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1.
PETER WRIGHT 《Sedimentology》1976,23(5):705-712
Previous attempts to quantify beach processes with techniques involving direct measurement have met with varying degrees of success. Problems encountered can be attributed to three main areas of difficulty: (1) the rapidity of change in both process operation and the subsequent production and development of bed forms; (2) the inclement nature of the weather conditions during which the most rapid beach changes take place; (3) interference with the flows being measured, by the equipment. A photographic method is described here, which to a great extent overcomes these problems, and can be operated cheaply by a solitary field investigator. 相似文献
2.
Internal structure of mixed-sand-and-gravel beach deposits revealed using ground-penetrating radar 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
ABSTRACT Mixed‐sand‐and‐gravel beaches are a distinctive type of coarse‐clastic beach. Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and photographic records of previous excavations are used to investigate the stratigraphy and internal sedimentary structure of mixed‐beach deposits at Aldeburgh in Suffolk, south‐east England. The principles of radar stratigraphy are used to describe and interpret migrated radar reflection profiles obtained from the study site. The application of radar stratigraphy allows the delineation of both bounding surfaces (radar surfaces) and the intervening beds or bed sets (radar facies). The deposits of the main backshore berm ridge consist of seaward‐dipping bounding surfaces that are gently onlapped by seaward‐dipping bed sets. Good correspondence is observed between a sequence of beach profiles, which record development of the berm ridge on the backshore, and the berm ridge's internal structure. The beach‐profile data also indicate that backshore berm ridges at Aldeburgh owe their origin to discrete depositional episodes related to storm‐wave activity. Beach‐ridge plain deposits at the study site consist of a complex, progradational sequence of foreshore, berm‐ridge, overtop and overwash deposits. Relict berm‐ridge deposits, separated by seaward‐dipping bounding surfaces, form the main depositional element beneath the beach‐ridge plain. However, the beach ridges themselves are formed predominantly of vertically stacked overtop/overwash units, which lie above the berm‐ridge deposits. Consequently, beach‐ridge development in this progradational, mixed‐beach setting must have occurred when conditions favoured overtopping and overwashing of the upper beachface. Interannual to decadal variations in wave climate, antecedent beach morphology, shoreline progradation rate and sea level are identified as the likely controlling factors in the development of such suitable conditions. 相似文献
3.
Scanning electron microscope evidence for offshore-onshore sand transport at Fire Island, New York, USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Balancing the sediment budget of the Atlantic shoreline of Long Island has proved to be problematic because more sediment has been found to be moving westward in littoral drift than was estimated to be supplied by wave erosion of the Ronkonkoma terminal moraine at Montauk Point. There is a need for the existence of an additional, possibly offshore source. As part of a larger Atlantic shore study, 11 beach samples from Fire Island were compared with samples representing the known glacial source at Montauk Point, and also with four offshore samples to the south. Comparisons were based upon quartz sand grain surface texture patterns derived by scanning electron microscope checklist analysis. Initial evidence of an offshore-onshore link was provided by qualitative results examining surface texture variability between samples, illustrated by photographic evidence and written notes. This evidence was confirmed consistently during quantitative analysis. In particular, canonical variate analysis grouped two offshore samples representing deposits of buried glacial to fluvioglacial lobes with beach samples from Fire Island in adjacent onshore locations or slightly downdrift. In addition, canonical variate analysis and factor analysis using the spssx package, together with cluster analysis using the ARTHUR package, depicted the main factors and texture variables largely responsible for sample discrimination. The significance of both the offshore-onshore link and the associated factors influencing quartz grain surface texture was revealed by the fact that they are strongly related to each other and to the regional geomorphology. 相似文献
4.
滩坝是隐蔽油气藏最重要的沉积储集层类型之一,已成为陆相断陷盆地油气勘探的重要领域。现代沉积滩坝的研究是深入认识滩坝沉积相的有效手段。环湖考察研究发现青海湖近岸滩坝类型多样,主要发育了废弃三角洲前缘处滩坝、三角洲侧缘处滩坝、湖岸线拐弯处滩坝、开阔滨浅湖处滩坝和冲积扇改造处滩坝5种类型。通过对各种类型滩坝剖面的详细分层及沉积物室内矿物组成分析等,发现不同类型滩坝砂体沉积特征存在很大差异。整体而言,青海湖近岸滩坝沉积物粒度较粗,黏土含量低,结构成熟度较高,沉积构造多见平行层理、交错层理和冲洗交错层理,垂向上表现出上粗下细的反韵律特征。同时,选取了青海湖南岸规模较大的坝相,分别对坝主体、坝间和坝侧缘进行详细的探槽剖面分析,得出坝主体单旋回厚度较坝间和坝侧缘大,沉积物粒度也相对较粗,黏土含量最低,分选性也最好,是发育为隐蔽油藏最有利的区域。 相似文献
5.
Quantifying rates of coastal progradation from sediment volume using GPR and OSL: the Holocene fill of Guichen Bay, south-east South Australia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Guichen Bay on the south‐east coast of South Australia faces west towards the prevailing westerly winds of the Southern Ocean. The bay is backed by a 4 km wide Holocene beach‐ridge plain with more than 100 beach ridges. The morphology of the Guichen Bay strandplain complex shows changes in the width, length, height and orientation of beach ridges. A combination of geomorphological interpretation, shallow geophysics and existing geochronology is used to interpret the Holocene fill of Guichen Bay. Six sets of beach ridges are identified from the interpretation of orthorectified aerial photographs. The ridge sets are distinguished on the basis of beach‐ridge orientation and continuity. A 2·25 km ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) profile across the beach ridges reveals the sedimentary structures and stratigraphic units. The beach ridges visible in the surface topography are a succession of stabilized foredunes that overlie progradational foreshore and upper shoreface sediments. The beach progrades show multiple truncation surfaces interpreted as storm events. The GPR profile shows that there are many more erosion surfaces in the subsurface than beach ridges on the surface. The width and dip of preserved beach progrades imaged by GPR shows that the shoreface has steepened from around 2·9° to around 7·5°. The changes in beach slope are attributed to increasing wave energy associated with beach progradation into deeper water as Guichen Bay was infilled. At the same time, the thickness of the preserved beach progrades increases slightly as the beach prograded into deeper water. Using the surface area of the ridge sets measured from the orthophotography, and the average thickness of upper shoreface, foreshore and coastal dune sands interpreted from the GPR profile, the volume of Holocene sediments within three of the six sets of beach‐ridge accretion has been calculated. Combining optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages and volume calculations, rates of sediment accumulation for Ridge Sets 3, 4 and 5 have been estimated. Linear rates of beach‐ridge progradation appear to decrease in the mid‐Holocene. However, the rates of sediment accumulation calculated from beach volumes have remained remarkably consistent through the mid‐ to late Holocene. This suggests that sediment supply to the beach has been constant and that the decrease in the rate of progradation is due to increasing accommodation space as the beach progrades into deeper water. Changes in beach‐ridge morphology and orientation reflect environmental factors such as changes in wave climate and wind regime. 相似文献
6.
三亚海岸演变与人工海滩设计研究* 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
三亚海岸位于海南岛南部,属弱潮海区,以来自开阔外海的偏南向风浪为海岸优势动力。三亚海岸经历了从基岩港湾海岸到岬角与港湾相间的海蚀-海积海岸的发育演化过程,沙坝(沙咀)发育始于中更新世初期,珊瑚礁发育始于8kaB.P. ,目前海岸总体处于相对平衡发展阶段。对三亚地区海岸地貌、动力及泥沙运动的调查研究,总结三亚湾及其周边不同类型海滩的特点,提取其海滩参数。依据处于不同发展时期的自然海滩形成演变的条件和规律,设计建构三亚白排人工海滩的关键参数。设计海滩总长度约400m,宽度\{40~\}50m,坡度4.5°~5.0°,相对高度约2m,填砂M为0.5,以粒径1.0~\}0.5mm的粗砂为主,总填砂量48000m3。从滩面物质和滩面坡度两个关键方面,利用代表性的数学模型,检验了设计海滩的稳定性。本项研究旨在服务白排人工海滩建设,研究方法对海滩侵蚀防护与同类海岸工程建设等具有参考价值。 相似文献
7.
济阳坳陷三种典型滩坝相的空间分布模式 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于对渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷车镇凹陷和沾化凹陷重点区块沙二段和沙四段滩坝相的解剖研究成果,展示了陆相断陷盆地不同演化阶段滩坝相的3种空间分布模式:①断-坳期碟形洼陷细粒碎屑岩滩坝相分布模式,这种分布模式发育于车镇凹陷大王北洼陷的沙二段,是一种浅水漫湖式细粒碎屑岩滩坝相沉积,可分为滩、坝主体、坝侧缘、坝间4种沉积微相;②断-坳期双断对称中隆型洼陷滩坝相分布模式,这种分布模式发育于沾化凹陷东部孤北洼陷的沙二段,受中部潜山隆起的控制作用明显,在中部潜山周缘的缓坡部位以碳酸盐岩滩坝相沉积为主,两侧为近似对称的、从岸边-中部依次发育粗粒扇三角洲相-中细粒碎屑岩滩坝相沉积;③断陷期单断非对称式水下中隆型洼陷滩坝相分布模式,这种分布模式发育于孤北洼陷桩西地区的沙四段,其东部次洼以粗粒扇三角洲和扇三角洲间为主,中部水下低隆起处及其周缘形成浅湖细粒碎屑岩滩坝相沉积,而在西部斜坡则以滩坝相沉积为主.这3种模式对于寻找以滩坝型为储层的岩性-地层圈闭具有参考意义. 相似文献
8.
以大庆油田葡I23单元辫状河砂体沉积背景为基础设计沉积物理模拟实验,通过6个轮次实验,识别并分析了辫状河道、心滩、废弃河道、堤岸沉积、越岸沉积5种主要微相类型及其分布特征。其中河道及心滩坝沉积广泛发育,占到辫状河沉积的90%左右, 心滩坝多发育在河道中下游,心滩坝与心滩坝之间连通程度较高,连通部分约占心滩厚度的60%～80％,且心滩下部连通性好,上部较差。建立了沉积微相砂体构型参数相关关系及物性参数模型,初步认为河道砂体的宽厚比为70～120,长宽比为3～5;心滩坝砂体宽厚比为80～100,长宽比为1～3。河道面孔率分布区间为10%~11%,向上有逐渐变小的趋势;心滩坝面孔率分布区间为9%~10%,剖面上变化趋势不明显,心滩坝的中心部位夹层几乎是近似水平的,绝大多数情况下倾角小于3°,在长轴方向上迎水面夹层稍陡（＜5°）而背水面较平缓,短轴方向夹层在心滩两翼略有倾斜（＜8°）。研究对大庆油田辫状河储层沉积微相内部构型参数预测具有重要意义。 相似文献
9.
The response of a rocky beach to different possible combinations of hydrodynamic conditions (tides, waves, oceanic currents) has been little studied. In this work, the morphodynamic response to different hydrodynamic forcing is evaluated from sedimentological and geomorphological analysis in seasonal and medium term (19 years) scale in Palmeras beach, located in the southwest of Gorgona Island National Natural Park (NNP), a mesotidal rocky island on the Colombian Pacific continental shelf. Palmeras is an important nesting area of two types of marine turtles, with no anthropogenic stress. In the last years, coastal erosion has reduced the beach width, restricting the safe areas for nesting and conservation of these species. Until now, the sinks, sources, reservoirs, rates, and paths of sediments were unknown, as well as their hydrodynamic forcing. The beach seasonal variability, from October 2010 to August 2012, was analyzed based on biweekly or monthly measurements of five beach profiles distributed every 200 m along the 1.2 km of beach length. The main paths for sediment transport were defined from the modeling of wave currents with the SMC model (Coastal Modeling System), as well as the oceanic currents, simulated for the dry and wet seasons of 2011 using the ELCOM model (Estuary and Lake COmputer Model). Extreme morphologic variations over a time span of 19 years were analyzed with the Hsu and Evans beach static equilibrium parabolic model, from one wave diffraction point which dominates the general beach plan shape. The beach lost 672 m3/m during the measuring period, and erosional processes were intensified during the wet season. The beach trends responded directly to a wave mean energy flux change, resulting in an increase of up to 14 m in the width northward and loss of sediments in the beach southward. This study showed that to obtain the integral morphodynamic behavior of a rocky beach it is necessary to combine information of hydrodynamic, sedimentology and geomorphology in different time scales. 相似文献
10.
11.
Discrimination of particle zonation on a pebble beach 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
JULIAN D. ORFORD 《Sedimentology》1975,22(3):441-463
The extent to which pebble shapes are zonally sorted on a pebble beach is examined. On the basis of comprehensive point samples from a pebble beach in west Wales, and using factor analysis, a pebble shape index for each point sample is derived. It is proposed that the sum of squares (%RSS) explained by a linear trend surface of shape index values, approximates to the degree to which the second derivative of pebble shape with respect to distance downbeach, tends towards zero. If the second derivative is zero there is no zonation of sample shape values but, rather, a uniform trend. Strength of zonation on one beach is calculated for eight beach samples during 1971. A heterogeneity index (Ht) is introduced to show the degree of difference between clustered point samples on the basis of shape and size. On the basis of %RSS and Ht value, discrimination between pebble facies type on the sample beach over time can be made. 相似文献
12.
Factors influencing human beach choice on three South African beaches: A multivariate analysis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Knowledge of recreational use patterns, preferences and opinions of beach users can be useful in developing beaches in such a way as to ensure quality recreational experiences. This paper investigated, by means of questionnaire survey, a) the factors influencing human beach choice on three beaches with different levels of development and b) whether respondents on the different beaches considered different characteristics important on an ideal beach. By means of multiple discriminant analysis, visitors could be classified according to the beaches they were interviewed on, based solely on the different reasons given for visiting the beach as well as on the characteristics they considered important on a beach.Although factors relating to level of beach development were the most important in influencing beach choice on highly developed King's Beach and undeveloped Sardinia Bay, traditional/historical, socio-economic factors and accessibility (all unrelated to beach development) were more important on semi-developed Joorst Park, visited by people of a lower-socio-economic level. These people considered Joorst Park underdeveloped but were prevented by socio-economic restraints from visiting a beach of their choice, eg King's Beach. The highly and semi-developed beaches were visited for their facilities, social activities and accessibility. The undeveloped beach was visited for experiencing nature, peace and quiet, its few people and because dogs were allowed there. In addition, respondents' opinions were obtained on litter, additional facilities, preferred distances between groups on the beach and in the surf and whether dogs and off-road vehicles should be allowed on beaches. More basic facilities (toilets and refuse bins) were considered necessary on all beaches, especially on the semi-developed beach. Beyond a minimal level of amenities, additional comforts were undesired by users on the undeveloped beach and limited funds should rather be used to upgrade and improve beaches such as Joorst Park, that are already developed to attract people with greater demands for a wider range of facilities. However, beaches with different levels of development are necessary to cater for people who desire different recreational experiences. Limiting beach access beyond a certain number of visitors seems to be unpopular with the public. 相似文献
13.
Regressive and transgressive sequences in a raised Holocene gravelly beach, southwestern Crete 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Both a modern and a raised, late Holocene gravelly beach have been studied along the cliffed coast near the village of Chora Sfakion in southwestern Crete, Greece. The Holocene beach shows the record of regional, well-documented relative sea-level changes, in the form of regressive and transgressive sequences. The texture, fabric and depositional architecture of these sequences are described and compared with those of the modern, microtidal beach there. The depositional history of the raised beach is discussed in terms of the sediment transport processes and relative sea-level changes. The regressive sequences of both the modern and the Holocene beach resemble those of the mesotidal beaches in the Sker district of southwest Wales, described by Bluck (1967). The transgressive sequence of the Holocene beach resembles the mesotidal beach sequence near Newton (southwest Wales), recognized by Bluck as another type of progradational (regressive) beach. Therefore, transgressive beach sequences in the stratigraphic record might easily be overlooked or misinterpreted as regressive. The stratigraphic depositional patterns of gravelly beach systems are, apparently, still poorly understood. 相似文献
14.
Gianluigi Di Paola Pietro Patrizio Ciro Aucelli Guido Benassai Germán Rodríguez 《Natural Hazards》2014,71(3):1795-1819
This paper presents a new method for coastal vulnerability assessment (CVA), which relies upon three indicators: run-up distance (as a measurement of coastal inundation), beach retreat (as a measurement of potential erosion), and beach erosion rate (obtained through the shoreline positions in different periods). The coastal vulnerability analysis of Sele Coastal Plain to storm impacts is examined along a number of beach profiles realized between 2008 and 2009. This particular study area has been selected due to its low-lying topography and high erosion propensity. Results are given in terms of an impact index, performed by combining the response due to coastal inundation, storm erosion, and beach erosion rate. This analysis is implemented on the basis of morphosedimentary characteristics of the beach, wave climate evaluation, and examination of multitemporal aerial photographs and topographic maps. The analysis of the final results evidences different coastal responses as a function of the beach width and slope, which in turn depend on the local anthropization level. The comparison of this method with a Coastal Vulnerability Index method evidences the better attitude of CVA index to take into account the different beach features to explain the experienced damages in specific stretches of the coastline considered. 相似文献
15.
薄互层砂体研究是湖盆沉积学的研究难点。本文针对辽河西部凹陷沙四上亚段（Es4上）薄互层砂体,以层序地层学、沉积学、测井地质学等理论为指导,综合岩心、测录井和地震等多种资料,对西部凹陷的薄互层砂体进行精细描述和深入剖析。结果表明,研究区主要发育辫状河三角洲和湖泊沉积相,其中,滩坝砂体是湖泊相的主力砂体。通过考虑不同沉积背景下滩坝在岩相组合、发育位置和成因机理的差异性,将滩坝划分成侧缘改造型滩坝、前缘改造型滩坝、基岩改造型滩坝、淹没改造型滩坝和风暴改造型滩坝5种沉积模式;对薄层滩坝砂体的控制因素进行分析,认为其受到"风场-物源-盆地"三端元的控制。 相似文献
16.
河北省沙质岸滩存在海岸侵蚀现象,对沙滩旅游、海滩工程建设造成严重威胁,制约河北省海洋经济社会发展。海岸侵蚀监测结果显示,区域海滩滩面受波浪、潮流影响较大,时冲时淤,摆动频繁,沙质岸滩整体处于侵蚀状态,各区段蚀淤情况有所差异,高潮线以上有所淤高,海滩坡度开始变陡,呈下蚀状态。海岸侵蚀灾害已引起沙滩沙质粗化、滩肩变窄、滩坡变陡及基岩裸露比率增多等问题。针对这一突出问题,通过定点测量与遥感监测相结合的方式,研究了河北省海岸线动态演变特征,经计算,河北省各侵蚀岸段海岸侵蚀速率达1.0~4.0m/a,单宽体积侵蚀量-1.42~-19.08m~3/m·a。综合分析显示,人类海岸工程建设、区域海洋水文条件及输砂量减少,是河北省发生海岸侵蚀发生的主要原因。 相似文献
17.
Stefan Becker 《GeoJournal》1998,44(4):297-307
The climatic conditions of seven beach holiday resorts in South Africa (Alexander Bay, Cape Town, George, Port Elizabeth,
East London, Durban and Richard's Bay) have been examined with regard to the thermal perception of beach holiday makers. The
evaluation of the thermal conditions is based on the human energy balance calculations which have been adapted to the requirements
of beach goers. A model has been developed to calculate the missing radiation input data and parameters such as ‘beach day’
and ‘beach hour’ are introduced and defined. The average monthly number of beach days is calculated for every location showing
the highest amounts in Durban and Richard's Bay and the highest annual variations in Cape Town. The Beach Comfort Index Map
of South Africa shows the maximum, minimum and average number of beach days per month and the probability of beach days and
thus providing understandable and interpretable information on the thermal conditions of the sites from the point of view
of beach holiday makers.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
鲕粒滩相碳酸盐岩作为储层的气藏是川西北地区下三叠统飞仙关组地层中最主要的气藏类型.影响飞仙关组滩相储层形成的条件较多,主要受构造作用、沉积作用和成岩作用的影响.分析认为同生断裂导致的地貌升降运动对滩体的展布有着明显的控制作用,上升盘边缘易于滩体的形成与演化;高能沉积相带的台地边缘鲕粒滩最有利于储层的形成与演化;经过白云... 相似文献
19.
滩坝砂体由于经历了湖浪作用的反复淘洗物性良好,成为近年来石油勘探界关注的热点。通过对我国最大的内陆湖泊（青海湖）现代沉积特征的实地考察,从沉积环境、水动力及沉积特征等诸多方面建立了滨岸滩坝沉积的综合鉴别特征,指出低角度冲洗交错层理、反粒序（滩）、正粒序（坝）以及不含泥质等特征是识别滩坝砂体的典型标志。分析结果表明:物源—水动力—湖盆底形—湖岸线—湖平面（基准面）是决定青海湖滩坝是否发育（形成+保存）的主控因素,其中物源为滩坝形成提供了物质基础,水动力为沉积物改造及滩坝形成提供了源动力,湖盆底形与湖岸线决定了滩坝形成的平面位置与规模范围,湖平面（基准面）的升降变化决定了已形成滩坝沉积保存与否的地质命运。陆源滩坝砂体的形成较为容易,但保存较难,只要具备物源、湖盆底形及水动力等基本条件,低位域、高位域及湖侵域都可能形成滩坝砂体,但只有位于长期基准面旋回早期或三级层序湖侵期的滩坝沉积才能得到较好的保存。这对我国陆相盆地岩性油气藏勘探开发具有一定借鉴意义。 相似文献
20.
为了精细描述碳酸盐岩储层展布,对滩相沉积刻画的精度要求日益增高。针对川东地区茅口组地层因抬升遭受剥蚀,难以统计颗粒滩真实厚度的问题,提出结合滩地比技术刻画碳酸盐岩滩相类型及分布范围,进而开展碳酸盐岩沉积相描述。利用丰富的钻井资料,通过滩相识别标志建立、连井沉积对比、滩地比统计以及沉积相平面展布等一系列研究,揭示川东地区茅二a亚段从南西到北东沉积相带展布依次为开阔台地－台地边缘－斜坡－盆地,其中台地边缘在邻水县－丰都县－忠县一带近似呈东西条带状展布;台内低能滩和斜坡低能滩主要分布在滩地比0.3~0.5的区域,台内高能滩在滩地比0.5~0.6的区域发育,台缘滩主要分布在滩地比0.6~0.8的区域,钻井试气结果表明滩相沉积对油气产能具有一定的控制作用,且台缘滩比台内高能滩更具有勘探潜力。本次研究表明在碳酸盐岩地层被剥蚀地区,相比滩体厚度,利用滩地比能够更准确的分析颗粒滩的类型及展布范围,从而判断研究层段颗粒滩发育情况。 相似文献