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1.
覆岩变形破坏电阻率响应特征的模拟实验研究 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
地下采矿活动引起上覆岩层移动变形和破坏,对覆岩变形破坏进行监测,可以为采矿设计和安全生产提供可靠的技术保障. 本文从对应于实际地层介质的相似材料物理模型实验出发,探讨了模拟实验的相似条件和可行性,进行了采矿活动不同时期覆岩电阻率特征变化的动态测试,结合实验数据进行反演计算,最后获得覆岩变形破坏与电阻率变化的响应关系. 实验结果表明,覆岩变形和破坏必然造成地层介质电性特征的变化,不同破坏带的破坏程度不同,电阻率变化响应特征不一样,两者是一一对应的. 利用电阻率方法监测覆岩变形和破坏是完全可行的. 相似文献
2.
某煤矿典型CSAMT法视电阻率曲线的一维模拟 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
了解煤矿开采区的地层地质情况,指明断层、破碎带、陷落柱等构造及其含水性,并分析其对开采过程中可能造成的安全威胁是煤矿安全生产的重要保证．可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)法是浅层地球物理勘探的一种有力的手段,可以用来探明从地表到地下1500米范围的地质情况．在开采区完成三维地震勘探,对构造有了较系统的控制后,利用电法CSAMT手段重点来分析构造及地层的含水及富水特性,是一种科学的工作流程．本文采用一维正演方法对该矿区典型的CSAMT视电阻率曲线进行模拟并与实际曲线进行了对比．通过大量的模型拟合,得到了较好的拟合效果,这对反演解释提供了有用信息。 相似文献
3.
S. SINGH 《Geophysical Prospecting》1986,34(4):492-507
A field study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of the high frequency seismic reflection technique for mapping of shallow and irregular bedrock. Bedrock reflections were obtained using a hammer source with both in-line and common offset field layouts. The recording equipment included 12-channel enhancement seismographs, 28 Hz vertical geo-phones and a microcomputer. The latter increased the overall versatility of the seismic system. Field sites for this study are typical of the geological settings of the tin mining areas of Malaysia. The topographical ‘lows’ of the irregular bedrock control the localization of tin ore. The subsurface geology consists of a thin low velocity layer (± 300 m/s) overlying the compact overburden (± 1700 m/s) which in turn lies on bedrock. This paper discusses various criteria for designing an optimum window for obtaining usable reflections between the first arrival and the leading edge of the ground roll cone. Detailed mapping of the overburden and the bedrock interface by the reflection method can be useful in delineating areas for exploratory drilling and for optimum planning of mining operations. 相似文献
4.
Lena Bräunig Stefan Buske Alireza Malehmir Emma Bäckström Monica Schön Paul Marsden 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(1):24-43
The development of cost-effective and environmentally acceptable geophysical methods for the exploration of mineral resources is a challenging task. Seismic methods have the potential to delineate the mineral deposits at greater depths with sufficiently high resolution. In hardrock environments, which typically host the majority of metallic mineral deposits, seismic depth-imaging workflows are challenged by steeply dipping structures, strong heterogeneity and the related wavefield scattering in the overburden as well as the often limited signal-to-noise ratio of the acquired data. In this study, we have developed a workflow for imaging a major iron-oxide deposit at its accurate position in depth domain while simultaneously characterizing the near-surface glacial overburden including surrounding structures like crossing faults at high resolution. Our workflow has successfully been showcased on a 2D surface seismic legacy data set from the Ludvika mining area in central Sweden acquired in 2016. We applied focusing prestack depth-imaging techniques to obtain a clear and well-resolved image of the mineralization down to over 1000 m depth. In order to account for the shallow low-velocity layer within the depth-imaging algorithm, we carefully derived a migration velocity model through an integrative approach. This comprised the incorporation of the tomographic near-surface model, the extension of the velocities down to the main reflectors based on borehole information and conventional semblance analysis. In the final step, the evaluation and update of the velocities by investigation of common image gathers for the main target reflectors were used. Although for our data set the reflections from the mineralization show a strong coherency and continuity in the seismic section, reflective structures in a hardrock environment are typically less continuous. In order to image the internal structure of the mineralization and decipher the surrounding structures, we applied the concept of reflection image spectroscopy to the data, which allows the imaging of wavelength-specific characteristics within the reflective body. As a result, conjugate crossing faults around the mineralization can directly be imaged in a low-frequency band while the internal structure was obtained within the high-frequency bands. 相似文献
5.
矽卡岩型矿床是云南北衙金多金属矿区的一种主要矿床类型,受岩体、构造及层位等控制,其有利找矿空间为中酸性岩体与碳酸盐岩的接触带.以岩石物性为纽带,实现目标地质体与地球物理场的转换,提取有效信息.接触带中低电阻率、岩体的低密度性、铁矿的高磁性和高极化率等都是矽卡型铁矿床的特有地球物理属性.通过地质地球物理等多元信息的层层约束,解析不同级次的成矿要素问题,实现对隐伏矽卡岩型铁矿床的定位,建立地球物理勘探模式,并在矿区外围开展方法有效性的验证,取得了良好的勘探效果,提出一套适应于北衙地区及类似成矿地质背景下的隐伏矽卡岩型铁矿床定位预测方法. 相似文献
6.
As part of a larger multi-institutional seismic monitoring experiment during June–August 1984 in the eastern Wasatch Plateau, Utah, data from a subarray of 20 portable seismographs were used to investigate seismicity in the East Mountain area, an area of active underground coal mining and intense microseismicity. Eight stations of the subarray were concentrated on top of East Mountain, about 600 m above mine level, at an average spacing of 2 to 3 km. The primary objective was the accurate resolution of hypocenters and focal mechanisms for seismic events originating at submine levels. Data from high-resolution seismic reflection profiles and drill-hole sonic logs yielded a detailed velocity model. This model features a strong velocity gradient in the uppermost 1 km, which has a significant effect on takeoff angles for first-arrivingP-waves from shallow seismic events. Two hundred epicenters located with a precision of ±500 m cluster within an area about 5 km in diameter and show an evident spatial association with four sites of longwall mining during the study period. A special set of foci rigorously tested for focal-depth reliability indicates submine seismicity predominating within 500 m of mine level and extending at least to 1 km, and perhaps to 2 km, below mine level. Continuous monitoring for a 61-day period (June 15–August 15) bracketed a 16-day mining shutdown (July 7–22) during which significant seismicity, comparable to that observed before the shutdown, was observed. Ten focal mechanisms for seismic events originating at or down to 2 km below mine level nearly all imply reverse faulting, consistent with previous results and the inferred tectonic stress field. Enigmatic events recorded with all dilatational first motions can be fit with double-couple normal-faulting solutions if they in fact occurabove mine level, perhaps reflecting overburden subsidence. If these events are constrained to occur at mine level, their first-motion distributions are incompatible with a double-couple source mechanism. 相似文献
7.
通过在玉溪盆地用地震反射法探测普渡河隐伏断裂的实例, 阐述了在覆盖层很厚、 人口密集、 环境干扰强条件下的地震勘探方法技术. 本次勘探针对场地条件使用了大型可控震源和小检波距、 长排列、 高覆盖次数的观测系统. 获得的高信噪比时间剖面清晰地揭示了玉溪盆地内普渡河断裂的产状和规模. 勘探结果表明, 玉溪盆地覆盖层(N+Q)最大厚度超过820 m; 基岩面西陡东缓, 呈北北东走向的箕状分布; 普渡河断裂分两支穿过玉溪盆地西部, 主断裂为正断性质, 走向约N20°E, 倾向东, 视倾角75°—80°; 断裂规模由南向北逐渐变大, 基岩断距在盆地南部的大营街附近为40 m, 而在盆地北部的九龙池东部, 基岩断距增加到280 m左右, 穿过玉溪盆地西部的普渡河断裂错断了新近系上新统中上部地层. 相似文献
8.
影响煤矿层安全高效开采的最主要的地质因素是断层构造及其异常,特别是落差在3~5m的中小断层构造对生产影响最大.为了保证开采工作的顺利进行,通常需在工作面回采前对面内地质条件进行探测与评价.利用地震波CT多波联合探测反演与解释,可精确确定工作面内的地质构造及异常范围.其弯曲射线追踪SIRT法反演可获得收敛性好的探测区域波速结果,以纵波波速结果为主,高速区代表断层构造迹线,低速区代表煤层增厚,同时结合其它参量成图,可有效识别各种地质构造及其特征.3241工作面的探测与回采实例有效地说明了,多波联合探测技术可为面内生产解决大量的实际地质问题. 相似文献
9.
随着深井观测地震台网的进一步发展,在深井中获得的地震资料反映出了不少有意义的信息。本文对纵向不同深度上记录的地震波特征进行了分析和研究,探讨了纵向不同深度上各点之间记录的地震波走时差异和振幅差异的物理成因,指出了台基介质特性及空间状态(全空间或半空间)对地震波传播特征和记录特征的影响,并用软盖层效应加以统一解释。结果表明,在地下纵向不同深度上,自下而上直至地面,地震波的位移幅度逐渐放大、走时加长、周期变大;平原地区的松散沉积覆盖层对地震波产生放大、延时和滤波作用;在井下可以观测到向下传播的地面反射波,因而使得波列变复杂。 相似文献
10.
Overburden complexity and repeatability of seismic data: Impacts of positioning errors at the Oseberg field, North Sea 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Repeatability of seismic data plays a crucial role in time‐lapse seismic analysis. There are several factors that can decrease the repeatability, such as positioning errors, varying tide, source variations, velocity changes in the water layer (marine data) and undesired effects of various processing steps. In this work, the complexity of overburden structure, as an inherent parameter that can affect the repeatability, is studied. A multi‐azimuth three‐dimensional vertical‐seismic‐profiling data set with 10 000 shots is used to study the relationship between overburden structure and repeatability of seismic data. In most repeatability studies, two data sets are compared, but here a single data set has been used because a significant proportion of the 10 000 shots are so close to each other that a repeatability versus positioning error is possible. We find that the repeatability decreases by a factor of approximately 2 under an overburden lens. Furthermore, we find that the X‐ and Y‐components have approximately the same sensitivity to positioning errors as the Z‐component (for the same events) in this three‐dimensional vertical‐seismic‐profiling experiment. This indicates that in an area with complex overburden, positioning errors between monitor and base seismic surveys are significantly more critical than outside such an area. This study is based on a three‐dimensional three‐component vertical‐seismic‐profiling data set from a North Sea reservoir and care should be taken when extrapolating these observations into a general four‐dimensional framework. 相似文献
11.
2008年5月12日汶川发生里氏8.0级地震的发震机制与龙门山断裂带的构造特征紧密相关,应用反射地震探测方法精细探测发震构造内部的结构特征,对研究汶川地震的发震机理有重要意义.5.12地震后在地表错断最剧烈的区域之一虹口乡白庙村穿过发震构造和深钻科研井WSFD-1和WSFD-2布置了兼顾浅中深层信息的反射地震探测剖面,该区域断裂带硬岩出露,地形地貌复杂多变,起伏剧烈,只能采取弯线地震测线布设方式采集二维反射地震数据,而且弯曲度大,造成CDP点分散严重.区域内构造复杂,褶皱逆推构造发育,地层和构造倾角大,采用常规二维地震数据处理方法进行叠加处理时,易将不同地层的反射信息叠加到同一反射层.弯线叠加剖面上侧面波,混波干扰严重,会显著地降低原本低信噪比数据的分辨率,或剖面可靠性低,容易在二维剖面中造成解释陷阱.本文利用弯线地震采集的三维特性,用拟三维地震叠加技术处理汶川地震科学钻井附近横跨北川-映秀断裂带的二维弯线地震数据,弥补常规二维弯线地震数据处理技术的不足,将不同地层的反射信息分离归位到不同的三维叠加剖面上,解决二维弯线地震数据处理时混波干扰严重的难题.通过理论分析和实验选取合适的共中心点面元,获得了高分辨率的三维叠加剖面.相比于二维弯线叠加剖面,三维叠加剖面切片成像更真实,剔除了不同地层反射信息混叠的影响,能得到更准确的断点信息,并可以获得沿断层走向横向的信息,显著提高了构造解释的可靠性和精度.应用拟三维地震数据处理方法处理龙门山断裂带的二维弯线地震数据,获取高分辨率的构造信息,有利于断裂带内汶川地震发震机制和龙门山隆起机制的解释. 相似文献
12.
利用二维非均匀介质地震波传播的伪谱和有限差分混合方法,通过数值计算,讨论了松软覆盖层对隐伏断层带围陷波特征的影响.在没有覆盖层的情况下,围陷波振幅和围岩上相比明显增加,持续时间变长.覆盖层造成围岩上地面运动振幅增大,围陷波的部分能量传播到覆盖层中,使得围陷波的能量变小.随着覆盖层厚度增加,围陷波的振幅越来越小,和围岩上... 相似文献
13.
笔者通过大量地质、地球化学、球物理和矿床（点）资料研究,提出浙江省妙西多金属矿床成矿模型,该模型正在为普查项目所证实。妙西多金属矿矿床是典型的岩浆期后热液矿床,矿体主要受本区的三级构造即岩体接触带构造和地层不连续界面构造控制。地球物理测量提供的深部信息和地质构造标志是本区多金属矿直接找矿标志,地表物化探资料在普查工作中可以起辅助作用。 相似文献
14.
阻抗差异较大的地层在地震剖面上呈现为强振幅同相轴,会掩盖附近储层有效信息,需要做去除强屏蔽的目标处理。针对常规匹配追踪方法在构造复杂地区匹配精度和空间连续性不佳的问题,本文提出一种基于自适应权值的多道匹配追踪去强屏蔽方法。首先利用层位构造信息对强反射层进行局部拉平处理,减弱地层空间构造对提取强反射层的影响,然后引入相邻地震道与中心道之间的相关系数作为多道平均的权值,以提高匹配结果的稳定性和横向连续性。同时使用解释得到的层位时间作为子波初始时间,有效提高运算效率。模型试算和实际地震资料应用分析表明,改进方法能有效剥离强反射并突出有效储层信息,剥离后的井震吻合度得到明显提升,相较于常规匹配追踪算法匹配精度更高,同时具有更好的空间连续性与强反射去除效果。 相似文献
15.
利用河南新密超化镇某矿区布设的密集临时地震台网观测资料,通过微震震源精确定位手段,实现强干扰背景下该地区某煤矿地下开采面的定位追踪试验研究。微震定位后,爆破点位置的水平精度为±70m,垂直精度为±500m。试验研究结果表明,利用高密度数字地震台网资料,可较为准确地监测矿山地下开采面的动态变化,从而实现对矿产资源越界开采和小矿非法开采的有效制约和监督。同时,本次试验结果显示地震台网的监测控制范围受爆炸源能量、地下开采面的深度、监测区背景噪声、监测仪器的灵敏度和抗干扰能力等因素影响,试验结果可对今后矿区地震监测台网的合理布设提供有效指导。 相似文献
16.
《Journal of Applied Geophysics》1999,41(1):105-129
A geophysical survey was performed at Sylvan, Manitoba, Canada (51°5′N, 97°22′W) to investigate a Lower Cretaceous kaolinite deposit. The deposit consists of zones of kaolinite, silica sand, and lignitic clay located in a series of channels formed during karsting of the underlying Palaeozoic bedrock and is covered by 3 to 5 m of glacial drift. The aim of the study was to identify cost-efficient electrical and electromagnetic (EM) geophysical methods for locating, mapping, and assessing this target. Methods applied included terrain conductivity (EM31), VLF-EM, time-domain electromagnetics (TEM), DC-resistivity, and shallow seismic refraction. The survey showed that EM methods offer a viable alternative to more expensive seismic reflection surveys in the investigation of small industrial mineral deposits. Comparison of the geophysical survey results with those of a drilling program indicated that VLF-EM and TEM were the best methods for delineating the kaolinite deposit. VLF-EM was the most cost-efficient method for delineating the kaolinite deposit over a ca. 10 ha area and for exploring for further deposits within several kilometers of the main site. Joint interpretation of the in-phase and quadrature response is required for increased reliability in identifying the major kaolinite-filled channels. The TEM method provided more detailed resolution of the deposit than VLF-EM and was the optimal method for assessing its thickness. However, TEM data acquisition is too slow and inefficient for reconnaissance mapping of 10 ha sites. EM31 surveying is useful for defining the palaeokarst surface and overburden thickness in areas surrounding the deposit but cannot be used reliably for mapping the kaolinite deposit itself. The combined geophysical survey results show the kaolinite deposit at Sylvan to be located in a channel which is 100 m wide and about 25 m deep. The deposit has a bulk electrical conductivity between 13 mS m−1 and 25 mS m−1 consistent with low cation exchange capacity values measured for the kaolinite. The palaeokarst surface surrounding the deposit contains a series of sinuous, discontinuous, depressions with a depth variations of several meters. 相似文献
17.
Despite the use of CDP and digital methods the Zechstein base is still the deepest horizon in the vast salt-dome basin of Central Europe for which continuous information can be obtained by reflection seismics. Thus in North-western Germany, in addition to reflection seismics, the refraction seismic method has been increasingly used for a reliable survey of deeper horizons. The first part of the paper deals with the investigation of the various possibilities and limitations of refraction seismics with regard to the investigation of Pre-Zechstein layers in a basin with a tectonically very complicated overburden. The recording techniques specially developed for continuous profiling of the desired refraction seismic arrivals and the data processing methods are described. The main problems of interpretation are then discussed, in particular with regard to depth representation. The advantages and disadvantages of the various methods, e.g. Gardner's, Hales' and Wyrobek's, and of the wave-front method, are compared. On account of the tectonically complicated overburden Thornburgh's wave-front method proved to be the most useful. In a further section the various possibilities for velocity determinations are mentioned, e.g. Wyrobek's determination of the overburden velocity, for which the wave-front method automatically furnishes the necessary corrections to a deep datum. Finally, some examples are given for the results obtained, including some incidental information on the deeper crust. 相似文献
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