共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 961 毫秒
1.
David King 《Natural Hazards》2008,47(3):497-508
The concept of a natural hazard is a human construct. It is the interaction with human communities and settlements that defines
a natural phenomenon as a natural hazard. Thus the end point of hazard mitigation and hazard vulnerability assessment must
involve an attempt to reduce, or mitigate, the impact of the natural hazard on human communities. The responsibility to mitigate
hazard impact falls primarily upon governments and closely connected non-government and private institutional agencies. In
particular, it is most often local government that takes the responsibility for safeguarding its own communities, infrastructure
and people. Hazard vulnerability of specific local communities is best assessed by the local government or council, which
then faces the responsibility to translate that assessment into community education and infrastructural safeguards for hazard
mitigation. This paper illustrates the process of local government engagement in hazard mitigation in Australia, through the
Natural Disaster Risk Management Studies, as a first step towards natural disaster reduction. 相似文献
2.
This paper examines local government capability in managing pre-, during and post-natural disaster in Indonesia. The case
study is the Bantul local government which had experience in managing the 2006 earthquake. Bantul is located in the most densely
populated area of Java, where 1,500 people per square km square, and the earthquake destroyed domestic industries that had
become the main resource of the Bantul local government. The capability of local government and the requirement to manage
a disaster are very important issues for exploring the important role of local government in mitigation, preparedness, response
and recovery disaster management activities, particularly in regard to the characteristics of local government in developing
countries. In this paper, capability of local government in managing a disaster is defined as a function of institutions,
human resources, policy for effective implementation, financial, technical resources and leadership. The capability requirement
of each stage of disaster management has also been explained from the point of view of state and non-state actors and institutions.
Finally, the paper integrates the capability requirement and reality in order to bridge these gaps. 相似文献
3.
Community perception and participation,prospects in management of forests in marginal lands of Sudan
Fuelwood Development for Energy in Sudan project (GCP/SUD/033/NET) is undertaking research to formulate management plans for Sudan ecologically marginal forests. Rawashda and Wad Kabu forests are taken as examples to initiate sound plans. It is believed that the study of socio-economic parameters of forests users is an essential component to achieve such plan. This study is also fundamental for attaining an integrated land use system, as a prime option of natural resource use. This study is, consequently, aiming at:
- Providing the base line information of the different communities identified in Tab 3 and using the two forests.
- Examine people's attitude, perception, participation options in maintenance and management of the two forests. Such parameters are also vital for adoption of an integrated land use strategy in the future.
- Based on (i) and (ii) to outline broadly the most relevant plan of management land use strategy to be adopted, based on community self-generated options of institutions and objectives of use.
- A complex pattern of economic activities (Tab 3) ranging from pure pastoral nomadism to modern mechanized farming, still characterized by combination of related activities of agricultural/livestock breeding, agriculture/forest resource use, etc. This diversity in activities, which is mostly dependent on the natural resource base, gives a sound base for any option of an integrated land use system.
- Perception and attitude analysis have revealed a growing awareness of the role of the forest resources in the economy as source of grazing, domestic needs and source of income. This awareness is supported by willingness to participate in any integrated land use plan, yet from a different stand point and objective. Preference of self-generated channels is quite evident, but with a specified role of the government.
- The major finding is that, and among all communities, the situation is mature for action, although at different levels.
4.
Michael J. Simsik 《GeoJournal》2002,58(4):233-242
During the past two decades biodiversity conservation has become the major focus of international interventions by donor organizations and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) working in Madagascar. Despite these efforts, biodiversity losses continue unabated and the conservation activities undertaken to date appear ineffective. This paper summarizes the findings of a research study conducted on the central highlands of Madagascar that sought to examine possible reasons for the continued erosion of biodiversity in the country. A political ecology research framework is used to identify different social actor groups vying for access to natural resources and the extent to which their actions influence biodiversity on the island. The application of this framework reveals three major findings: (1) the existence of tensions between groups of social actors vying for access to and use of natural resources; (2) the characteristics and role of power differs greatly by actor group and it is the maldistribution of power, and its manifestations of use, that have detrimental effects on regional biodiversity; and (3) there are numerous aspects of the `conventional wisdom' that have permeated the thinking of staff from extralocal actor groups (especially NGOs, donors, and government agencies) and are largely false. Such `wisdom,' perpetrated by discourse and media, lacks understanding of local livelihood patters and local needs. However, endowed with political power and financial influence, this wisdom dominates local knowledge and ultimately leads to the conception and realization of conservation projects that fail to achieve their stated objectives. The behaviors of all of the actors in this situation perpetuate the status quo, including current patterns of biodiversity elimination. 相似文献
5.
C. N. Caviedes 《GeoJournal》1985,11(1):111-119
The exploitation of natural resources in Latin American countries has become one of the most controversial issues of contemporary development. Three positions arise: 1) a position that opens the development of natural resources to foreign priorities and capitals; 2) a position that opposes any kind of development if it is not conducted by the state, even if the state lacks the financial resources to do so; and 3) a position that sees advantages in negotiating the development of resources with external partnership but reserves for the state the determination of priorities and the leading role in the exploitation. The third position assumes the existence of a responsible government commited to safeguarding national interests. Unfortunately, this last assumption is not very operative with Latin American governments which seldom have standing policies concerning natural resources, which leaves them open to assaults from private national and international interests.Contrary to opposite views, it has been demonstrated that the development of natural resources brings about stimulation of regional economies and relocation of populations toward resource frontiers. Opposing the development of such areas of resources is to negate the concept of progress and to deepen chronic poverty. 相似文献
6.
With the passing of the apartheid regime and its multi-faceted mechanisms of exclusion, women in rural South Africa have begun expanding their access to natural resources for livelihood enhancement. One of the ways this has occurred is through community-based organizations that focus on local production as a mechanism to transform natural resources into material goods. While this practice is nearly ubiquitous throughout sub-Saharan Africa, the apartheid regime was particularly effective in limiting access to natural resources, a phenomenon reversed by the current democratic government. In this paper, we assess the impact of organizational design on women’s livelihood systems as a means of alleviating rural poverty. We surveyed women on both more formal, or bureaucratic, organizations and more informal, or socially-embedded, organizations. After locating the discussion in the relevant gender, environment, and livelihoods literatures, we employ four concepts, organizational context, environmental entitlement, livelihood systems, and gender and power relations to assess the impact of organizational design on livelihood enhancement. Having found that women derived no significant material benefit from participation in either type of organization, we conclude that women are straddling two processes, neo-liberalization and neo-traditionalism, that impact gender and power relations. This situation has left women in vulnerable positions within their organizations and with little livelihood enhancement. 相似文献
7.
The Chesapeake Bay is not only North America's largest estuary, but it is also home to one of most comprehensive computational modeling efforts that seeks to study and integrate a very large range of the complex socio-ecological dynamics within its watershed. Known as the Chesapeake Bay Modeling System (CBMS), this suite of models are invaluable to scientists, environmental policymakers, resource managers, and local government and community leaders, all of whom are engaged in efforts to reduce the negative impacts of population growth and development in the watershed on the ecosystems and living resources of the Chesapeake Bay. Until recently, the results of the CBMS were used to guide voluntary efforts to reduce nutrient and sediment runoff into the Chesapeake Bay. However, the results are now being used to guide and evaluate the implementation of Watershed Implementation Plans at the state and county levels, which in turn are based on CBMS estimates of total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) for these sub-watershed regions. The use of the CBMS for these regulatory efforts has also increased the number of public stakeholders who are now able to directly inquire about the how the CBMS works and raise questions about its ability to accurately represent their land use decisions and practices. This "going public" of the CBMS has raised many societal and cultural issues, including the articulation of local expert and scientific knowledge, and modelers, scientists, policymakers, and resource managers are now realizing the need to understand more of the human dimensions arising from the translation and implementation of the CBMS. A multidisciplinary approach is needed to understand these rapidly emerging societal and cultural dimensions of the expanded use of the CBMS. In this paper, we draw upon our collective experience as social and natural scientists, with modeling experience, to describe a range of social, economic, political, and cultural issues that have emerged as a result of the CBMS being used to support mandatory nutrient reduction regulations (TMDL). 相似文献
8.
Due to its unique geographic environment, Taiwan is prone to natural disasters such as earthquakes and typhoons that can cause heavy casualties and huge property losses. The effects of global warming have also increased extreme climate events and the frequency and severity of natural disasters. Therefore, disaster prevention/mitigation and response is not only an important government policy issue, but also an important daily life issue. To increase the awareness of natural disasters and the importance of community safety, the Taiwan government actively promotes a community disaster prevention system. However, to avoid over-reliance on the government taskforce, the spontaneous participation and cooperation within communities can complete specific disaster preparedness and reinforce local resources for disaster prevention and response. Although the concept of disaster-resilient community (DRC) has been shaped for a long period of time, community residents cannot keep pace with the government, which may decrease the effectiveness of DRC development. Therefore, theoretical and practical studies of urban DRC become imperative. This qualitative case study used the participant observation method to collect relevant empirical data by performing action research with self-reflection. Particularly, this article is supplemented by service work experience of the researchers in DRC promotion. A qualitative analysis of case communities during training in disaster preparedness revealed the critical success factors (CSFs) affecting the level of community-based disaster prevention and protection works. Based on the literature and empirical data, the CSFs are discussed through three spindle constructs: coping strategy, operations management, and organizational behavior. Finally, the conclusions and suggestions are given for promoting sustainable DRC. 相似文献
9.
A preliminary systematic framework for considering the scientific bottlenecks to the development of natural resources is presented, as a basis for discussion and refinement. In giving particular attention to problems of resource use in developing countries, two main types of scientific bottlenecks are recognized. One concerns the quality and quantity of information on natural resources, and the use that is made of that information. The second relates to the quality and quantity of local manpower in the ecological and related sciences that is available to developing countries, and to the conditions that affect the promotion and stability of scientific endeavor in these countries.Action strategies for combatting these bottlenecks are proposed. These strategies emphasize the need to improve the scientific basis for the predictable use of natural resources, to facilitate multi-directional links of scientific cooperation between countries, and to help develop national self-reliance in research and management activities. They stress such principles of action as the promotion of a problem-oriented, interdisciplinary approach within specific geographic units, and the combination of research, training and demonstration within particular field activities. These features of suggested research run counter neither to scientific method nor to the freedom of scientific endeavor. They do, however, entail a change in the way that much research is conceived and organized. More particularly, they entail the incorporation of additional dimensions in the overall research effort, including that of a perception approach to problems.The views expressed in this article are the authors', and not necessarily those of Unesco. 相似文献
10.
西藏念青唐古拉山东段地处西藏腹地的拉萨市西北部当雄县,发育了丰富、典型、类型多样的地质遗迹资源.在野外系统调查的基础上,将念青唐古拉山地质遗迹资源划分为纳木错、羊八井地热田和念青唐古拉山冰川地貌为代表的3大类7类11亚类.它们沿该区特有的盆-山构造体系聚集展布,具有极高的科学价值、美学价值和开发利用价值,在全球范围具有典型性、稀有性、完整性和国际对比意义.这些丰富的地质遗迹与佛教建筑融合的文化遗产、高原腹地的生态系统相生相成,全面展示了青藏高原人与自然和谐共生的体系.基于此,从自然文化、范围边界、管理机构、可持续发展经济政策和利益相关者需求等方面分析认为,念青唐古拉山世界地质公园创建优势显著、切实可行、意义重大,进一步提出采用“以地热田为主题的念青唐古拉山世界地质公园”建园方案,采取政府支持、借鉴经验、普及理念、科研保护、旅游产业和社区发展等多维对策,对利用区域绿色地质遗迹资源,促进地方生态文明建设与经济可持续发展具有理论与实践双重意义. 相似文献
11.
近年来,国家对矿产资源的政策有很大转变。在能源结构上,正在减少使用煤炭等污染较大的能源矿产,居民供暖方面未来以天然气为主。同时限制一些高能耗高排放的金属制品。矿产生产方面,在中国,一些储量下降过快或产能过剩污染高的矿产,不再鼓励大量生产和对外出口,同时强调利用国外资源,满足国家需求。对矿产综合利用的重视也提高到了新的高度。丝绸之路经济带国家矿产资源丰富,希望通过吸引国外投资和先进技术,发展本国矿产经济,提高当地居民的生活水平。中国和中亚各国的需求对接,为中国政府、企业、地勘单位进入中亚进行矿产开发奠定了良好的基础。梳理了中国及中亚五国的矿产资源开发利用现状和相关政策,从外部环境、资源互补、环境保护、基础设施等方面分析了中国政府、企业、地勘单位在中亚进行矿产开发存在的机遇和挑战,并针对上述问题,提出了需求对接、资源整合、环境评估、基地建设等相关对策建议。 相似文献
12.
M.S. Rasmussen R. James T. Adiyasuren P. Khishigsuren B. Naranchimeg R. Gankhuyag B. Baasanjargal 《GeoJournal》1999,47(4):563-571
Since 1990, Mongolia has experienced a radical change away from centralized livestock production to more traditional rangeland
management practices. As the herders now have increased access to the pastures, they need to be able to evaluate the sustainable
level of exploitation of the rangeland. This paper demonstrates how pertinent information on the state of the rangeland resources
can be made available to herdsmen by using a Geographical Information System (GIS). The focus is on the importance of having
a sound data and information framework when assessing rangeland resources. The three main requirements are: first, knowledge
of the production system; second, a natural resource inventory; and third, an assessment of the natural resource exploitation.
Workshops held in the field brought together herdsmen, administrators, scientists and project personnel to identify and discuss
issues of range management. From topographic maps, a digital elevation model was created using GIS, which together with a
recent land-cover map elaborated from a SPOT satellite image made it possible to map the important areas suitable for winter
grazing. The exact locations of the family winter settlements were recorded and linked to annual livestock statistics using
GIS to identify the areas being grazed and to calculate the stocking rates by household. It was shown for the administrative
unit of Arbayasgalan that the ratio of stocking rates to carrying capacity exceeded one, which indicates overstocking. However,
the uneven distribution of grazing pressure over the study area enabled the proposal of actions to mitigate serious overgrazing.
A discussion of range management practices was facilitated by providing the herdsmen with information on the extent and location
of the problem.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
资源环境承载能力评价是进行国土空间规划和用途管控的基础性工作,越来越受到国家重视。在资源环境承载能力研究实践中,以自然资源环境系统及其与社会经济系统的关系为主要研究对象,创新性提出了"资源环境承载协调理论",并基于此理论初步建立了不同空间尺度的地质资源环境承载能力评价技术方法,构建了地质环境、地下水资源、矿产资源等不同资源环境要素的承载能力评价指标体系,包括承载本底评价指标和承载状态评价指标。规范了不同尺度的资源与环境承载能力评价流程,为有序推动全国、区域及市县尺度的自然单元和行政单元的地质资源环境承载能力评价工作提供了强有力的。 相似文献
14.
通过对广西矿产资源开发与地方经济发展的关系进行研究,总结了矿产资源开发对地方经济发展的促进作用,同时分析了两者之间存在的矛盾。指出,国有企业在资源开发、利用和地方经济发展中起着主导作用,同时提出了构建广西矿产资源开发与地方经济发展良性互动关系的对策和措施。 相似文献
15.
Water Resources Issues and Control Policy Recommendations in the Process of “Industrialization,Urbanization and Agricultural Modernization” in Henan Province 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In the process of “industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural modernization”（he-rein--after referred to shortly as “IUAM”）in Henan province, water resources issues have caused deterioration of water environments and water attenuation. These are the region''s most common and prominent issues, caused by improper activities, water environmental conflict and ignoring the results of local water environment carrying capacity. This environmental problem is getting worse and worse, seriously restricting the region’s “IUAM” healthy development. According to coor-dinated development between “IUAM” and water resources bearing capacity, we carry out the environmental management of water resources policy research and design and put forward some corresponding policies and proposals. 相似文献
16.
由于研究对象、目的、数据、方法等方面的不同,自然科学和社会科学的协同存在着非常大的困难,近20年来,气候变化、环境、生态、能源、粮食、资源、灾害、健康等跨学科交叉研究的兴起,为自然科学和社会科学协同带来了新的契机。为克服自然科学和社会科学协同的困难,首先要开展"以解决问题为导向"的研究,从项目初始就贯彻"协同设计、协同实施"的理念,将政府和社会作为全球变化与可持续性研究的服务对象。在研究对象的空间尺度协同上,通过自然科学的降尺度和社会科学的升尺度,在局域尺度上开展气候变化脆弱性与适应研究是实现自然科学和社会科学协同的基础。同时,正确理解和沟通科学的不确定性是自然科学和社会科学协同的重要环节,进行观测数据及调查资料的协同是未来自然科学和社会科学协同成功的关键。最后,对自然科学和社会科学协同中沟通和交流的鸿沟以及人才培养、重理轻文倾向、跨学科研究的评价标准等问题进行了思考和讨论。 相似文献
17.
Water is rapidly becoming a critical factor in the development of Nepal despite the fact that it has one of the greatest hydro-power potentials in the world. The country is faced with three key water issues: hazardous hydro-power development, problems with community water supply and pollution, and shortages of irrigation water. Both the environmental settings and the socio-economic conditions have contributed to these problems which are now widespread and alarming. Environmental factors have not been taken seriously as shown in the largest existing hydropower reservoir, which has recently lost much of its storage capacity in a single unusual storm. Shortages in water supplies in the capital city are also reaching crisis proportions both in terms of quantity and quality. The widespread lack of irrigation water in the Middle Mountains during the dry season has serious implications for the future food supplies of the largely rural population. Some of these problems result from a rapidly expanding population living in a very marginal environment, an ineffective government organization and an international community that is mostly self-serving, focussing on large projects with little concern for local needs. The degradation of water resources is putting the food supplies and health of a large part of the population at risk. 相似文献
18.
Phu Le Vo 《GeoJournal》2007,70(1):75-89
The management of water resources is an unfinished effort of the international community. Rapid urbanization has transcended
the management capacity of governments in developing countries. Since the renovation policy launched in 1986, Ho Chi Minh
City, Vietnam, has experienced the fastest urbanization and industrialization process. This has placed severe constraints
on the use of water resources and management capacity of the local government. The abstraction of groundwater has exceeded
the limiting volume (520,000 m3/day) and the annual drawdown of water table is 2–3 m. In addition, the quality of urban water bodies is increasingly exacerbated
by a huge volume of untreated industrial and domestic wastewater. These are hampering water demand, use and the capacity of
the municipal authority in managing water resources. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of urbanization on
water resources. Current issues and challenges in the management practices of water resources are discussed. It will propose
a new paradigm of water management in Ho Chi Minh City. 相似文献
19.
乌蒙山区生物资源持续历史的启示与保护发展的方向 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
乌蒙山区属古热带北缘,是海陆变迁的海岸线,生物演化至今,造就了丰富的生物资源。人类活动以来,历经了自取自用-半农耕-坝区开发-山区开发的历史时期。由于该区是多民族居住区,又处于国家统一、巩固西南边疆、通向边区的交通要道上,较先进的中原农耕方式最先在此试用。明、清两个朝代的移民与经营,全面开始了生物资源的利用。历代各族人民在适应生存的实践中,找到了持续稳定地增长和利用生物资源的方法。这些,既充满了对自然规律的认识和利用,也为进一步发展提供了技术支持。该区在长江和珠江上游的分水岭上,只有以生态建设为基础,施行保护优先于开发的持续生物资源利用,才能发挥持续性和获得最大效益。概述了上述问题,在生物资源可持续经营上,简要提出了需要研究的基础科学问题和培育新产业的几个方向,并探讨了适应今后持续发展的管理问题。 相似文献
20.
Eslam A. Al-Hogaraty Hassan K. Garamoon Farouk El-Baz Reinhard Zölitz-Möller Mohamed A. Abdel Moati 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2013,6(11):4093-4107
Wadi Wurayah area is one of the major wadis originating and running on the Oman Mountains and drains into the Oman Gulf. These wadis in general and Wadi Wurayah in particular are characterized with a rich diversity of rare and mountainous and freshwater habitats and species. These wadis contain unequal, representative, and sensitive areas of the dry lands ecosystem with natural, outstanding landscapes and cultural heritage, while the socioeconomic situation indicates that it has enough socioeconomic infrastructures to develop new alternatives ecologically and economically sustainable. As most of the United Arab Emirates and the region, the study area is undergoing dramatic changes linked to economic diversification and promotion of tourism. Established under the UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Program, Wurayah Biosphere Reserve represents protected areas intended to demonstrate well-balanced relationship between conservation of biodiversity and an appropriate local development. The main objectives of this study are to develop an environmental information system to understand the dynamics of human activities associated to land use in the study area, highlight the threats to the environment, educate people about the basic environmental issues and positive traditional practices, and promote tourism. Based on the gained results, the concept of biosphere reserve as a model is to implement ideas of sustainable land use in practice. 相似文献