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1.
西秦岭早三叠世沉积特征及其构造控制作用 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
西秦岭早三叠世沉积由深水浊积岩、角砾岩、砾岩、滑塌堆积、深水灰岩和钙质泥岩六个岩相组成，在垂向上表现为受构造控制而形成的四个沉积旋回。浊积岩及滑塌堆积的指向表明，大陆边缘的斜坡倾向西南，古水流方向２００-２６０°、说明沿碌曲－成县以北的北方板块边缘在早三叠世存在一引张构造背景，这与扬子板块向北俯冲引起的拖拉滚动有关。 相似文献
2.
ABSTRACT
Stacked cross-sets, up to 2.5 m thick, produced by sand wave migration and meniscate trace fossils produced by Echinocardium cordatum , both considered in the literature as typical of shallow-water marine depositional settings, commonly occur in the bathyal Plio-Pleistocene deposits of Monte Torre (Calabria, southern Italy).
The Plio-Pleistocene sediments form two coarsening-upward depositional sequences, separated by an unconformity and by a palaeobathymetric gap of at least 300 m. The lower sequence passes upwards from hemipelagic marls and thin-bedded turbidites to thick-bedded sandy turbidites, then to sand wave deposits alternated with sandy turbidites, and finally to base-of-slope megabreccias. Facies characteristics and relationships, and the occurrence of deep-sea faunal associations, indicate deposition in the bathyal zone. The facies of the upper sequence reflect a fan-delta environment, no deeper than a few tens of metres.
The depositional setting of the lower sequence, where the sand wave deposits and meniscate trace fossils occur, appears to have been a tectonically controlled seaway, connecting the Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas. This seaway became progressively narrower with time, evolving into a strait. The overall coarsening-upward trend reflects the upward transition from a low to a high-energy environment, possibly caused by the tectonic narrowing of the seaway. Deposition and erosion from high-concentration turbidity currents and from tidal bottom currents were important processes. Periods of tectonic activity, producing first the uplift of the seaway margins and culminating with the uplift of the strait sequence itself, are marked by-scattered rockfall deposits.
The strait setting, causing the development of powerful, oxygenated bottom currents, produced optimal conditions in the bathyal zone for the colonization of sandy bottoms by a single infaunal r -selected species, Echinocardium sp. 相似文献
Stacked cross-sets, up to 2.5 m thick, produced by sand wave migration and meniscate trace fossils produced by Echinocardium cordatum , both considered in the literature as typical of shallow-water marine depositional settings, commonly occur in the bathyal Plio-Pleistocene deposits of Monte Torre (Calabria, southern Italy).
The Plio-Pleistocene sediments form two coarsening-upward depositional sequences, separated by an unconformity and by a palaeobathymetric gap of at least 300 m. The lower sequence passes upwards from hemipelagic marls and thin-bedded turbidites to thick-bedded sandy turbidites, then to sand wave deposits alternated with sandy turbidites, and finally to base-of-slope megabreccias. Facies characteristics and relationships, and the occurrence of deep-sea faunal associations, indicate deposition in the bathyal zone. The facies of the upper sequence reflect a fan-delta environment, no deeper than a few tens of metres.
The depositional setting of the lower sequence, where the sand wave deposits and meniscate trace fossils occur, appears to have been a tectonically controlled seaway, connecting the Tyrrhenian and Ionian Seas. This seaway became progressively narrower with time, evolving into a strait. The overall coarsening-upward trend reflects the upward transition from a low to a high-energy environment, possibly caused by the tectonic narrowing of the seaway. Deposition and erosion from high-concentration turbidity currents and from tidal bottom currents were important processes. Periods of tectonic activity, producing first the uplift of the seaway margins and culminating with the uplift of the strait sequence itself, are marked by-scattered rockfall deposits.
The strait setting, causing the development of powerful, oxygenated bottom currents, produced optimal conditions in the bathyal zone for the colonization of sandy bottoms by a single infaunal r -selected species, Echinocardium sp. 相似文献
3.
Sedimentary rocks of the Lower Cretaceous in the Subbetic of the Alamedilla area (province of Granada) were studied. In this area, a significant amount of redeposited sediments within the Carretero Formation were recorded. Resedimented material is mainly composed of Jurassic oolitic limestones and volcanic rocks, as well as of Neocomian hemipelagic sedimentary rocks (marly limestones and marls). All these redeposited sediments corresponding to rock fall and debris flow originated as the result of significant slopes in a very sharp submarine topography. Volcanism and the resultant volcanic edifices created this sharp slopes making up in some cases guyots. The volcanism was mainly active in the Middle Jurassic, although it persisted locally until Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, and controlled the sedimentation in this area of the Subbetic basin during most of the Mesozoic. The proposed genetic model is in agreement with a base-of-slope apron model with two significant special features: (1) the provenance of the clasts mainly from Jurassic outcrops with oolites deposited in guyots and isolated marine platforms, and volcanic submarine rocks, and (2) the palaeobathymetry of the deposits, relatively shallow and sporadically affected by storm waves. 相似文献
4.
Distinctive thin-bedded turbidite facies and related depositional environments in the Eocene Hecho Group (South-central Pyrenees, Spain) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
EMILIANO MUTTI 《Sedimentology》1977,24(1):107-131
The vertical and lateral stratigraphic relations of facies and facies associations, palaeocurrent directions, and geometry and internal organization of associated thick-bedded and coarse-grained bodies of sandstone provide the framework for distinguishing five thin-bedded turbidite facies in the Eocene Hecho Group, south-central Pyrenees, Spain. Each facies is characterized by a number of primary features which are palaeoenvironmental indicators by themselves. These features and their palaeoenvironmental significance are summarized below.
- 1 The impressive regularity and lateral persistence of bedding and depositional structures, combined with the association of thin hemipelagic intercalations are typical characteristics of the basin plain thin-bedded turbidites. Lateral variations in bed thickness, internal structures, grain size, sand: shale ratio, and amounts of hemipelagic intercalations are present in these sediments, but take place so gradually that they cannot generally be recognized at the scale of even very large exposures. The basin plain facies has a remarkable character of uniformity over great distances and considerable stratigraphic thicknesses.
- 2 Thickening-upward and/or symmetric cycles with individual thicknesses ranging from a few metres to a few tens of metres are typical of lobe-fringe thin-bedded turbidites. The sediments that comprise the cycles contain small but recognizable variations in bed thickness and sand: shale ratio. The diagnostic cyclic pattern can be detected in relatively small exposures. It should be noted that in absence of coarse-grained and thick-bedded sandstone of the depositional lobes the above cyclic pattern is diagnostic of fan-fringe areas.
- 3 An extremely irregular bedding pattern with lensing, wedding, and amalgamation of individual beds over very short distances, sharp rippled tops of many beds, and internal depositional structures indicative of mainly tractional processes without substantial fallout, are typical and exclusive characteristics of channelmouth thin-bedded turbidites.
- 4 Bundles of interbedded thin-bedded sandstone and mudstone as thick as a few metres that are separated in vertical sequences by mudstone units of roughly similar or greater thickness are typical of interchannel thin-bedded turbidites. The most diagnostic feature of this depositional environment is the presence of beds of sandstone filling broad shallow channels as probable crevasse-splays.
- 5 Thin, thoroughly rippled sandstone beds with marked divergence of the bedding attitude characterize the channel-margin facies. The divergence or expansion in thickness, is consistently toward the channel axis. Small and shallow channels filled with thin-bedded deposits, interpreted here as crevasses cut into channel edges or levees during period of severe overbanking are also characteristic.
5.
Valentina Vincenzi Alessandro Gargini Nico Goldscheider Leonardo Piccinini 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(3):947-965
Water inflows are a major challenge in tunnelling and particularly difficult to predict in geological settings consisting of heterogeneous sedimentary rock formations with complex tectonic structure. For a high-speed railway line between Bologna and Florence (Italy), a series of seven railway tunnels was drilled through turbiditic formations, ranging from pelitic rocks with thin arenitic layers over sequences including thick-bedded sandstone to calcareous rocks showing chemical dissolution phenomena (karstification). The tunnels were built as draining tunnels and caused significant impacts, such as drying of springs and base-flow losses at mountain streams. A comprehensive hydrological monitoring programme and four multi-tracer test were done, focusing on four sections of the tunnel system. The tracer tests delivered unprecedented data on groundwater flow and transport in turbiditic aquifers and made it possible to better characterize the differential impacts of tunnel drainage along a geological gradient. The impact radius is 200 m in the thin-bedded sequences but reaches 2.3–4.0 km in calcareous and thick-bedded arenitic turbidites. Linear flow velocities, as determined from the peaks of the tracer breakthrough curves, range from 3.6 m/day in the thin-bedded turbidites to 39 m/day in the calcareous rocks (average values from the four test sites). At several places, discrete fault zones were identified as main hydraulic pathways between impacted streams and draining tunnels. This case shows that ignoring the hydrogeological conditions in construction projects can cause terrible damage, and the study presents an approach to better predict hydraulic impacts of draining tunnels in complex sedimentary rock settings. 相似文献
6.
D. RHODRI JOHNS 《Sedimentology》1978,25(4):561-573
In the Kokkinovrakhos Formation of central Greece, poorly sorted, grain supported, lithoclastic carbonate rudites, megabreccias and olistoliths are associated with accumulations of fine-grained laminated carbonates. The laminae frequently exhibit grading and are interpreted as turbidity current deposits. The coarser grained rudites and megabreccias were also redeposited but were probably transported downslope by sliding and rolling, i.e. they are rock-fall deposits. Olistoliths were emplaced into deeper water by sliding. The fine-grained sediments of the laminated facies appear to have accumulated in pockets on an uneven sea floor during episodes of minimal rock fall activity. The sedimentary association is similar to that described from some modern fore-reef environments and is possibly characteristic of accumulations of sediment on, or near to, steep slopes adjacent to carbonate platforms, when episodes of tectonic activity lead to the shearing off and transport downslope of masses of well-cemented shallow marine carbonates. 相似文献
7.
The Late Proterozoic Conception Group, exposed on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland, Canada, is a 4 km thick turbidite succession containing a conformable 300 m thick sequence of diamictites (the Gaskiers Formation) near the base. Massive and crudely-stratified diamictites form beds up to 25 m thick which have a tabular geometry with slightly erosive basal contacts and are interbedded with mudstones and fine-grained, thin-bedded turbidites. These diamictites are interpreted as submarine debris flow deposits. Disrupted diamictites form strongly deformed units that contain large, complexly folded rafts of mudstone and turbidite facies. These diamictite units are interpreted as submarine slumps. Diamictites contain glacially-striated and faceted clasts; clasts and matrix are predominantly of volcanic provenance. One outcrop shows interbedded volcanic agglomerate and diamictite, and volcanic bombs can also be identified. The interbedding of diamictites with turbidites and the stratigraphic context provided by the thick sequences of turbidites below (Mall Bay Formation) and above (Drook Formation) indicate a deep marine slope setting of diamictite deposition. Diamictite facies record remobilization and downslope transfer of large volumes of unstable volcanic and glacial debris initially deposited in a shallower water marginal marine zone. The regional tectonic framework suggests the Conception Group accumulated in a deep, southward-opening ensialic rift basin with active but waning volcanic centres to the north. The Gaskiers Formation may be representative of other Late Precambrian glacially-influenced diamictite sequences that were deposited around the North Atlantic region and in Europe. These deep marine diamictite sequences characterized by debris flows, turbidites, and slump deposits, can be contrasted with more extensive shallow marine shelf diamictite sequences found in association with dolomites and tidally influenced shallow water facies in other basinal settings. 相似文献
8.
9.
Sedimentary cycles in an upper Miocene succession of hemipelagic sediments (marls) and laminites (sapropels) were deposited in an outerarc basin and are related to the astronomical cycles of precession and eccentricity. Individual marl-laminite couplets correspond with the cycle of precession which has a periodicity of about 22 kyr. The lower part of the succession contains a turbidite interval comprising a number of distinct turbidite sequences. The turbidite sequences occur within or substitute entirely the laminite beds, so that turbidite deposition is similarly precession punctuated. The turbidite facies is characteristic for small, prograding fan lobes fed by small-volume turbidites. The abundant plant remains, the local palaeogeographic setting and the association with laminites (related to wet climate) suggest a river-fed submarine fan-lobe, where the timing of sediment transport is largely controlled by river floods during periods of high precipitation and continental run-off. The onset and ending of the turbidite interval is most likely linked with either autocyclic processes or by tectonic steepening of the hinterland relief. Sea-level changes seem least important for the triggering of turbidites, which is in contrast with current beliefs. 相似文献
10.
Olivier Parize Jean-Louis Feybesse François Guillocheau Thierry Mulder 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2013,345(2):101-110
The Francevillian series (Gabon) in which the Earth's oldest large colonial organisms were recently discovered (El Albani et al., 2010) were deposited 2 Gyr ago. These series are usually interpreted as a fining-upward basin-fill sequence composed by five superimposed lithological terms noted FA to FE. New studies initiated by AREVA, allowed new data to be collected on the southwestern edge of the Francevillian basin, particularly on newly excavated outcrops. Facies interpretations show that the Poubara sandstones and associated shales and black shales (upper part of FB,FB2a), correspond to turbidites deposited on an upper slope rather than one a shelf, submitted to tidal currents or storm wave action. These new interpretations based on facies association, sedimentary geometries, and basin evolution show that the depositional environment could be a turbidite lobe set at a palaeobathymetry deeper than 200 m. 相似文献
11.
鄂尔多斯盆地西南部延长组长7段浊积岩沉积特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据野外露头、岩心观察及粒度分析,对鄂尔多斯盆地西南部延长组长7段浊积岩的沉积特征进行了研究。结果表明,浊积岩主要为岩屑长石砂岩,以次棱角状为主,成分成熟度及结构成熟度较低;粒度分布上具有典型的浊流沉积的特征,发育粒序层理、包卷层理、沟模、槽模、重荷模、滑塌变形等沉积构造;常见的鲍马序列层序组合有AB型、ABC型、ADE型、AE型。研究区浊积扇可分为上扇、中扇、下扇亚相及主沟道、辫状沟道等相应的沉积微相,上扇、中扇分布范围较广,是浊积扇的主体。在古地理演化过程中,长73浊积岩体规模较小,长72—长71湖侵作用减弱,深湖线收缩,浊积岩逐渐发育,在华池—庆城一带连片展布;湖盆地形、物源供给及构造运动是影响浊积岩发育及分布的重要原因。 相似文献
12.
《Sedimentary Geology》2002,146(1-2):155-189
Cenomanian through Coniacian strata near the town of Sopeira in the south-central Pyrenees (northern Spain) are composed of a variety of autochthonous and allochthonous carbonate slope lithologies that are divided into six depositional sequences based on facies distribution patterns and stratal relationships. The sequences record three major phases of platform margin evolution: rifting, burial, and exhumation. During the first phase (sequences UK-1, UK-2, UK-3, UK-4, and lower UK-5), deposition occurred on the edge of a wrench basin, and a normal fault located beneath the platform margin strongly influenced slope evolution. Background hemipelagic sediments on the slope were commonly redeposited by submarine slumps and slides. More intense reworking resulted in matrix-supported, slope-derived megaconglomerates (debrites).During the Cenomanian and Turonian, seismically triggered debris flows originated at the platform margin, bypassed the upper slope, and were deposited on the lower slope as polymictic, clast-supported, matrix-rich megabreccias. The megabreccias form channelized and sheet-like bodies with erosional basal surfaces. Shallow carbonate environments backstepped during the Late Turonian and Coniacian, but displacement along the fault at this time resulted in the development of a steep submarine scarp and the exposure of Cenomanian and Lower Turonian strata to submarine erosion. Matrix-poor, margin-derived megabreccias form a thick talus pile at the base of the scarp. Some of the breccias were transported into the basin as debris falls, forming sheet-like beds.Marl eventually buried the Coniacian scarp in sequence UK-5, resulting in the second major phase of platform slope evolution. The slope profile at this time was relatively gentle, and redeposited material is less common. In the third phase (sequence UK-6), tectonically induced bankward erosion during the Santonian resulted in a high (greater than 800 m) erosional scarp with a regional east–west trend that was subsequently onlapped by siliciclastic turbidites. Rejuvenation of erosion in the same vicinity suggests that long-term tectonism controlled the position of the slope, rates of erosion, and sediment type on the slope.Sediment gravity flow processes are laterally and temporally related. Submarine slide and slump deposits commonly grade laterally downslope into slope-derived megaconglomerates. Debris flows that originated at the platform margin appear to have initiated slumps, slides, and other debris flows on the slope. Debris fall deposits are commonly capped by coarse, graded, lithoclastic packstones that may represent turbidites generated by the debris falls.Sediment fabric exerted a profound impact on depositional processes, distribution of facies, and morphology of the slope. Fine-grained, mud-rich, lower slope deposits were unstable at even moderate slope angles, and have been extensively redeposited. Redeposition of grain-rich, upper slope facies was triggered by syndepositional seismic activity and upslope migration of instability and erosion. In the presence of mud, the transport mechanisms are typically cohesive debris flows, which were able to carry material onto the lower slope and into the basin. When no mud was available, rock falls and debris falls were the dominant sediment gravity flows, and their deposits are restricted to a position on the hanging wall proximal to the fault. 相似文献
13.
Sequence stratigraphic concepts can provide a powerful tool for understanding the tectono-sedimentary evolution of areas extending across different tectonic domains. An example is provided by the upper Serravallian strata of the northern Apennines, where a sedimentological and biostratigraphic study allows a sequence boundary to be traced across the foredeep and piggy-back basin successions. Turbidite sedimentation of predominantly alpine and subordinate apenninic provenance occurred in the apenninic foreland basin throughout the middle Miocene. Deep-water sedimentation in the foredeep was laterally associated with deposition in shelf to slope environments in the piggy-back basins. In the piggy-back basin succession, the upper Serravallian sequence boundary is a laterally extensive unconformity within homogeneous marly deposits. This unconfonnity is laterally correlative with the base of lenticular turbidite bodies. A stratigraphic lacuna affecting Zone N14 characterizes the marginal areas, where glaucony-rich deposits assigned to Zone N15 unconformably overlie marls displaying association of Zone N13. In the depocentres, where no significant stratigraphic gap has been detected, the sequence boundary is narrowly constrained to lowermost Zone N14. The upper Serravallian unconformity of the piggy-back basins succession is correlative with time-equivalent features in two distinct parts (inner basin and outer basin) of the foredeep. In the inner basin the sequence boundary separates basin margin turbidites from overlying slope hemipelagites. In a more external position (outer basin) the sequence boundary is the base of a characteristic mega turbidite of apenninic provenance (Turrito layer). In other sectors of the outer basin, where turbidite sedimentation was entirely of alpine provenance, the sequence boundary has no clear physical expression. The observed facies distribution in the study area suggests that an important thrusting event affected the northern Apennines in the late Serravallian, resulting in submarine channel incision and nondeposition in the piggy-back basins. Compressional activity in the foredeep was responsible for the closure of the inner basin and subsequent shifting of turbidite sedimentation in the outer basin. Slope instability led to widespread remobilization of previously deposited turbidites, triggering turbidite events of huge volume. The different characteristics of the sequence boundary in the various parts of the foredeep constitute an example of differential response of a multisourced supply system to tectonic deformation. 相似文献
14.
The Late Eocene-Early Oligocene sedimentary fill of the Lemnos Island, NE Greece, is represented by a submarine fan and shelf
deposits. Turbidites in the system occur as a laterally isolated body, with one sediment influx center present. The influx
center is a proximal distributary channel that occupies a position approximately in the fan’s center and displays the coarsest
sediment in the study area. It also suggests in association with the main palaeocurrent direction toward NE a curved shape
for the fan. The stratigraphic succession of the submarine fans indicates that their sedimentation started during the base
level fall and completed shortly after the base level rise. As a consequence, the study area was filled by turbidites that
correspond to forced regressive, lowstand normal regressive, and transgressive genetic units. The progradational bedsets,
within the basal part of the turbidite deposits, recorded the history of the base level fall. The mixed progradational/aggradational
style of the upper part of the submarine fan system suggests that the regression of the shoreline is driven by sediment supply
during a period of base-level rise at the shoreline, or at a time of baselevel stillstand. The overlying shelf facies consist
of thick to medium bedded sandstones and mudstones, which display a general thinning upward trend. The base of the mudstone
facies that overlie the thick-bedded, amalgamated sandstones corresponds to a transgressive surface. This surface separates
the low-stand deposits (thick-bedded sandstones) from the high stand deposits (mudstone facies), suggesting that deposition
of shelf facies occurred during a transgressive system tract. 相似文献
15.
Escanaba Trough is the southernmost segment of the Gorda Ridge and is filled by sandy turbidites locally exceeding 500 m in thickness. New results from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 1037 and 1038 that include accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dates and revised petrographic evaluation of the sediment provenance, combined with high-resolution seismic-reflection profiles, provide a lithostratigraphic framework for the turbidite deposits. Three fining-upward units of sandy turbidites from the upper 365 m at ODP Site 1037 can be correlated with sediment recovered at ODP Site 1038 and Deep Sea Drilling Program (DSDP) Site 35. Six AMS 14C ages in the upper 317 m of the sequence at Site 1037 indicate that average deposition rates exceeded 10 m/k.yr. between 32 and 11 ka, with nearly instantaneous deposition of one approximately 60-m interval of sand. Petrography of the sand beds is consistent with a Columbia River source for the entire sedimentary sequence in Escanaba Trough. High-resolution acoustic stratigraphy shows that the turbidites in the upper 60 m at Site 1037 provide a characteristic sequence of key reflectors that occurs across the floor of the entire Escanaba Trough. Recent mapping of turbidite systems in the northeast Pacific Ocean suggests that the turbidity currents reached the Escanaba Trough along an 1100-km-long pathway from the Columbia River to the west flank of the Gorda Ridge. The age of the upper fining-upward unit of sandy turbidites appears to correspond to the latest Wisconsinan outburst of glacial Lake Missoula. Many of the outbursts, or j?kulhlaups, from the glacial lakes probably continued flowing as hyperpycnally generated turbidity currents on entering the sea at the mouth of the Columbia River. 相似文献
16.
MEI Mingxiang 《《地质学报》英文版》2008,82(2):295-309
In the long Precambrian period, stromatolitic carbonate successions were very common. However, the non-stromatolitic carbonate succession that is marked by subtidal deposits shows a sharp contrast to the stromatolitic carbonate succession. Both the non-stromatolitic and the stromatolitic carbonate successions are important clues for the further understanding of the evolving carbonate world of the Precambrian. The Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation at the Qiangou section in northwestern suburb of Beijing is a set of more than 1000 m-thick carbonate strata that can be divided into four members （or subformations）, in which a non-stromatolitic carbonate succession marked by the scarcity of stromatolites makes up the third member of the formation. This non-stromatolitic carbonate succession can further be subdivided into three third-order sequences that are marked by the regular succession of sedimentary facies. In third-order sequences, a lot of subtidal carbonate meter-scale cycles made up of medium-bedded leiolite limestones and thin-bedded marls constitute their transgressive system tracts （TSTs） and the early high-stand system tracts （EHSTs）, a lot of meter- scale cycles made up by thin-bedded limestones and marls constitute their condensed sections （CSs）, and thick-bedded to massive dolomitic limestones or lime dolomites make up the late high-stand system tracts （LHSTs）. The particularly non-stromatolitic carbonate succession making up the third member of the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation at the Qiangou section might be the representative of the non-stromatolitic carbonate succession of the Precambrian because of its special lithological features and particular sedimentary structures, and its general sedimentary features are helpful and meaningful for the further understanding of the evolution rules of the sophisticate and evolving carbonate world of the Precambrian. The time scale of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation is deduced as that from 1600 Ma to 1400 Ma; thus, the non-stromatolitic 相似文献
17.
The Shah Kuh Formation of the Khur area (Central Iran) consists of predominantly micritic, thick-bedded shallow-water carbonates, which are rich in orbitolinid foraminifera and rudists. It represents a late(est) Barremian – Early Aptian carbonate platform and overlies Upper Jurassic – Barremian continental and marginal marine sediments (Chah Palang and Noqreh formations); it is overlain by basinal deposits of the Upper Aptian – Upper Albian Bazyab Formation. The lithofacies changes at both, the base and top of the Shah Kuh Formation are gradational, showing that the formation is part of an overall transgressive sedimentary megacycle, and that the formational boundaries are potentially diachronous on larger distances. Analyses of facies and stratal geometries suggest that the Shah Kuh carbonate system started as a narrow, high-energy shelf that developed into a large-scale, flat-topped rudist platform without marginal rim or steep slope. The Shah Kuh Platform is part of a large depositional system of epeiric shallow-water carbonates that characterized large parts of present-day Iran during Late Barremian – Aptian times (“Orbitolina limestones” of NW and Central Iran, the Alborz and the Koppeh Dagh). Their biofacies is very similar to contemporaneous deposits from the western Tethys and eastern Arabia, and they form an important, hitherto poorly known component of the Tethyan warm-water carbonate platform belt. 相似文献
18.
河南登封地区寒武系第三统张夏组是一套167m厚的碳酸盐岩地层,出露连续且完整,发育以微生物岩主导和以后生动物扰动灰岩主导的两种米级旋回类型。通过对米级旋回的演化及其沉积学和古遗迹学特征分析,张夏组自下而上由以微生物岩主导的米级旋回逐渐让位于以后生动物扰动灰岩主导的米级旋回;沉积体系由无鲕粒滩的碳酸盐岩台地逐渐向发育厚层鲕粒滩的碳酸盐岩台地演化;沉积环境从潮下低能深水演变为开阔台地,并逐渐变浅形成鲕粒滩、局限台地;沉积岩类型从叠层石、凝块石灰岩等微生物岩逐渐变化为生物碎屑灰岩、生物扰动灰岩和含生物扰动鲕粒灰岩。 相似文献
19.
HENRY T. MULLINS KATHRYN C. HEATH† H. MARK VAN BUREN† CATHRYN R. NEWTON 《Sedimentology》1984,31(2):141-168
The open-ocean carbonate slope north of Little Bahama Bank consists of a relatively steep (4°) upper slope between water depths of 200 and 900 m, and a more gentle (1–2°) lower slope between depths of 900 and 1300+ m. The upper slope is dissected by numerous, small, submarine canyons (50–150 m in relief) that act as a line source for the downslope transport of coarse-grained carbonate debris. The lower slope is devoid of any well-defined canyons but does contain numerous, small (1–5 m) hummocks of uncertain origin and numerous, larger (5–40 m), patchily distributed, ahermatypic coral mounds. Sediments along the upper slope have prograded seaward during the Cenozoic as a slope-front-fill seismic facies of fine-grained peri-platform ooze. Surface sediments show lateral gradation of both grain size and carbonate mineralogy, with the fine fraction derived largely from the adjacent shallow-water platform. Near-surface sedimentary facies along the upper slope display a gradual downslope decrease in the degree of submarine cementation from well-lithified hardgrounds to patchily cemented nodular ooze to unlithified peri-platform ooze, controlled by lateral variations in diagenetic potential and/or winnowing by bottom currents. Submarine cementation stabilizes the upper part of the slope, allowing upbuilding of the platform margin, and controls the distribution of submarine slides, as well as the headward extent of submarine canyons. Where unlithified, sediments are heavily bioturbated and are locally undergoing dolomitization. Upper slope sediments are also ‘conditioned’eustatically, resulting in vertical, cyclic sequences of diagenetically unstable (aragonite and magnesian calcite-rich) and stable (calcite-rich) carbonates that may explain the well-bedded nature of ancient peri-platform ooze sequences. Lower slope sediments have prograded seaward during the Cenozoic as a chaotic-fill seismic facies of coarse-grained carbonate turbidites and debris flow deposits with subordinate amounts of peri-platform ooze. Coarse clasts are ‘internally’derived from fine-grained upper slope sediments via incipient cementation, submarine sliding and the generation of sediment gravity flows. Gravity flows bypass the upper slope via a multitude of canyons and are deposited along the lower slope as a wedge-shaped apron of debris, parallel to the adjacent shelf edge, consisting of a complex spatial arrangement of localized turbidites and debris flow deposits. A proximal apron facies of thick, mud-supported debris flow deposits plus thick, coarse-grained, Ta turbidites, grades seaward into a distal apron facies of thinner, grain-supported debris flow deposits and thinner, finer grained Ta-b turbidites with increasing proportions of peri-platform ooze. Both the geomorphology and sedimentary facies relationships of the carbonate apron north of Little Bahama Bank differ significantly from the classic submarine fan model. As such, a carbonate apron model offers an alternative to the fan model for palaeoenvironmental analysis of ancient, open-ocean carbonate slope sequences. 相似文献
20.
东辛油田沙三中亚段发育大量与三角洲前缘滑塌相伴生的坡移浊积扇、滑塌浊积扇、远源浊积岩以及洪水成因的水下碎屑流,发育岩性油藏及岩性-构造油藏。纵向上,湖退体系域早期准层序组PS7～PS5是最主要的油气富集层位,其次为湖侵体系域PS8;平面上,各准层序组西部油气富集程度好于东部,含油储层主要为滑塌浊积扇及部分远源浊积岩,其次为坡移浊积扇。油气分布主要受宏观沉积相带、构造、微观储集物性和成岩作用等多种因素控制,距油源远近控制油藏纵向有利层位,砂体成因类型控制着平面有利区带。 相似文献