共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 375 毫秒
1.
尘卷风的形成、结构和卷起沙尘过程的数值研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
文中应用数值算法对尘卷风的发展过程进行了模拟计算与分析。通过模拟计算得到了尘卷风的内部详细结构和运动过程。研究表明尘卷风是由于地面局部增热不均匀而形成的一种特殊的旋转对流运动。在尘卷风形成的过程中 ,外围空气通过贴近地面的薄层被地面加热后流向中心部位 ,外围空气的旋转能量在中心部位得到加强形成尘卷风 ,其旋转能量是热泡原来具有的旋转能量的局部集中和一部分势能转化而形成的 ,其旋转方向是由热对流泡的初始旋转方向所决定。尘卷风是一种类兰金涡 ,旋转速度和压力的分布具有兰金组合涡的特点 ;在成熟阶段 ,尘卷风的详细结构可以粗略地分为 4个区域———地面附近的气流汇聚区域、柱状的涡核区域、旋风与地面作用形成的转角风区域以及涡核外部的外围气流区域。转角区域可以细分为两个子区域———外围的方位角风区域(在该区域 ,上升气流运动方向与轴线之间有一定的夹角 ,称为方位角 )和中心的下沉停滞气流区域。尘卷风中心的低压和急速的上升气流可使大量沙尘扬起 ,不同直径的沙尘颗粒在尘卷风的作用下运动轨迹不同 ,因此卷起不同大小沙尘的尘卷风的外形也是不同的。 相似文献
2.
干旱半干旱地区尘卷风研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
杨兴华 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2016,10(2):1-8
尘卷风是一种发生在对流边界层的垂直涡旋,多发生在干旱半干旱地区,其旋转过程中强上升气流携带大量沙尘粒子,成为沙尘气溶胶排放的一个重要起沙过程。然而,相对于沙尘暴研究,目前对尘卷风及大气边界层的起沙过程的认知相当有限。从尘卷风发生的时空变化、边界层特征、形成原因和输沙量4个方面对尘卷风当前研究状况进行总结,并指出当前尘卷风研究重点及未来研究方向。 相似文献
3.
《Atmospheric Science Letters》2001,2(1-4):104-113
Intense columnar vortices in a convecting layer are explored with direct numerical simulations that are otherwise similar to the large-eddy simulations of6, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 126, 2789–2810). With free-slip boundaries and a Rayleigh number of 106(4096 times critical), vortices similar to large dust devils are readily produced. The genesis, intensity and life cycle of these intense vortices (dust devils) are studied. The simulated dust devils last for the order of the over-turning time of the largest eddies. The intensity is limited by the hydrostatic pressure drop supported by the buoyancy confined in the core. The genesis of a simulated dust devil requires not only tilting of the baroclinically generated vorticity, but also a symmetry-breaking event that allows one sign of vorticity to become concentrated in an updraft. Such symmetry breaking is the rule with random initialization in the simulations. However, when initialization is restricted to certain Fourier modes, exceptions are found that produce only symmetric vortex couplets that are relatively weak. 相似文献
4.
The results of a laboratory investigation of the dust devil vortex are presented. Vortex velocity and temperature profiles were measured for various initial conditiions of boundary heat input and outer flow swirl. Three different categories of core structure were observed depending on the amount of axial flow force and circulation strength produced in the experiment and dust devil models are constructed based on the measured mean behavior of each core category. 相似文献
5.
The three-dimensional wind velocity and dynamic pressure for stationary tornado-like vortices that developed over ground of different roughness categories were investigated to clarify the effects of ground roughness. Measurements were performed for various roughness categories and two swirl ratios. Variations of the vertical and horizontal distributions of velocity and pressure with roughness are presented, with the results showing that the tangential, radial, and axial velocity components increase inside the vortex core near the ground under rough surface conditions. Meanwhile, clearly decreased tangential components are found outside the core radius at low elevations. The high axial velocity inside the vortex core over rough ground surface indicates that roughness produces an effect similar to a reduced swirl ratio. In addition, the pressure drop accompanying a tornado is more significant at elevations closer to the ground under rough compared with smooth surface conditions. We show that the variations of the flow characteristics with roughness are dependent on the vortex-generating mechanism, indicating the need for appropriate modelling of tornado-like vortices. 相似文献
6.
The temperature anomaly and dust concentrations recorded from central Antarctic ice core records display a strong negative correlation. The dust concentration recorded from an ice core in central Antarctica is 50-70 times higher during glacial periods than interglacial periods. This study investigated the impact of dust aerosol on glacial-interglacial climate, using a zonal energy balance model and dust concentration data from an Antarctica ice core. Two important effects of dust, the direct radiative effect and dust-albedo feedback, were considered. On the one hand, the direct radiative effect of dust significantly cooled the climate during the glacial period, with cooling during the last glacial maximum being as much as 2.05℃ in Antarctica. On the other hand, dust deposition onto the ice decreased the surface albedo over Antarctica, leading to increased absorption of solar radiation, inducing a positive feedback that warmed the region by as much as about 0.9℃ during the glacial period. However, cooling by the direct dust effect was found to be the controlling effect for the glacial climate and may be the major influence on the strong negative correlation between temperature and dust concentration during glacial periods. 相似文献
7.
气候因子对内蒙古沙尘暴频率的影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
利用内蒙古中西部地区40年(1961～2000年)的气象资料、沙尘暴资料和气候资料,讨论了内蒙古中西部地区沙尘暴频率变化趋势和气候动力因子对沙尘暴频率的影响.结果显示:近40年期间,内蒙古中西部地区沙尘暴日数有明显的减少趋势,沙尘暴频率总体上减少的主要原因是影响沙尘暴频率趋势的气候动力因子,也就是代表冷空气活动的气候因子周期变化所致.影响内蒙古中西部地区沙尘暴频率时间分布变化的气候主导因子是:大风日数、北半球极涡面积指数、亚洲北半球极涡强度指数等代表冷空气活动的气候动力因子. 相似文献
8.
利用气象信息综合分析处理系统（MICAPS）分析资料、NECP再分析资料、自动站观测资料、卫星红外云图、天气雷达资料等,对2018年初夏内蒙古锡林郭勒盟地区出现的一次典型局地沙尘天气过程进行了分析。结果表明：此次沙尘天气主要在高空冷涡环流背景下,由低层切变触发的强对流风暴造成,发生在强对流风暴的下沉气流中。沙尘发生时,地面气压从995.2 hPa跃升至1000.4 hPa,气温下降,风向从东北风（31°）突变为西北风（343°）。从天气形势看,在上冷下暖不稳定的大气层结状态下,对流云团发展旺盛,外流边界的强下沉气流促使地面形成大风,为此次短时沙尘天气提供了较好的动力条件。局地沙尘发生前,动力、热力条件有利于强对流天气的发生发展,高低层的辐散辐合、较强的上升运动及干燥的中层大气和下垫面,是局地沙尘天气产生的主要原因。 相似文献
9.
河套地区一次强沙尘暴天气过程分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
文章利用Micaps系统、地面常规观测气象资料,通过对高空、地面、风场、物理量场及卫星云图特征分析表明:前期的干暖气候及上游充足的沙源是形成巴彦淖尔市沙尘暴不可缺少的环境因素和物质基础;500~700hPa贝加尔湖低涡底部的西北气流风力在16~30m·s-1,并形成一支急流带,冷平流在10个纬度内有5根等温线的密集带,等高线与等温线交角≥45℃,是形成沙暴天气的前提条件之一;影响河套地区的地面冷锋,其后部的地面冷高压紧随其后,高低压之间气压梯度及地面风的加大以及沙尘暴出现前期近地面气温增温明显,大气层结不稳定度显著增大,为沙尘暴天气的爆发提供了动力条件和热力条件;通过对物理量场的分析,整层的干暖条件、强烈的上升运动及低层辐合高层辐散形成的次级环流的垂直作用,是沙尘暴发生发展的动力源泉;高空涡旋云系的发展配合地面辐合上升气流,表明了高低空强烈的抽吸作用对沙尘暴爆发的贡献。 相似文献
10.
《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2005,40(3):163-188
A ground-based, mobile, W-band Doppler-radar has been used in the U.S. during the last decade to obtain high-spatial resolution maps of the radar reflectivity and wind fields in tornadoes and dust devils. This radar is one of the best tools available for studying the substructure of intense, small-scale vortices in the boundary layer. The most significant findings to date are summarized.In one case, it was found that just prior to tornadogenesis in a supercell, a 100–200 m scale cyclonic vortex formed at the leading edge of a bulge in the rear–flank gust front. This vortex appeared to interact with a larger-scale (500 m to 1 km wide) cyclonic vortex, just as the tornado formed. Other small-scale cyclonic vortices were present along the rear–flank gust, but they did not develop into tornadoes. The mature tornado-vortex was dominated by quasi-stationary wavenumber-two disturbances, while the mean vortex resembled a two-celled, Rankine combined vortex. The diameter of the mean vortex narrowed as it intensified and widened as it weakened, even though the tornado condensation funnel narrowed as the tornado was dissipating. Evidence was also found of short-term, inertial-like oscillations in vortex diameter and intensity. Spiral bands and eyes were ubiquitous. The eye in one well-documented case was broader in the lowest few hundred meters than it was aloft. Multiple vortices and “umbilical” cords of very narrow bands of reflectivity have also been found.Both cyclonic and anticyclonic dust devils have been documented. Some dust devils resemble a relatively narrow, Rankine combined vortex, while others are wider and have a broad, calm eye and a narrow annulus of intense vorticity just within the radius of maximum wind (RMW), and rising motion just inside the RMW and sinking motion well inside the RMW. Multiple-vortex structure, Rossby-like wave motion, and the Fujiwhara effect have also been documented. 相似文献
11.
Characteristics of Meteorological Factors over Different Landscape Types During Dust Storm Events in Cele, Xinjiang, China 
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下载免费PDF全文 MAO Donglei LEI Jiaqiang LI Shengyu ZENG Fanjiang WANG Cui ZHOU Jie 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2014,28(4):576-591
Landscape characteristics influence meteorological factors, thus affect the occurrence and nature of dust storm events. The present study investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics of six meteorological factors (wind velocity, wind direction, air temperature, relative humidity (RH), photo synthetically active radiation (PAR), and solar radiation) over different landscape types (shifting-sand frontier, semi-fixed sandy land, fixed sandy land, and the inner region of an oasis) before and after dust storms during four typical dust storm events in an oasis-desert ecotone in Cele, Xinjiang, China. The results show that the average wind velocity decreased significantly from the shifting-sand frontier to the inner oasis, which was mainly attributable to the vegetation coverage. Before the dust storm events, there were obvious differences in air temperature and RH either in the horizontal or vertical direction over the different landscape types. However, these factors were very similar during and following the dust storm events. PAR and solar radiation were significantly reduced during the dust storm events and the subsequent sand-blowing and floating-dust conditions. This effect was much stronger than during similar weather conditions without dust storm events such as sand-blowing and overcast and/or rainy days. Additionally, the variation in the meteorological factors among the different landscapes was also affected by the prevailing wind direction during the dust storm events. However, the landscape type slightly changed the prevailing wind direction, with the greatest dispersion distribution of wind direction in the inner oasis. The findings of this study are helpful for understanding the function of landscape types in the occurrence of dust storms, as well as for providing a theoretical basis for prevention of dust storms. 相似文献
12.
提要：利用2013年春季在巴丹吉林沙漠北缘拐子湖地区的沙尘暴加强观测资料,对比分析该地区典型流动沙面晴天、扬沙和沙尘暴三种天气背景下各气象要素的变化特征及差异,同时对沙尘暴过程中近地层风沙活动特征进行分析。结果表明,随风速增加沙尘天气强度逐步提升且沙尘天气来临前风速、风向均表现出明显的调整现象,此后爆发过程中风速、风向相对稳定。随沙尘天气强度的增加气温逐渐减小且沙尘天气过程中地面呈利于沙尘起动的暖干状态,同时地面气压不断升高。悬浮的沙尘会导致拐子湖流动沙地各层地温有减小趋势,但减小程度相对较弱,使沙尘天气下各层地温仍保持良好的梯度变化和正弦型日变化趋势。拐子湖流沙地春季起沙风速为6.5m/s,输沙通量垂直分布状况在20cm左右具有明显的分段现象。地表100cm内总输沙量的50%和90%分别集中在地表20cm和56cm高度以内。观测期间整个5月地表0～100cm高度内的输沙通量为420.96kg/m。 相似文献
13.
沙尘天气的数值预报 总被引：14，自引：4，他引：10
沙尘天气预报的核心问题是要理解沙尘天气形成的物理机制,并定量地描述风沙的分布、强度、输送与沉降.沙尘天气的形成是一个复杂的物理过程,涉及到大气运动与地表状况等诸多因素.作者介绍了一个以数值预报为核心、以卫星观测与地理信息系统为资料背景的沙尘天气集成预报系统,特别是其中的起沙模式.作者运用该系统预报了2002年春季的沙尘天气,并用天气观测和采样观测资料对预报效果进行了鉴定.分析表明,预报系统不仅能定性预报沙尘天气的空间分布与时间演变,而且能定量预报沙尘源地、大气中的沙尘浓度、沙尘的输送以及沉降.模式72 h的预报仍然有较高的可信度.另外讨论了存在的问题和今后的研究方向.
相似文献
14.
沙尘气溶胶对半干旱区微气象学特征影响的初步研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
沙尘气溶胶通过改变地表—大气间的短波及长波辐射从而对地气间热量传输产生影响,进而影响到地表能量收支平衡以及近地面层气象要素的分布。半干旱区是我国干旱化表现最为剧烈的地区,也是沙尘暴频发地区和主要源区之一。本文利用吉林通榆半干旱区国际协调强化观测计划基准站2006年4～6月近地层微气象、地表辐射通量和沙尘气溶胶浓度观测资料,对比分析了该地区在典型沙尘暴天气、扬沙天气和晴朗天气等不同天气状况下近地层各气象要素、地表能量平衡及辐射收支的变化特征。结果表明,沙尘气溶胶对半干旱地区地面微气象学特征及辐射收支具有明显的影响,且表现出不同于干旱区的若干特性:半干旱区沙尘天气下的平均风速比晴天高约2m.s-1,而相对湿度则降低了约35%。相对而言,气温和浅层地温的变化对沙尘的影响响应较弱。半干旱区在沙尘天气时地表净辐射小于晴天,感热/潜热通量分别约占净辐射的55%和30%,分别远大于/远小于晴天时的情形。该地区气溶胶质量浓度与日均感热、相对湿度、潜热等要素具有明显的相关,相关系数分别高达0.70、-0.75和-0.62。相比之下,干旱区沙尘天气时的感热通量要小于晴天时的值,而且气象要素的响应更加剧烈。 相似文献
15.
ZHANG Hongsheng ZHU Hao PENG Yan KANG Ling CHEN Jiayi Soon-Ung PARK 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2008,22(2):239-247
The present study investigates the characteristics of turbulent transfer and the conditions for dust emission and transport using the dust concentration and micrometeorological data obtained during dust events occurring in the spring of 2004 over the Hunshandake desert area. The turbulent exchange coefficients and turbulent fluxes of momentum and heat are calculated. The relationships between dust flux, friction velocity, and wind speed are also explored. The results show that thermal turbulence is dominant during daytime of non-dusty days. The dynamic turbulence increases obviously and the sensible heat flux reduces by different degrees during dust events. There is an efficient downward transfer of momentum before duststorm occurrence, and both the dynamic turbulence and the thermal turbulence are important in the surface layer. The dynamic turbulence even exceeds the thermal turbulence during severe duststorm events. The values of dust flux vary in the range of -5 5, -30 30, and -200-300 μg m^-2 s^-1 during non-dusty days, blowing dust, and duststorm events, respectively. A slight upward transport of dust is observed during non-dusty days. The dust flux gradually varies from positive to negative during duststorm periods, which indicates the time evolution of dust events from dust rising to stably suspending and then deposition. The dust flux is found to be proportional to u＊^3. The threshold values of wind speed and friction velocity are about 6 and 0.4 m s^-1, respectively. 相似文献
16.
北京风沙天气的气溶胶特征 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：15
利用常规气象观测资料、卫星云图以及1988、1990、1992、1993、1995、2000年等年北京风沙天气期间所采集的气溶胶样品的分析结果,研究了北京的风沙天气分布特征,风沙期间大气污染状况,产生风沙天气的主要原因及沙尘的来源等.初步得出北京的风沙天气主要出现在春季,是造成春季大气污染的重要原因之一;北京春季风沙天气是由沙尘暴、浮尘和扬沙造成,但以扬尘引起的频率为最高,占71.4%;风沙期间大气气溶胶与无风沙时气溶胶的物理化学特征有明显的差异;大气气溶胶的物理化学特征显示出,风沙期间的大气气溶胶主要来源于自然源,以局地尘源为主,人为排放的气溶胶作用相对减弱. 相似文献
17.
18.
北京地区一次强沙尘暴过程的大气边界层结构和湍流通量输送特征 总被引：15，自引：6，他引：9
利用中国科学院大气物理研究所北京325 m气象塔的风速和温度平均场观测资料和湍流资料,以及北京市气象台地面常规气象资料和逐日08:00和20:00(北京时间)的探空资料,分析了2002年3月18～22日沙尘暴过境前后北京城市边界层结构特征和湍流输送特征,结果表明:1)在沙尘暴爆发前,边界层中水平风速一直较小;气温较高,大气层结稳定,在边界层上部有强大的逆温层.随着冷锋过境,沙尘暴爆发,边界层中水平风速和平均湍流速度急剧增强;温度也突然变化,先迅速增强后又持续下降,逆温层迅速被破坏.2)沙尘暴初期,280 m上为系统性上升气流,而47和120 m则为系统性的下沉气流.随着沙尘暴爆发,湍流动能、向下传输的动量以及向上传输的感热也迅速增大,并且120 m高度的湍能、动量通量以及感热通量明显高于47和280 m,这与北京的局地环流有关.3)本次沙尘暴过程中,120和47 m层的摩擦速度都明显超过了北京的临界摩擦速度,表明局地起沙也是本次沙尘暴过程中北京沙尘的一个重要沙源. 相似文献
19.
2007年1月15—17日拉萨地区出现了一次浮尘天气,造成空气质量污染,能见度下降;拉萨地区的生产、生活及交通运输受到了较大影响。应用欧洲中心客观分析场资料和逐日观测资料,主要从天气形势和气候特征分析了拉萨浮尘天气形成的原因和空气污染的局地气象条件。结果表明,由于冷暖空气在高原地区对峙,温度梯度和锋区加强;以及200hPa高空西风急流的影响,引发西藏地区大风,使干燥、疏松的地表形成扬沙、沙尘暴,大量的细小沙尘粒子随高空偏西气流携带至拉萨。加之拉萨本地低空处于弱辐合区,大气层结稳定,风速较小或静风,导致了拉萨浮尘天气形成。最后,给出了拉萨浮尘天气预报的思路,为拉萨浮尘天气的准确预报提供了一些参考信息。 相似文献
20.
Nirmala D. Desouza Baby Simon Muhammad S. Qureshi 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2011,114(3-4):107-121
The evolutionary characteristics of a dust storm over Oman on 2 February 2008 were studied by analyzing the weather associated with it. The National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis wind flow pattern at 1,000?hPa showed a clockwise and outward wind flow pattern over the study region, a manifestation of a high-pressure cold air mass. In addition, ground truth observations for surface temperature and surface winds showed cold northerly winds until the early morning of 2 February 2008. A strong wind shear resulted from differences in wind speed between warm air and trapped cold air. This vertical wind shear enhanced instability. Furthermore, the weakening of the inversion in the lower troposphere and the formation of a mixed layer due to transfer of horizontal momentum from upper air towards the surface led to strong surface winds. These strong winds lifted a large amount of dust particles off the ground, resulting in the dust event of 2 February 2008. 相似文献