely to criteria suggested to delineate agropolitan districts, have existed for hundreds of years. This is especially true in Tamil Nadu where a hierarchy of nesting socio-spatial units is firmly established in peasant tradition. Information is presented on the positive and negative aspects of the use of such regions for rural planning. It is suggested that these regions may better fulfil the objectives of agropolitan development than sets of functional regions derived from the urban hierarchy. 相似文献
20.
Stefania Abakerli 《Geoforum》2001,32(4)
More than a strategy for environmental conservation, protected area paradigm has represented a specific conception of nature–society relationship. Originated in a context of capitalist consolidation, rapid urbanisation and frontier development in the US, this paradigm has given rise to a ‘politically viable rationale' in which utilitarian use of natural resources by tourism development would ensure nature preservation. This political rationality has deeply influenced environmental policies in developing countries, fostering a paradoxical model in the history of nature preservation. It also has brought into play diverse interests that have shifted patterns of local nature–society interaction, configuring a complex politicised environment. Established in ‘isolated' regions, protected areas have been implemented often by top–down approaches, disrupting resident peoples' livelihoods strategies through conflicts over the control of natural resources. Understanding the implications of development and conservation policies on resident peoples' livelihoods may represent a starting point for an integrated developmental conservation policy towards the promotion of sustainable livelihoods in environmentally sensitive regions in developing countries. These issues are analysed in the region of the Lençois Maranhenses National Park in Brazil. This paper argues that the context facing the region reveals a standardised conservationist paradigm marked by the absence of wider ecological criteria informing nature protection and a disregard for the strengthening of sustainability in existent socio-economic dynamics. The regional development and conservation policies have not only promoted tensions between resident peoples' livelihoods and the protected area paradigm, but also reinforced the legitimisation of social exclusion and environmental disruption under the prevalent rhetoric of nature protection and tourism development. 相似文献