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我国西南地区干湿季降水的主模态分析 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
利用我国西南地区26个台站降水资料,通过经验正交函数（EOF）分解的方法,分析了1980～2009年该地区干季（10～4月）和湿季（5～9月）降水的主模态。我国西南地区干季降水的时空变化存在两种主模态,它们分别可以解释总方差的22.4%和15.6%。第1主模态为全区一致型,具有准两年周期振荡的年际变化特征;第2主模态为东南—西北反向型,从20世纪90年代中期至21世纪初呈现2～3年的变化周期。我国西南地区湿季降水的时空变化存在三种主模态,它们分别可以解释总方差的17.1%,13.8%和11.1%。第1主模态为全区一致型,20世纪90年代初期具有较强的2～4年周期;第2主模态为经向偶极子型分布,并具有显著的4年周期;第3主模态为纬向偶极子型分布,具有2～4年的年际变化信号。进一步利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及美国国家海洋和大气管理局（NOAA）的海表面温度（SST）资料,通过合成分析和回归分析的方法探讨了与干湿季降水各主模态对应的大尺度大气环流和海温状况。我国西南地区干季降水第1主模态与北极涛动（AO）有明显的正相关关系,对应的大气环流和海温状况表现为高纬北冰洋与中纬度地区上空高度场的反向异常分布,北大西洋和北太平洋海温低纬与中高纬的偶极子型异常分布;第2主模态与中高纬欧亚大陆上空高度场经向偶极子型异常分布有关,中纬度北太平洋的海温异常与该模态具有紧密的联系。我国西南地区湿季降水第1主模态与北大西洋涛动（NAO）显著负相关,对应的大气环流和海温状况表现为北大西洋上,高纬度与中纬度地区上空高度场的偶极子型异常分布,海温从低纬到中高纬的三极子型异常分布;第2主模态受欧亚大陆上空高度场经向三极子型异常分布影响,并与北太平洋海温异常的一致型分布有关;第3主模态可能与El Ni?o Modoki有关,同时受到南亚高压的影响,赤道太平洋海温的纬向三极子型异常分布对该模态具有一定的潜在预报意义。 相似文献
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Numerical experiments investigating the orographic effects on a heavy rainfall event over the northwestern coast of Taiwan during TAMEX IOP 13 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Pay-Liam Lin Yi-Leng Chen Ching-Sen Chen Che-Ling Liu Ching-Ying Chen 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2011,114(1-2):35-50
An unusual heavy coastal rainfall event (>231?mm?day?1) occurred during the period of 24?C25 June 1987 over the lowland (elevation less than 200?m) and coastal areas in northwest and central Taiwan. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to investigate the role of synoptic forcing, orographic effects and the diurnal heating cycle on the generation of a prefrontal localized low-level convergence zone offshore leading to the observed coastal rainfall maximum. This case is well simulated by the control experiment initialized at 0000 UTC (0800 LST) 24 June 1987 using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts data. A model sensitivity test without Taiwan??s terrain fails to reproduce the observed coastal rainfall maximum. It is apparent that for this case, synoptic forcing by the Mei-Yu jet/front system is inadequate to initiate deep convection leading to the development of coastal heavy precipitation. The generation of the localized low-level convergence zone is closely related to the simulated strong winds with a large southwesterly wind component (or the barrier jet) along the northwestern coast as the surface front approaches. The development of the simulated barrier jet is due to a 50?C60% increase in the meridional pressure gradient as a result of orographic blocking. The diurnal heating cycle also impacts the strength of the simulated barrier jet over the northwestern Taiwan coast. The simulated barrier jet is stronger (~3?m?s?1) in the early morning than in the afternoon as orographic blocking is most significant when the surface air is the coldest. The representation of the terrain in the model impacts the simulated barrier jet and rainfall. With a coarse horizontal resolution (45?km), orographic blocking is less significant than the control run with a much weaker meridional wind component over the northwestern coast of Taiwan. The coarse resolution model fails to reproduce the observed rainband off the northwestern coast. Thus, to successfully simulate this type of event, high-resolution mesoscale models adequately depicting Taiwan??s terrain are required. 相似文献
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Alice Favre Bruce Hewitson Mark Tadross Christopher Lennard Ruth Cerezo-Mota 《Climate Dynamics》2012,38(7-8):1473-1487
The characteristics of Southern Cut-off Lows (CoLs) are studied for the period 1979–2008. The systematic identification of CoLs is realized by applying an original automated scheme using mean daily geopotential height and air temperature at 500?hPa NCEP-DOE II Reanalysis data. From closed lows’ trajectories established from the Equator to the polar jet stream, extratropical lows are analyzed and the stage of cut-off is defined as a secluded low presenting a cold core. From 4,843 cases the general CoL features are presented and confirm several previous results such as the geographic distribution which shows that they are more frequent in the latitudinal band contained between 20°S and 45°S and in close proximity to the continents. On a seasonal time scale, CoLs are more numerous from late summer to autumn, with a maximum of frequency in March/April. In winter (June–July–August), they are fewer but deeper than during the rest of the year. In the median domain (~32.5°S), the annual cycle of the frequency is bimodal and present two peaks during transitional seasons. In this zone, the seasonal cycle varies in accordance with the Semiannual Oscillation. Thereby, when the meridional gradient of temperature/pressure is reinforced between mid and high latitudes, CoLs are more frequent in the median domain. Over the period 1979–2008, the annual CoLs’ frequency exhibits a positive trend of about 25%. This increase is associated with a widening of the latitudinal domain of occurrence equatorward as well as poleward. The trend is linked with an abrupt positive shift in the number of CoLs’ generation between 1998 and 1999. The geographical distribution of CoLs frequency varies significantly in accordance with El Ni?o Southern Oscillation with more CoL’s at lower (higher) latitudes during La Ni?a (El Ni?o) events, principally in the Southern Pacific. 相似文献
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A data adaptive method called ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) is used to examine the 154-year record of monthly sea level at San Francisco. The mode that is lowest in frequency corresponds to the long-term trend. The next highest mode corresponds to an oscillation with a period of ~100?years and may be related to solar variability. When this mode is combined with the long-term trend, the rate of increase in sea level starts to decrease by ~1980. The next lower mode corresponds to interdecadal time scales and thus includes the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. When combined with the two lower modes, sea level itself starts to decrease by the mid-1990s. These results are consistent with the most recent results from the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC), and may be the first obtained from a tidal record. Prior to conducting EEMD, corrections for glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) and the inverse barometer (IB) effect were applied. The effect of applying the GIA correction was relatively small, but the IB correction reduced the slope of the long-term trend in sea level by almost 15%. This reduction is due to a long-term increase in the variance of sea level pressure. To determine if the 10?C15?year ENSO modulation cycle could be detected from the decomposition we first compared the envelope from the mode associated with ENSO, with the two adjacent modes that were lower in frequency. Spectral analysis revealed no significant maxima in the ENSO mode envelope, but a major peak in the spectrum for the two adjacent modes, with a period of 12.8?years. This is consistent with a local response to El Ni?o warming for the ENSO mode, but a non-local response for the two adjacent modes. A similar analysis was performed for the Southern Oscillation Index and a spectral maximum was found between 12 and 16?years, consistent with our non-local interpretation of the previous two modes. 相似文献
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利用热带太平洋海气耦合异常模式的３０ａ模拟结果，对模式ＥＮＳＯ的变化性及多重时间尺度过程进行了细致分析，建立了一ＥＮＳＯ循环多重时间尺度过程相互作用的非线性相似（Ａｎａｌｏｇ）模型，并提出了ＥＮＳＯ循环主周期形成的一种可能机制。指出：和观测事实类似，模式ＥＮＳＯ过程确实涉及到三种时间尺度，即３—４ａ主周期振荡（ＬＦ）、准两年振荡（ＱＢ）和年循环（ＡＣ）；其中，ＱＢ过程是线性海气耦合系统的本征模态，年循环（ＡＣ）对其形成没有本质的影响；３—４ａ主周期振荡（ＬＦ）是一非线性系统的自激振荡现象，其形成是线性系统的本征模即ＱＢ过程通过非线性机制尤其是通过大气辐合反馈加热的“单向性”过程在ＱＢ的暖态产生的减频增幅所致；平均年循环（ＡＣ）虽然不能对ＥＮＳＯ循环形成有本质影响，但它可明显影响ＥＮＳＯ循环的具体振幅和位相，使得ＥＮＳＯ循环具有明显的不规则性并对季节循环具有明显的“锁相”特征；ＥＮＳＯ变化性确是ＬＦ、ＱＢ以及ＡＣ多重时间尺度相互作用形成的。本文提出的ＥＮＳＯ循环时间尺度选择机制不仅解释了主周期振荡的形成过程，而且也较好地解释了ＥＮＳＯ变化的谱，因此，这一机制更接近于观测事实。 相似文献
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利用1961年1月—2014年12月Hadley气候预测研究中心的全球海表温度(SST)资料,NECP/NCAR逐日风场、比湿等再分析资料,国家气象信息中心提供的中国753站逐日降水、160站逐月降水资料,对比分析了东部(EP)型和中部(CP)型两类El Niňo事件次年夏季长江-黄河流域降水(简记为EP型和CP型降水)低频特征,以及与之相关的低频水汽输送差异。结果表明,1)平均而言,EP型降水主要有10～20 d(最显著)以及20～30 d(次显著)低频周期;CP型降水主要有10～20 d的低频显著周期。与之相关的纬、经向水汽通量最显著低频周期也为10～20 d。2)影响EP、CP型低频降水共同的低频水汽环流系统主要有:菲律宾群岛附近的异常反气旋式水汽环流和渤海湾附近(日本东南侧)的异常气旋式(反气旋式)水汽环流。另外,影响EP(CP)型低频降水的还有来自巴尔喀什湖东北部异常气旋式水汽环流(孟加拉湾、苏门答腊岛以西的异常气旋式水汽环流对和贝加尔湖西、东两侧的异常气旋式、反气旋式环流)。3)EP型降水暖湿水汽主要源自南海,冷湿水汽主要源自西北太平洋,冷空气来自巴尔喀什湖东北部和贝加尔湖西北侧。CP型降水暖湿水汽少量来自阿拉伯海和印度洋,大量来自热带西太平洋,冷空气主要来自贝加尔湖西北侧。 相似文献
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A westward extension of the warm pool leads to a westward extension of the Walker circulation, drying eastern Africa 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
Observations and simulations link anthropogenic greenhouse and aerosol emissions with rapidly increasing Indian Ocean sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Over the past 60?years, the Indian Ocean warmed two to three times faster than the central tropical Pacific, extending the tropical warm pool to the west by ~40° longitude (>4,000?km). This propensity toward rapid warming in the Indian Ocean has been the dominant mode of interannual variability among SSTs throughout the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans (55°E?C140°W) since at least 1948, explaining more variance than anomalies associated with the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In the atmosphere, the primary mode of variability has been a corresponding trend toward greatly increased convection and precipitation over the tropical Indian Ocean. The temperature and rainfall increases in this region have produced a westward extension of the western, ascending branch of the atmospheric Walker circulation. Diabatic heating due to increased mid-tropospheric water vapor condensation elicits a westward atmospheric response that sends an easterly flow of dry air aloft toward eastern Africa. In recent decades (1980?C2009), this response has suppressed convection over tropical eastern Africa, decreasing precipitation during the ??long-rains?? season of March?CJune. This trend toward drought contrasts with projections of increased rainfall in eastern Africa and more ??El Ni?o-like?? conditions globally by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Increased Indian Ocean SSTs appear likely to continue to strongly modulate the Warm Pool circulation, reducing precipitation in eastern Africa, regardless of whether the projected trend in ENSO is realized. These results have important food security implications, informing agricultural development, environmental conservation, and water resource planning. 相似文献
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利用奇异谱分析方法（SSA）分析了1975年1月1日至12月31日北半球30hPa高度场变化特征，结果发现:平流层低层大气除了年变化及季节变化趋势外，还存在明显的季节内振荡，最显著的周期为20～60天；在持续性异常多发地区，30hPa高度场变化中20～40天周期振荡占优势，而在其它一些地区则盛行40～60天周期振荡；对流层持续性异常主要同对流层高度场的20～40天振荡有关，并可能通过这种周期振荡同平流层低层相同周期的振荡的相互作用影响平流层低层大气季节内变化。 相似文献
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The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) obtained using instrumental and documentary proxy predictors from Eurasia is found to be characterized by a quasi 60-year dominant oscillation since 1650. This pattern emerges clearly once the NAO record is time integrated to stress its comparison with the temperature record. The integrated NAO (INAO) is found to well correlate with the length of the day (since 1650) and the global surface sea temperature record HadSST2 and HadSST3 (since 1850). These findings suggest that INAO can be used as a good proxy for global climate change, and that a ~60-year cycle exists in the global climate since at least 1700. Finally, the INAO ~60-year oscillation well correlates with the ~60-year oscillations found in the historical European aurora record since 1700, which suggests that this ~60-year dominant climatic cycle has a solar–astronomical origin. 相似文献
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近65年ENSO事件强度变化及时频特征研究 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
利用海洋尼诺指数(ONI)、南方涛动指数(SOI)和多变量ENSO指数(MEI)等ENSO特征值分析了1951年1月—2016年5月近65年ENSO事件的强度与时频特征,并将其强度划分为5个等级。结果表明:近65年共发生22次暖事件（El Ni?o）和13次冷事件（La Ni?a）;对ENSO特征值进行频次分析发现,强El Ni?o月份所占比例比强La Ni?a多;使用连续小波、交叉小波和小波相干分析得出,ENSO循环主要具有2~7 a的周期,还具有10~16 a的年代际变化。 相似文献
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应用谱逼近方法模拟2008年初南方持续性降水过程及其水汽通道周期特征分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文利用谱逼近方法,对2008年初发生在我国南方的大范围持续性降水过程进行了对比试验,结果发现使用谱逼近方法的试验模拟所得的雨带空间分布和降水强度明显优于没有使用谱逼近方法的试验。对于低层受槽线、风切变线等频繁影响的区域,使用谱逼近方法的试验得到的经向风场具有2~4天的显著周期特征,与实况较为一致,即该方法能够提高模式对经向风场的模拟能力。综合分析水汽输送通道、模拟区域位置以及水汽通道超前高相关区的周期特征可知:谱逼近方法可能把中南半岛东部区域这一超前高相关区的经向水汽输送信息引入模式,从而改善了模式对降水区水汽收支周期的模拟能力,这可能是该方法能够改善降水模拟的重要原因之一。另外,对于谱逼近方法没有直接作用的模式变量,经过模式内部各变量之间的相互调整,其在谱逼近试验中的统计结果也有不同程度的提高。本文研究结果表明,谱逼近试验通过引入外源性的周期特征因素项,调整了模式与大尺度驱动场之间的协调关系,进而能够提高两周内模式模拟水平。此方法可能会在模式数值预报中具有一定的实际使用价值。 相似文献
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In this paper,a tropical atmospheric model of relevance to shorts-term climate variations(Wang and Li 1993)is util-ized for study of the development of Madden-Julian oscillation.The model contains an interactive process ofboundary-layer Ekman convergence and precipitation heating.The model is solved by expanding dependent variables interms of parabolic cylindrical functions in the meridional direction and truncating three meridional modes n=0,2,4 forequatorial symmetric solutions.The free wave solutions obtained under long-wave approximation are induced as aKelvin wave and two Rossby waves.After considering the effect of boundary-layer dynamic process,the modifiedKelvin wave becomes unstable in long-wave bands with a typical growth rate on an order of 10~(-6) s~(-1)and an eastwardphase speed of 10 m s~(-1);the most unstable mode is wavenumber one.These theoretical results are consistent with the ob-served Madden-Julian oscillation in equatorial area.For the two modified Rossby waves,one with a smaller meridionalscale(n=4)decays except for extra long-waves;the other with a larger meridional scale(n=2)grows in short-wavebands.This may be relevant to explaining the westward propagation of super cloud clusters in the Madden-Julianoscillation.The theory suggests that the boundary-layer dynamic process is an important mechanism in the develop-ment of the Madden-Julian oscillation. 相似文献
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Masakazu Yoshimori Christoph C. Raible Thomas F. Stocker Manuel Renold 《Climate Dynamics》2010,34(1):101-121
The significance of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC) for regional and hemispheric climate change requires
a complete understanding using fully coupled climate models. Here we present a persistent, decadal oscillation in a coupled
atmosphere–ocean general circulation model. While the present study is limited by the lack of comparisons with paleo-proxy
records, the purpose is to reveal a new theoretically interesting solution found in the fully-coupled climate model. The model
exhibits two multi-century-long stable states with one dominated by decadal MOC oscillations. The oscillations involve an
interaction between anomalous advective transport of salt and surface density in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre. Their time
scale is fundamentally determined by the advection. In addition, there is a link between the MOC oscillations and North Atlantic
Oscillation (NAO)-like sea level pressure anomalies. The analysis suggests an interaction between the NAO and an anomalous
subpolar gyre circulation in which sea ice near and south of the Labrador Sea plays an important role in generating a large
local thermal anomaly and a meridional temperature gradient. The latter induces a positive feedback via synoptic eddy activity
in the atmosphere. In addition, the oscillation only appears when the Nordic Sea is completely covered by sea ice in winter,
and deep convection is active only near the Irminger Sea. Such conditions are provided by a substantially colder North Atlantic
climate than today. 相似文献
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利用FSU（Florida State University）风应力逐月资料，运用POP方法，分析了热带太平洋地区风应力异常场结构与ENSO的联系。结果显示：纬向风应力有35、47和57月周期的传播型振荡；经向风应力有28和38月周期的传播型振荡。得到纬向、经向风应力传播型与ENSO振荡的耦合关系。同时指出，对El Nino／La Nina这样的大尺度海气相互作用现象的时空演变，应注重多种振荡混合的作用，而不应只分析单一模态的作用。风应力异常的局地振荡对El Nino／La Nina的影响也不应忽视。 相似文献
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Summary By using a coupled ocean-atmosphere model with an oceanic surface boundary layer, including linear atmospheric and oceanic dynamics and linearized SST prognostic equation with respect to spatially varying climatological background states, we have investigated the eigenvalue problem of the linearized coupled system in the tropical Pacific, including the characteristic periods, horizontal structures, temporal-spatial evolution and instability of the unstable interannual oscillation characteristic modes and their associations with ENSO. The main results show that the quasi-biennial (QB) oscillation was found to act as the most unstable mode in the tropical Pacific coupled air-sea system. Only the most unstable QB mode displays the ENSO-like structure and temporalspatial evolution, and its existence seems likely to have no essential dependence on the climatological annual cycle (AC). Unfortunately, from the linearized coupled system we have not derived a most unstable mode relevant to the observed principle mode with the preferred 3–4 year lower-frequency (LF) oscillation period in the real world ENSO variability. Therefore, we infer that the LF mode would likely result from certain nonlinear interaction, in which the QB mode that acts as the shortest ENSO cycle could be fundamentally important. Also, we believe that the results in present work could be helpful to fully understand the multiple time scales and the associated mechanism responsible for the real world ENSO variability.With 7 Figures 相似文献
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Diagnostic metrics for evaluation of annual and diurnal cycles 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Two sets of diagnostic metrics are proposed for evaluation of global models?? simulation of annual and diurnal cycles of precipitation. The metrics for the annual variation include the annual mean, the solstice and equinoctial asymmetric modes of the annual cycle (AC), and the global monsoon precipitation domain and intensity. The metrics for the diurnal variation include the diurnal range, the land?Csea contrast and transition modes of the diurnal cycle (DC), and the diurnal peak propagation in coastal regions. The proposed modes for the AC and DC represent faithfully the first two leading empirical orthogonal functions and explain, respectively, 82% of the total annual variance and 87% of the total diurnal variance over the globe between 45°S and 45°N. The simulated AC and DC by the 20-km-mesh MRI/JMA atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) are in a wide-ranging agreement with observations; the model considerably outperforms any individual AMIP II GCMs and has comparable performance to 12-AMIP II model ensemble simulation measured by Pearson??s pattern correlation coefficient. Comparison of four versions of the MRI/JMA AGCM with increasing resolution (180, 120, 60, and 20?km) reveals that the 20-km version reproduces the most realistic annual and diurnal cycles. However, the improved performance is not a linear function of the resolution. Marked improvement of the simulated DC (AC) occurs at the resolution of 60?km (20?km). The results suggest that better represented parameterizations that are adequately tuned to increased resolutions may improve models?? simulation on the forced responses. The common deficiency in representing the monsoon domains suggests the models having difficulty in replicating annual march of the Subtropical Highs that is largely driven by prominent east-west land?Cocean thermal contrast. Note that the 20-km model reproduces realistic diurnal cycle, but fails to capture realistic Madden-Julian Oscillation. 相似文献
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利用ERA5和GPCP再分析资料及NOAA提供的气候指数,基于本征微观态和传统气象学方法,探讨了全球1950—2022年地表气压变化特征及其与全球降水和环流变化之间的关系。结果表明:全球地表气压的第一大本征微观态主要以南极一致性变化为主,与南极涛动显著相关;第二大本征微观态以北极一致性变化为主,与北极涛动和北大西洋涛动显著相关;第三大本征微观态在热带太平洋呈现纬向偶极子结构,与厄尔尼诺—南方涛动(EI Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)联系紧密。不同本征微观态对全球降水的影响存在显著的区域性差异。第一大本征微观态处于正位相时,南极绕极环流增强,南半球高纬度地区降水增多,中纬度地区降水减少。第二大本征微观态处于正位相时对应北极降水增多,北大西洋及其周边地区降水减少。第三大本征微观态影响范围较广,主要表现为西太平洋降水减少和中东太平洋降水增多。 相似文献