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通过对华北地区中强地震（指Ms≥5．5的地震）发生时间不均匀性的研究结果表明：自1815年以来，该区可划分为5个中强地震集中活跃时段。可用灰色系统理论和方法建立灰色预测模型。预测未来一个活跃时段的起止时间。如果发生在活跃时段内的中强地震的发生时间呈较好的线性趋势变化，则可用二指数平滑方法进行预测。在此基础上，本文还对它的预测精度作了估计。 相似文献
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K. Z. Nanjo J. B. Rundle J. R. Holliday D. L. Turcotte 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(11-12):2417-2432
Pattern Informatics (PI) technique can be used to detect precursory seismic activation or quiescence and make an earthquake forecast. Here we apply the PI method for optimal forecasting of large earthquakes in Japan, using the data catalogue maintained by the Japan Meteorological Agency. The PI method is tested to forecast large (magnitude m ≥ 5) earthquakes spanning the time period 1995–2004 in the Kobe region. Visual inspection and statistical testing show that the optimized PI method has forecasting skill, relative to the seismic intensity data often used as a standard null hypothesis. Moreover, we find in a retrospective forecast that the 1995 Kobe earthquake (m = 7.2) falls in a seismically anomalous area. Another approach to test the forecasting algorithm is to create a future potential map for large (m ≥ 5) earthquake events. This is illustrated using the Kobe and Tokyo regions for the forecast period 2000–2009. Based on the resulting Kobe map we point out several forecasted areas: The epicentral area of the 1995 Kobe earthquake, the Wakayama area, the Mie area, and the Aichi area. The Tokyo forecast map was created prior to the occurrence of the Oct. 23, 2004 Niigata earthquake (m = 6.8) and the principal aftershocks with 5.0 ≤ m. We find that these events were close to in a forecasted area on the Tokyo map. The PI technique for regional seismicity observation substantiates an example showing considerable promise as an intermediate-term earthquake forecasting in Japan. 相似文献
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The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) has been measuring temporal and spatial variations of mass redistribution within the Earth system since 2002. As large earthquakes cause significant mass changes on and under the Earth’s surface, GRACE provides a new means from space to observe mass redistribution due to earthquake deformations. GRACE serves as a good complement to other earthquake measurements because of its extensive spatial coverage and being free from terrestrial restriction. During its over 10 years mission, GRACE has successfully detected seismic gravitational changes of several giant earthquakes, which include the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake, 2010 Maule (Chile) earthquake, and 2011 Tohoku-Oki (Japan) earthquake. In this review, we describe by examples how to process GRACE time-variable gravity data to retrieve seismic signals, and summarize the results of recent studies that apply GRACE observations to detect co- and post-seismic signals and constrain fault slip models and viscous lithospheric structures. We also discuss major problems and give an outlook in this field of GRACE application. 相似文献
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2001年新疆-青海交界8.1级特大地震的特殊性、发震背景及对未来地震形势估计 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2001年11月14日新疆－青海8．1级特大地震，是1951年当雄8．0级特大地震后，整整50年大陆上首发8级特大地震，它的发生虽然没有造成较大经济损失和人员伤亡，但它的科学意义和学术价值超过过去几十年来任何一次强震，它打破了我们对地震活跃期的划分和许多传统认识，同时对如何判断未来地震大形势提出了重大课题。 相似文献
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We present a simple method for long- and short-term earthquake forecasting (estimating earthquake rate per unit area, time, and magnitude). For illustration we apply the method to the Pacific plate boundary region and the Mediterranean area surrounding Italy and Greece. Our ultimate goal is to develop forecasting and testing methods to validate or falsify common assumptions regarding earthquake potential. Our immediate purpose is to extend the forecasts we made starting in 1999 for the northwest and southwest Pacific to include somewhat smaller earthquakes and then adapt the methods to apply in other areas. The previous forecasts used the CMT earthquake catalog to forecast magnitude 5.8 and larger earthquakes. Like our previous forecasts, the new ones here are based on smoothed maps of past seismicity and assume spatial clustering. Our short-term forecasts also assume temporal clustering. An important adaptation in the new forecasts is to abandon the use of tensor focal mechanisms. This permits use of earthquake catalogs that reliably report many smaller quakes with no such mechanism estimates. The result is that we can forecast earthquakes at higher spatial resolution and down to a magnitude threshold of 4.7. The new forecasts can be tested far more quickly because smaller events are considerably more frequent. Also, our previous method used the focal mechanisms of past earthquakes to estimate the preferred directions of earthquake clustering, however the method made assumptions that generally hold in subduction zones only. The new approach escapes those assumptions. In the northwest Pacific the new method gives estimated earthquake rate density very similar to that of the previous forecast. 相似文献
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地震灾情因社会发展而加重--20世纪全球地震灾害综述 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
２０世纪中国是世界上地震灾害最严重的国家。地震造成的经济损失最严重的是日本,美国,中国居第二,三位。全世界地震灾情有逐世纪加重的趋势。地震减灾研究有两点进展;１．中国有一次成功的临震预报;２．日本抗震建筑有效。全世界的未来地震灾情形势依然严峻。 相似文献
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Andrea Donnellan John Rundle Geoffrey Fox Dennis McLeod Lisa Grant Terry Tullis Marlon Pierce Jay Parker Greg Lyzenga Robert Granat Margaret Glasscoe 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(11-12):2263-2279
We are developing simulation and analysis tools in order to develop a solid Earth Science framework for understanding and studying active tectonic and earthquake processes. The goal of QuakeSim and its extension, the Solid Earth Research Virtual Observatory (SERVO), is to study the physics of earthquakes using state-of-the-art modeling, data manipulation, and pattern recognition technologies. We are developing clearly defined accessible data formats and code protocols as inputs to simulations, which are adapted to high-performance computers. The solid Earth system is extremely complex and nonlinear, resulting in computationally intensive problems with millions of unknowns. With these tools it will be possible to construct the more complex models and simulations necessary to develop hazard assessment systems critical for reducing future losses from major earthquakes. We are using Web (Grid) service technology to demonstrate the assimilation of multiple distributed data sources (a typical data grid problem) into a major parallel high-performance computing earthquake forecasting code. Such a linkage of Geoinformatics with Geocomplexity demonstrates the value of the Solid Earth Research Virtual Observatory (SERVO) Grid concept, and advances Grid technology by building the first real-time large-scale data assimilation grid. 相似文献
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A seismic gap in the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan as inferred from the time-space distribution of past seismicity 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Abstract Based on the spatial distribution of the focal areas from previous large earthquakes, a significant seismic gap was found off the coast of the Akita Prefecture at the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan. We forecast that the 75 km segment of plate boundary may be ruptured by a large thrust earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5 in the near future. The time of occurrence is uncertain, but the recurrence interval of large earthquakes in this region suggests that it will be no later than the end of next century. The time sequence of large earthquakes in the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan shows a systematic shortening of the earthquake interval for the past 250 years. This feature is simulated successfully by a simple mechanical model that represents a plate boundary by segmented blocks, each of which is composed of a spring friction slider system. We further propose to revise the conventionally accepted plate boundary between the Eurasian and Okhotsk plates in the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan; the observed data of seismic activity and recent crustal deformation indicate that the southern part of the plate boundary traverses the land region from Niigata to Otari along the Shinanogawa seismic belt. The fault geometries of previous large earthquakes show that the mode of plate convergence in the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan is a collision type rather than a simple eastward subduction as was postulated in early studies. 相似文献
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In this paper, some opinions related to amending and compiling the historical earthquake catalog are proposed. They include the following points: (1) the catalog should be based on historically recorded facts; (2) we should consider the accuracy that could actually be attained through the use of historical earthquake data; (3) emphasis should be placed on field survey of historical earthquakes; (4) use engineering seismology and earthquake prediction to develop research in historical earthquakes. 相似文献
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This study examines a new methodology to predict the final seismic mortality from earthquakes in China. Most studies established the association between mortality estimation and seismic intensity without considering the population density. In China, however, the data are not always available, especially when it comes to the very urgent relief situation in the disaster. And the population density varies greatly from region to region. This motivates the development of empirical models that use historical death data to provide the path to analyze the death tolls for earthquakes. The present paper employs the average population density to predict the final death tolls in earthquakes using a case-based reasoning model from realistic perspective. To validate the forecasting results, historical data from 18 large-scale earthquakes occurred in China are used to estimate the seismic morality of each case. And a typical earthquake case occurred in the northwest of Sichuan Province is employed to demonstrate the estimation of final death toll. The strength of this paper is that it provides scientific methods with overall forecast errors lower than 20 %, and opens the door for conducting final death forecasts with a qualitative and quantitative approach. Limitations and future research are also analyzed and discussed in the conclusion. 相似文献
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华北成组强震孕育过程及预测研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用华北丰富的历史地震资料, 通过研究地震与块体活动的联系, 揭示了地震高潮期的形成过程。 认为地震高潮期成组强震的孕育与区域块体的运动方式相联系。 一个地震活动期可分为二个阶段, 在前期块体边界的运动是很不平衡的, 各组地震主要是由于各局部范围若干闭锁段破裂和破裂间相互作用的结果, 当沿块体边界的破裂发展到一定程度时, 这些边界所围的地块就会进入以整体运动为主的阶段, 这时块体边界的运动具有一定程度的同步性, 加之闭锁段破裂后不再重新闭锁, 从而导致块体边界闭锁段由弱到强渐进式的破裂过程, 直至一组强闭锁段完成破裂, 形成地震活动高潮。 这是成组强震形成的根本原因, 另外强震间的诱发作用也是强震成组发生的重要原因。 最后概述了如何利用以上模式预测地震高潮期的时间、 强度和主体活动场所。 相似文献
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根据 198 8年以来全国地震趋势会商会 (NMSC)所提出的各类地震学异常资料 ,研究每一年异常与下一年大陆地震的对应关系 .9a内 46种地震学方法所提出的93 2项异常资料表明 :在 1989～ 1993年间 ,用地震学预报地震方法的数量有一个增大过程 ;各种方法所提出的异常对应地震的比率在 0～ 48%之间 ,平均为 2 8%左右 ,这也与我国地震预报中预报区数的成功率相当 ;统计预报、区域应力场增强、地震条带、小震调制比和b值等方法有较高的地震对应率 ,而地震活动异常平静、分数维、异常震群、c值和地震窗等方法要差一些 ;用地震学方法预报地震最成功的年份为1989年 ,最差年份为 1990年 ;与预报区数的成功比率一样 ,其地震的对应比率并未随时间的推移而有所提高 .各种地震学方法的物理内涵及其与地震孕育的内在联系及各种地震学方法间相互关联问题是今后用地震学方法预报地震的研究课题 . 相似文献
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本文基于补充遗漏地震事件后的地震目录和修正的大森公式,对2013年7月22日甘肃岷县漳县6.6级地震余震序列时间域衰减特征进行了分析.鉴于主震后短时间内目录遗漏的余震较多,首先利用岷县台连续地震记录波形的高频包络差,检测主震后3h内目录遗漏的地震.经检测在主震后3h内共发现目录遗漏的ML1.0以上地震139个,最大震级为ML3.6.主震后1000s内检测到遗漏地震69个,约为目录给出余震数量的6倍.而后使用补充遗漏地震的目录,基于修正的大森公式分别拟合余震频度和余震地震矩随时间的变化.结果显示拟合p值约为1.07,表明岷县漳县地震余震序列衰减速率与全球平均水平接近,而未补充遗漏地震的频度拟合会造成余震序列衰减速率的低估.利用高频包络差直接计算地震频度曲线,通过三种衰减模式对地震频度曲线拟合参数比较,未观察到岷县漳县地震主震后存在早期余震缺失现象.分析认为,加入遗漏地震可以提高余震频度拟合估计衰减速率结果的准确度和精度,若缺少遗漏地震检测结果,则使用地震矩拟合所得衰减速率结果准确度较优,但需充分考虑其精度上的误差.在分析余震序列衰减特征的实际研究工作中,需根据地震目录完整性选择适当的拟合方法. 相似文献
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Pattern recognition of seismogenic nodes using Kohonen selforganizing map: example in west and south west of Alborz region 
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下载免费PDF全文 Pattern recognition of seismic and morphostructural nodes plays an important role in seismic hazard assessment. This is a known fact in seismology that tectonic nodes are prone areas to large earthquake and have this potential. They are identified by morphostructural analysis. In this study, the Alborz region has considered as studied case and locations of future events are forecast based on Kohonen Self-Organized Neural Network. It has been shown how it can predict the location of earthquake, and identifies seismogenic nodes which are prone to earthquake of M5.5+ at the West of Alborz in Iran by using International Institute Earthquake Engineering and Seismology earthquake catalogs data. First, the main faults and tectonic lineaments have been identified based on MZ (land zoning method) method. After that, by using pattern recognition, we generalized past recorded events to future in order to show the region of probable future earthquakes. In other word, hazardous nodes have determined among all nodes by new catalog generated Self-organizing feature maps (SOFM). Our input data are extracted from catalog, consists longitude and latitude of past event between 1980-2015 with magnitude larger or equal to 4.5. It has concluded node D1 is candidate for big earthquakes in comparison with other nodes and other nodes are in lower levels of this potential. 相似文献
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基于MaPInfo的中长期地震预测动态系统 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
“中长期地震预测动态系统”（MapDEP2000 for Windows)是以强震时－空概率增益综合预测模型与单项地震预测模型的预测效能评价方法为理论基础，以强大的数据为支持，集成桌面地图信息系统（MapInfo0的主要功能而研制完成的运行于Windows9x或以上环境下的地震综合预测系统。系统具有中长期单项预测方法的计算，异常提取，效能评价，概率增益统计，外推预测和概率增益综合预测等计算与各种输入／输出，图形显示等强大而实用的功能，为运用数据库和GIS实现多手段，多尺度，动态和交互的信息综合，进行地震预测提供了一套实用的系统和完整的解决方案，本文对该系统的科学依据，设计思想和主要功能进行了介绍。 相似文献
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概述四川7.0级以上大震前观测场地的异常情况。在核实2个大震震前异常的基础上,将传统异常判别方法进行汇总。总结近年来针对跨断层监测数据进行分析进而识别异常的方法:原始数据反映的断层活动速率异常以及转折异常。在此基础上,引入小波分析的方法对大震前的异常进行判别。对小波分解得到的两个趋势项进行分析,发现了大震与小波分解项异常的对应性。最后,基于对原始数据和小波分解项的分析,提出利用跨断层数据分析大震前兆的参考意见,为以后的震前异常研究工作提供了基础。 相似文献
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主要利用《地震学分析预报方法程式指南》的方法,对沂沭带北段进行系统的计算分析研究。结果表明该区近期将无较大地震发生,b值外推缺ML4.3级地震。同时,利用灰色理论对该区未来地震危险性作出预测。 相似文献