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1.
为了比较CO_2引起的海水酸化和HCI引起的海水酸化对棘皮动物的影响,本研究以中国北方海岸带土著种-马粪海胆(Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus)为对象,分析比较了两种海水酸化模式对马粪海胆胚胎和骨针发育的影响。根据IPCC对2100年海水酸化程度的预测,在实验室条件下,建立了自然海水组(pH=8.06±0.01)和六个海水酸化处理组(三个CO_2处理组和三个HCI处理组)。结果表明:(1)与自然海水组相比,酸化处理组马粪海胆胚胎的卵裂率呈现随海水pH下降而延长的趋势,与HCI酸化处理相比,CO_2处理对马粪海胆胚胎卵裂率的影响更为严重;(2)两种海水酸化模式下,马粪海胆浮游幼体四腕浮游幼体均出现对称性缺失和骨针外露现象;(3)与自然海水组相比,两种海水酸化模式对马粪海胆四腕浮游幼体骨针发育具有不同影响,HCI酸化处理组浮游幼体呈现骨针变短现象,而CO_2处理组四腕幼体的骨针则出现变长现象;(4)扫描电镜结果显示,海水酸化可影响马粪海胆浮游幼体骨针的钙化结构,当海水△pH=-0.5时,CO_2处理组马粪海胆浮游幼体骨针的腐蚀程度要比HCI处理组更为严重。本研究结果提示,不同的海水酸化模式对马粪海胆胚胎和骨针发育有不同程度的影响,相比强酸(HCI)引起的海水酸化而言,CO_2引起的海水酸化对马粪海胆的影响更为严重。 相似文献
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《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2020,(5)
本文选取东海原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻,以氨氮(NH_4-N)为氮源,通过增加pCO_2(800和1 500μatm)改变海水的酸化程度,研究海洋酸化对东海原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻生长以及抗氧化生物酶活性的影响。研究结果表明,海洋酸化对东海原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻的生长均有抑制作用,两种藻的生长速率在酸化条件下均低于正常海水条件。东海原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻的最大氮吸收速率及其与半饱和常数的比值(V_(max)/K_s比率)均随着酸化程度的加深而降低,表明酸化抑制了浮游植物对NH_4-N的吸收。东海原甲藻在三个实验条件下的V_(max)/K_s比率均高于米氏凯伦藻,表明东海原甲藻比米氏凯伦藻有更强的环境适应性。海洋酸化诱导了东海原甲藻和米氏凯伦藻的活性氧(ROS)升高,随着酸化程度加深,抗氧化生物酶—超氧化歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,这说明,海洋酸化对两种甲藻生长的抑制,通过抗氧化酶的活性变化在生理层面对外界环境作出响应,与生长和营养盐吸收过程相对应。 相似文献
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为探讨海洋酸化和光照强度变化对海洋钙化生物的影响,本文选用广泛分布在热带珊瑚礁区的大型钙化海藻仙掌藻(Halimeda opuntia)为研究对象,在室内通过CO2加富(pH=7.50、7.80和8.10)和调控光照强度(30和180μmol photons m2·s-1)的方式,探究其生长、钙化作用和光合作用等生理特征对海洋酸化和光照强度变化的响应。结果表明:海水酸化可以显著抑制仙掌藻的生长率、钙化速率和光合效率,且随酸化程度的加深而加强。酸化条件下(p H 7.50～7.80),生长率、钙化速率和Fv/Fm分别下降了48.29%～58.80%、51.78%～62.29%和2.37%～13.79%;光照强度的增加可以缓解这一抑制作用,高光照下生长率、钙化速率和Fv/Fm分别升高了2.01%～44.55%、29.61%～40.68%和1.68%～6.92%。酸化处理和光照强度变化对色素含量、丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸含量影响显著(P 0.01);酸化处理组中的Chl-a含量下降了32.69%～43.44%;而实验第20-28天,低光条件下的类胡萝卜素含量比高光照组高出12.12%～57.45%;酸化胁迫下,MDA在组织中逐渐积累;同时脯氨酸明显升高,以增加藻体自身的抗逆性,缓解胁迫带来的损伤。此外,组织中总碳(TC)和总氮(TN)含量在酸化条件下显著增加(P 0.05),光照强度的增加也一定程度上有利于提高TC和TN含量。通过分析可知,海洋酸化对仙掌藻的威胁是多方面的,对其生长、钙化作用和光合作用等生理过程的抑制作用随着酸化程度的加深而增加,而光照强度的增加一定程度上可以缓解酸化带来的负面效应。这些结果可以为预测未来海洋酸化对钙质生物的影响和珊瑚礁生物的多样性保护提供理论参考。 相似文献
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工业革命以来,大气CO_2浓度呈现快速增加的趋势,随之而来的问题是海洋酸化的程度越来越明显。与工业革命前相比,目前海洋表层海水pH降低了0.1个单位,到本世纪末估计会降低0.4个pH单位。本文综述了海洋酸化对碳、氮和硫循环的影响,包括碳循环中的溶解度泵、碳酸盐泵、软组织泵和微型生物碳泵,海洋酸化对氮循环中氮的固定、硝化作用、反硝化作用、N_2O的产生的影响,海洋酸化与硫循环中二甲基硫(DMS)的产生及其与食物网结构之间的关系。海洋酸化无论是以直接或间接方式均会在一定程度上对碳、氮和硫的生物地球化学循环产生影响,最终改变海洋系统的结构与功能。在自然界中,海洋酸化不是一个独立的过程,而是与其他物理、化学、生物变化因素相偶联共同作用于碳、氮和硫的生物地球化学循环。 相似文献
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珠江口及邻近海域水质状况分析 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7
为了解决年来珠江口水域的环境质量，及该水域与其邻近水域的环境质量差异，本文利用１９９３年有关环境调查数据，选用适当的评价模式，对主要污染物的特征值进行了统计，计算。根据水域的环境特点，划分出六个评价区，对主要污染物质进行分析、比较和评价，对各区水质进行综合评价，评价结果表明，珠江口及其邻近水域的主要污染物质为无机氮和油类，珠江口水域水质污染较其邻近水域严重，珠江口北部较珠江口南部水域水质差。 相似文献
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北部湾海洋动物的石油烃含量 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
文中报道北部湾东北和东南部水域32种鱼类，2种头足类，1种双壳类和1种甲壳类动物的总石油烃含量，其平均值分别为7．18，19．6，9．27和23．4μg/g干重。两水域鱼类样品的总石油烃含量水平相似。鱼类的总石油含量与其栖息水层和食性有密切关系。所测样品劳光光谱特征与轻燃料油和机油的相近。北部湾鱼类的石油烃污染程度较低。 相似文献
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大气中过量的CO_2溶解到海水中造成海洋酸化,破坏了海水原有的酸碱平衡和碳酸盐溶解平衡。甲壳类动物甲壳的形成过程依赖于海水正常的酸碱平衡和碳酸钙溶解平衡。本研究以三疣梭子蟹幼蟹为研究对象,采用CO_2与空气的混合气体对自然海水进行曝气,模拟在现有CO_2排放速度下,本世纪末和下世纪末海洋酸化的程度(表层海水p CO_2分别为750μatm,1500μatm),研究不同海洋酸化程度对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹甲壳结构和组成成分的影响。结果发现,海洋酸化导致:(1)三疣梭子蟹幼蟹甲壳上表皮的外表面微刺排列趋于简单化,由2—3个微刺为主要排列形式逐渐变为单个微刺排列的形式;(2)甲壳厚度变薄,甲壳厚度从正常海水对照组(pH 8.13±0.02)90.20±4.85μm,变薄到OA1组(pH 7.98±0.02)84.53±13.71μm,再到OA2组(pH 7.75±0.03)61.94±13.43μm,并且有随海洋酸化程度加重厚度变得更薄的趋势;(3)随着酸化程度的加深,甲壳中甲壳素含量显著上升,从对照组(13.10±0.07)%上升到OA1组(14.22±0.04)%,再到OA2组(14.30±0.06)%(P=0.000**);(4)甲壳中钙、镁元素含量及钙镁比没有明显变化。结果表明海洋酸化对三疣梭子蟹幼蟹甲壳的结构和甲壳素含量产生了较大影响。 相似文献
10.
海水酸化暴露可对海洋生物产生多层面的影响。本研究以潮间带野生与潮下带养殖长牡蛎(不同生境背景)的不同组织(鳃、外套膜及消化腺)为研究对象,分析在室内调控p CO2模拟海水酸化暴露条件下,其基础代谢活动、能量代谢以及氧化应激相关指标的变化情况。结果显示:海水酸化暴露后,两种长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)的基础代谢过程均受到了一定抑制作用且受影响程度差异明显。潮间带野生与潮下带养殖长牡蛎的关键生理过程(能量代谢及氧化应激)对海水酸化暴露存在不同的响应变化,表明两种长牡蛎应对海水酸化的调节机制可能存在差异。依据PLS-DA分析结果显示,在所有生理指标中,对样本的差异贡献较高(VIP值1)的指标为:SDH、AST、ATPase、ATP含量、糖原含量、CAT、GST及SOD,表明海水酸化暴露后,在两种长牡蛎的3种组织中上述指标的响应变化程度更大。综合评价分析多个生理指标的整体变化揭示:在海水酸化暴露条件下,潮间带野生长牡蛎比潮下带养殖长牡蛎对海水酸化的生理响应更为剧烈;相比于鳃及消化腺组织,长牡蛎外套膜组织可能受影响更大。 相似文献
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The comparative limnology of some New Zealand lakes 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
V. Hilary Jolly 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):214-259
The morphometry, environmental conditions, and some physical and chemical data are given for twenty‐four New Zealand lakes: seven are in the southern part of the South Island, the others, excluding Lakes Waikaremoana and Waikareiti, are in the “thermal region” of the central North Island. These lakes form two separate groups and include the largest and deepest lakes in both islands. The lakes in which stratification was established were found to belong to the class known as warm monomictic Two lakes, Rotorua and Rotoehu, were found to be homothermous throughout the year. Open water surface temperatures did not exceed 23°c in the North Island lakes or 19°c in the South Island, and minimum temperatures recorded were 7°c in the northern lakes and 5°c in the southern. In deep lakes the range of temperature was much less: Wakutipu had a range of 16–8.85°c. The disappearance level of a Secchi disc varied from 18 m (Lake Taupo) to 0.8 m (Lake Rotongaio). The transparency of the water in the glacial and volcanic lakes was comparable to that of similar lakes in other parts of the world. It was found that total ions, measured by the ion‐exchange resins reached high concentrations in lakes fed by thermal waters: Rotomahana 14.32m.e./l. By contrast Tikitapu, a seepage lake, had the low concentration of. 0.28m.e./l, and Wakatipu, a glacial fed lake, a concentration of O.58m.e./1. The pH range was 8.1–5.8, the lowest value being in Tikitapu, a volcanic lake. Slightly lower pH values were recorded in the bottom waters of lakes when stratified. Lakes were usually supersaturated with oxygen at the surface, and only a few small lakes showed a hypolimnial deficiency. Silica and phosphate were found in high concentrations in some thermal lakes but nitrogen in the forms measured, was found to be low. 相似文献
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Opal Lake, a cold, acid lake on the central volcanic plateau of the North Island, New Zealand, had an average pH of 4.3 and was highly eutrophic. The biota was less diverse than in neighbouring near‐neutral waters. Macrophytes were rare; phytoplankton were mainly represented by the Chlorophyceae, and there were only 4 zooplankton species. The mean standing crop of macroinvertebrates was 6240 per square metre; this was higher than in other eutrophic lakes in the region and comprised more than 98% chironomid larvae represented by 4 species. Molluscs were absent. The fauna was more diverse than in more acid lakes of the .central volcanic plateau. 相似文献
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沿海城市工业迅速发展所造成的酸雾问题已引起了国内外环保部门的高度重视,如美国加州南部沿岸多次出现酸雾的pH值在3.0以下,最低为1.63。青岛地区1983年观测到酸雾pH值为4.22-4.52,而我们在1991年6-7月份的观测表明,pH平均为3.84,最低(娄山化工厂)为1.7,酸度有显著增强的趋势。近几年来青岛市酸雨的pH值平均为4.42,最小为3.48,可以看出,酸雾的酸性远较酸雨为强。因此城市酸雾的研究更为重要和迫切。
海雾是山东半岛沿海城市的主要气候特点,青岛是海雾发生的中心,大雾年平均为61.2天,轻雾106.9天,每年4-7月为海雾盛行期。海雾总是发生在逆温层结的大气中,在稳定的逆温层下,低空所产生的污染物不容易扩散到高空,使得排放的大量污染物质聚集在低层,与雾水混合酸化形成酸雾。
夏季的海雾多为平流雾,青岛海雾季节平流雾占总雾出现率的70.9%-80.4%(王彬华,1983;赵永平等,1994),因此研究平流冷却雾的生成与发展,以及雾发生条件下的大气污染与雾水酸化是研究酸雾的主要内容。本文在考虑了湍流交换、平流传输、长波辐射冷却、重力沉降和化学转换等过程的基础上,建立了二维平流辐射雾物理化学模式,模拟了海雾的形成发展、登陆和酸化等物理化学过程,计算了夏季二氧化硫的扩散,研究了海雾发生后青岛市区酸雾的二维分布,其结果与实测数据基本一致。这对于研究酸雾的形成机理,了解酸雾的发生背景,预测酸雾的未来发展和科学地制定酸雾的防治对策具有理论研究意义和实用价值。 相似文献
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东昌湖水体和表层沉积物重金属元素污染评价 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过对东昌湖水体重金属元素(Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb)及表层沉积物中重金属元素(Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Pb、Ni、Cd)含量的测定,采用基于国家地表水质量标准(GB3838-2002)评价、水体综合污染评价法对东昌湖水体重金属污染状况进行评价,结果表明,水体重金属元素的含量均达到国家Ⅰ类水质标准,水质良好。同全国主要湖泊的表层沉积物重金属含量进行对比,并采用国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-95)、潜在生态风险指数法以及地累积指数法对东昌湖表层沉积物重金属元素的污染状况进行评价,结果表明:东昌湖表层沉积物主要以Cd污染为主。东昌湖水体和表层沉积物重金属污染状况主要是有关部门对东昌湖的环境治理、东昌湖现有排污情况以及重金属元素自身地球化学特征等几个方面综合作用的结果。 相似文献
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Rain water-aerosol trace metal relationships at cap ferrat: A coastal site in the Western Mediterranean 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The factors controlling the distributions of the trace metals Al, Co, Ni, Cu and Pb in a series of 25 individual rain water samples collected at Cap Ferrat, a site on the Western Mediterranean coast, are interpreted in relation to aerosols taken simultaneously at the same site. The trace metal chemistry and pH of the rain waters are constrained by the scavenged aerosols, which are composed of a mixture of urban-dominated (European) and crust-dominated (Saharan) components. Thus, the pH values of the rain waters, which range between 3.95 to 6.77, reflect the type of aerosol scavenged from the air; urban-dominated aerosol components giving rise to acidic rains, and crust-dominated aerosol resulting in neutral to basic rains. The average solubilities of the trace metals in the rain waters increase in the order Al (17%), Co (36%), Ni (53%), Pb (65%) and Cu (76%). The paniculate ↔ dissolved speciation of the non-crust-dominated metals Cu and Pb varies with pH, being more soluble at lower pH values, and exhibits the classical pH ‘adsorption edge’. However, the pH of rain can vary during an individual rain event in response to the sequential scavenging of crust-dominated and urban-dominated aerosol components. As a result, the solubility of non-crust-dominated trace metals, such as Pb, can also vary sequentially during an individual rain event; the maximum solubility being related to a ‘dip’ in pH associated with the scavenging of urban-rich aerosol components, followed by a return to the initial pH as the pH-influencing components are exhausted. Data from the present study therefore indicate that the pH-controlled trace metal solubility relationship reported for individual rain events can also occur sequentially in the same event. The particulate material in the rain waters does not contain the relatively high concentrations of Ni, Cu and Pb found in the parent aerosols, and its composition approaches that of crust-dominated aerosols transported to the Mediterranean. Data from the present study, together with those for other Western European coastal locations, indicate that there is a Pb-Cu fractionation between aerosols and rainwaters which results in a significantly greater fraction of the aerosol Pb, relative to Cu, escaping precipitation scavenging in the coastal zone and so becoming available for long-range atmospheric transport. 相似文献
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Damir Krznarić 《Marine Chemistry》1984,15(2):117-132
Model systems consisting of a heavy metal ion (Cu2+ or Cd2+), complexing ligand (EDTA or NTA), a surfactant (9,12-octadecadienoic acid, C18H32O2, i.e., linoleic acid), and a surfactant which is at the same time a complexing ligand (tert-octylphenol etoxylate, C8H17(C6H4)(OC2H4)9–10OH, i.e., Triton-X-100) in seawater and NaCl solution were used in order to investigate the influence of the surfactant adsorption (on the electrode surface) on the heavy metal speciation measurements. The samples were titrated with either the metal, complexing ligand or surfactant and were measured by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. It was shown that the surfactant adsorption exerts a strong influence upon the overall metal redox process and, thus, changes considerably both the apparent complexing capacity and the conditional stability constant of the system. Considering the presence of high concentrations of surfactants in polluted seawaters, the danger of measuring the apparent complexing capacity with the anodic stripping voltammetry method, without a detailed knowledge of surfactant properties and influence upon the system, is discussed. 相似文献
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Worldwide estuarine ecosystems are by their privileged geographic location, anthropogenically impacted systems. Heavy metal contamination in estuarine waters and sediments are well known to be one of the most important outcomes driven from human activities. The partitioning of these elements has been widely focused, due to its importance not only on the estuarine biogeochemistry but also on its bioavailability to the trophic webs. As observed in other estuaries, in the Tagus basin, no increase in the partition coefficients with the increasing suspended particulate matter concentrations was observed, mostly due to a permanent dilution process of the suspended matter, rich in heavy metals and less contaminated and resuspended bottom sediments. Another important outcome of this study was the common origin of all the analysed heavy metals, probably due to the large industrialization process that the margins of the Tagus estuary suffered in the past, although no relationship was found with the presence of the different discharge areas. In fact, metal partitioning seems to be mostly influenced by the chemical species in which the pollutant is delivered to the system and on water chemistry, with a higher emphasis on the metal cycling essentially between the particulate and dissolved phase. This partitioning system acquires a relevant importance while evaluating the impacts of marine construction and the associated dredging operations, and consequent changes in the estuarine water chemistry. 相似文献
20.
海洋酸化对马氏珠母贝受精及早期发育的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
自2010年7月1日至3日,在pH值为8.1、7.7和7.4条件下研究了海洋酸化对马氏珠母贝(Pinctada martensii Dunker)受精及早期发育的影响。结果显示,海洋酸化对不同pH值下马氏珠母贝的受精率无显著影响。pH8.1、pH 7.7和pH 7.4试验组幼虫的壳长、壳高的值逐渐增大,pH 8.1组幼虫的壳长、壳高的值大于同期其他两组的值,且在实验的第24、36、48小时与其他两组同期幼虫的壳长、壳高的值差异显著,这表明海洋酸化显著影响马氏珠母贝幼虫的生长。实验期间,pH 8.1试验组幼虫的存活率和畸形率没有显著变化,而pH 7.7和pH 7.4组幼虫的存活率显著低于pH 8.1组。pH 7.4组幼虫的畸形率显著高于同期pH 8.1和pH 7.7组幼虫的畸形率,表明在海洋酸化的环境中幼虫的发育受到影响。本文将为海洋酸化的相关研究提供基础数据。 相似文献