共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
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Geological, petrologic, geochemical, and isotopic geochronological evidence for Grenville events at the western margin of the Siberian Craton are considered. These events were related to assembly of the Rodinia supercontinent. Multiple manifestations of riftogenic and within-plate magmatism at the final stage of orogenic evolution gave rise to breakdown of Rodinia and the formation of the Paleoasian ocean. The results allowed us to develop a new concept on the Precambrian geological evolution of the Yenisei Ridge and the processes that created its tectonic structure. The chronological sequence of events in the history of the Transangarian Yenisei Ridge is based on geological evidence and isotopic dating of Precambrian complexes variable in geodynamic nature. Four tectonic stages dated at 1.4?1.1, 1.1?0.9, 0.90?0.85, and 0.8?0.6 Ga were controlled by collision and extension recognized from large regional linear crustal structural elements. The evolution of the Transangarian Yenisei Ridge, which lasted for ～650 Ma, corresponds in duration to supercontinental cycles that begin from rifting and breakdown of the predated supercontinent and was completed by orogeny and the formation of a new supercontinent. The regional geodynamic history correlates with the synchronous sequence and similar style of tectonothermal events at the periphery of the large Precambrian Laurentia and Baltica cratons. This is evidenced by paleocontinental reconstructions, which confirm close spatiotemporal links of Siberia with cratons in the northern Atlantic 1400?600 Ma ago and indicate incorporation of the Siberian Craton into the ancient Nuna and Rodinia supercontinents. 相似文献
3.
In recent decades, the concept of cultural heritage has evolved into one that encompasses an understanding of the history of humanity, together with scientific knowledge and intellectual attitudes. This changing concept has prompted a subsequent re-evaluation of what constitutes the outstanding universal values of World Heritage sites and the operational methods for implementing the UNESCO World Heritage Convention. The scope has broadened from studying a single monument in isolation to one that values a multidimensional, multiregional, and inter-disciplinary approach and encapsulates vast spans of human history. Within this broader view, landslides and more generally slope instabilities are an important factor endangering cultural heritage sites, especially prehistoric sites, earth/rock monuments, and archaeological sites affected by environmental processes and degradation. Natural and cultural heritage sites, as well as cultural landscapes, are then tied into a common framework that the Geological Society of America has defined “Men’s legacy to Earth and Earth’s legacy to Man”. On the other hand, not too much effort has been expended in the past to develop conservation policies systematically integrating geological, geomorphological, and engineering geological aspects into daily practices. The purpose of the “LAndslides and CUltural & Natural HEritage” thematic Network (LACUNHEN) is to create a platform for scientists and practitioners who are ready to jointly contribute to safeguarding relevant endangered Natural and Cultural Heritage sites (e.g., Machu Picchu). They will share and disseminate their respective experience, demonstrating how these special “objects” require approaches, techniques, and solutions that go far beyond traditional civil engineering perspectives. 相似文献
4.
Robert Bowen 《Environmental Geology》1990,16(1):35-41
The structural conservation project at the Göreme circus, with its rock-hewn churches, is a program for safeguarding this area in Cappadocia. The aim of this paper is to inquire into the causes of observed degradation and define a general plan of intervention which associates processes controlling the development of the phenomena with appropriate repair technologies facilitating treatment of the most urgent cases of damage. The first problem noted is clearly erosion. To natural erosion must be added the effects of localized erosion resulting from increasing tourism on the site. The second difficulty is to be seen in fissuring and fracturing in the soft rock, a volcanic tuff. Treatment of fissures in domes involves complete covering of the rock. Also, it must be noted that low-pressure injection grouting with a product suitable for the fissures would assure water-tightness of the monument and restore to the massif its monolithic stability. 相似文献
5.
Analyses of deterioration of the Cappadocian tuff, Turkey 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
The Cappadocian tuff contains unique erosional features, the so-called fairy chimneys, some of which in the past were dwelled
in and contain valuable wall paintings. These historical heritages, however, are undergoing chemical and physical deterioration
due to atmospheric effects. For the conservation studies, understanding of the deterioration phenomenon of the tuff is essential.
In this study, engineering geological and physicochemical characteristics of the tuff were determined. The durability of the
tuff was assessed through wetting-drying, freezing-thawing, and salt crystallization. The test results suggest that chemical
weathering may be traced to a depth of 2 cm below lichen-covered surfaces and 20 cm adjacent to discolored joint walls. Based
on durability assessment methods, the tuff may be classified as having poor to very poor durability.
Received: 16 December 1996 · Accepted: 3 April 1997 相似文献
6.
在滇中易门-罗茨断裂带以西前人划分的昆阳群美党组中发现了大量的中酸性凝灰岩。采用锆石激光剥蚀法(LAICP-MS)对易门县铜厂一带的英安质凝灰岩、石英晶屑凝灰岩进行了年龄测定,获得锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值为1842±26Ma(MSWD=7.6,n=29)和1860±25Ma(MSWD=2.5,n=11)。2件样品的锆石Th/U值为0.2～1.0,且均具清晰的振荡环带结构,为岩浆成因锆石。该套凝灰岩产于一套厚度超过1000m的火山-细碎屑岩组合中,其下发育厚约800m的黑色板岩-碳酸盐岩组合,表明滇中易门地区存在厚度超过2000m的古元古界。此年龄值与全球性的Columbia超大陆事件一致,所以,在进行Columbia超大陆重建时需要充分考虑扬子陆块的位置及意义。 相似文献
7.
A R Banghar 《Journal of Earth System Science》1983,92(2):207-215
Constants occurring in Seggern and Blandford's analytic expression of reduced displacement potential are computed for shot media of alluvium, salt and tuff. The amplitude spectra as well as impulse response of the source function for models of Haskell and Seggern are studied as a function of yield. It is shown that the maximum in amplitude spectrum shifts to lower frequency with increase in yield for a given model. The duration of impulse response is longer for Seggern's model as compared to Haskell's model for a given yield. 相似文献
8.
A. M. Larin 《Geology of Ore Deposits》2014,56(4):257-280
The paper systematizes and integrates the results of geological, isotopic geochronological, and geochemical studies of the igneous rocks that make up the Ulkan-Dzhugdzhur anorthosite-rapakivi granite-peralkaline granite association and related mineralization. This association is a typical example of anorogenic igneous rocks that formed in the within-plate geodynamic setting most likely under effect of the mantle superplume, which was active in the territory of the Siberian Craton 1.75–1.70 Ga ago. The igneous rock association formed in a discrete regime that reflected the pulsatory evolution of a sublithospheric mantle source. The prerift (1736–1727 Ma) and rift proper (1722–1705 Ma) stages and a number of substages are distinguished. All igneous rocks pertaining to this association have mixed mantle-crustal origin. Basic rocks crystallized from the OIB-type basaltic magma, which underwent crustal contamination at various depths. Felsic rocks are products of mantle and crustal magma mixing. The contribution of mantle component progressively increased in a time-dependent sequence: moderately alkaline subsolvus granite → moderately alkaline and alkaline hypersolvus granites → peralkaline hypersolvus granite. All endogenic deposits in the studied district are related to a single source represented by the mantle plume and its derivatives. The Fe-Ti-apatite deposits hosted in anorthosite formed as a result of intense lower crustal contamination of basaltic magma near the Moho discontinuity and two stages of fractional crystallization at lower and upper crustal depth levels. The rare-metal deposits are genetically related to peralkaline granite. Formation of uranium deposits was most likely caused by Middle Riphean rejuvenation of the region, which also involved rocks of the Ulkan-Dzhugdzhur association. 相似文献
9.
Poonam S. Tiwari R. D. Garg A. K. Sen V. K. Dadhwal 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(10):4163-4173
The Khetri Copper Belt is well known because of its economically viable Cu deposits. In this region, there is a linear narrow zone following a major crustal fracture. Along this zone, due to hydrothermal activity and subsequent alteration, a new rock, albitite has formed. The study presents an account of the spectral analysis of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) dataset for albitite mapping in the Khetri Copper Belt. Spectral angle mapper algorithm is applied on the ASTER data taking the ground sample reflectance spectra (VNIR–SWIR) and image derived spectra (TIR) as reference spectra. The albitite-classified areas are analyzed spatially and statistically to determine the extent of albitite zone in the study area. This research is to contribute to the better understanding of the spatial extent of the albitite zone which will assist in determining the potential for the mineralization in the area. The remote sensing approach of utilizing multichannel data offers the capability to resolve the key geological features of this geologically dynamic area. 相似文献
10.
Sm-Nd geochronology may be used to bracket the age of metamorphism in rocks which are difficult to date by other methods. By coupling whole rock Sm-Nd analyses of the principal members of the South Harris Igneous Complex, with Sm-Nd mineral isochrons on two anothositic gabbros, the age of granulite facios metamorphism has been defined. Whole rock analyses of three pairs of closely spaced samples of the anorthosite give consistent ages averaging 2.18±0.06 Gyr, but in general the data from the anorthosite do not define an isochron as a result of variable contamination of the evolving magma chamber. Whole rock data on the tonalite indicate that it is younger than 2.06 Gyr; its mean TCHUR age is 1.86±0.05 Gyr. Garnet-pyroxene-amphibole-plagioclase mineral isochrons on two anorthosite samples give identical 1.87±0.04 Gyr ages which date cooling after the high pressure granulite facies metamorphism. Together with the tonalite whole rock data this defines the age of that metamorphism and confirms Dearnley's original assignment of an early Laxfordian age. 相似文献
11.
X. J. Li W. M. Yang L. G. Wang I. B. Butler 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2014,47(6):2211-2223
Splitting failure, which is recognized as a special engineering geology phenomenon, occurs continually in the brittle rock mass of caverns during underground excavation. In this paper, a splitting model of linear slippage crack groups is built with fracture mechanics, energy analysis, and crack extension theories. Considering intrinsic cracks in rock mass and change of outer stress, intrinsic cracks propagate into macroscopical splitting cracks that are approximately parallel to the side wall of caverns. The splitting criterion of cavern rock mass and the method for predicting displacement in view of splitting opening displacement are proposed. In the end, the forecasting method is applied to the Jinping-I Hydropower Station, underground caverns engineering in China, the splitting failure zone and forecasting displacement are accordant with the monitoring data. The new forecasting displacement method is proven to contribute to the construction of similar underground caverns. 相似文献
12.
论火山碎屑流和涌浪堆积的特征和成因模式：以浙东南沿海地区为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
本文根据野外地质特征、岩相学特征以及岩石化学和地球化学特征,将火山碎屑流和涌浪堆积归纳为三种不同的岩相组分,即次火山型熔结凝灰岩组合、涌浪型熔结凝灰岩组合和灰流型熔结凝灰岩组合。对这三种不同的岩相组合,特别是其中的熔结凝灰岩的各类特征分别进行了详细论述和相互对比,并在此基础上提出了一个火山碎屑流和涌浪堆积的综合成因模式。 相似文献
13.
P. Imsland 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》1983,83(1-2):31-37
The volcanism in Iceland occurs on both rift zones and non-rifting zones. The rift zone volcanism produces rock suites of the tholeiitic series, ranging from primitive tholeiites (MORB) to highly silicic rocks. The non-rifting volcanic zones produce rock suites of transitional to mildly alkaline or even calc-alkaline composition, the basalts typically being FETI-basalts. Over 50 per cent of the rift zone production in Iceland is of the primitive MORB-type. The relative amount of the evolved rock types, as well as the total volcanic production increases inland along the rift zones. The rock types of the Icelandic rift zones are identical to those of the submerged oceanic rift zones, but the Icelandic production is somewhat offset towards a more voluminous evolved end. The skewness in volume relations of rock types, as compared to the oceanic rifts in general, is mainly caused by the products of the non-rifting volcanic zones of Iceland and only to a small degree by the rift zone products. 相似文献
14.
This article presents the cloud model-based approach for comprehensive stability evaluation of complicated rock slopes of hydroelectric stations in mountainous area. This approach is based on membership cloud models which can account for randomness and fuzziness in slope stability evaluation. The slope stability is affected by various factors and each of which is ranked into five grades. The ranking factors are sorted into four categories. The ranking system of slope stability is introduced and then the membership cloud models are applied to analyze each ranking factor for generating cloud memberships. Afterwards, the obtained cloud memberships are synthesized with the factor weights given by experts for comprehensive stability evaluation of rock slopes. The proposed approach is used for the stability evaluation of the left abutment slope in Jinping 1 Hydropower Station. It is shown that the cloud model-based strategy can well consider the effects of each ranking factor and therefore is feasible and reliable for comprehensive stability evaluation of rock slopes. 相似文献
15.
关于河南灵泉寺石窟地质病害及整治方法的研究 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
灵泉寺石窟是 1996 年国务院公布的第四批国家重点文物保护单位。 千余年以来, 该石窟除遭受人为破坏外, 在自然营力作用下, 还产生了较严重的地质病害, 使石雕艺术品遭到不同程度的破坏, 目前面临严重的保护任务。 为此, 对地质病害进行了详细的工程地质研究和地震作用分析, 对石窟所在边坡的整治提出了建议。 相似文献
16.
Asfawossen Asrat 《Geoarchaeology》2002,17(7):649-663
Ethiopia is endowed with many rock‐hewn churches, with the largest group in central and eastern Tigrai. These churches can be divided into four zones: the Atsbi, Hawzen‐Ger'alta, Sinkata‐Adigrat, and Tembien, with more than 100 rock‐hewn churches of different ages, sizes, and histories. However, they have one thing in common: All are carved into sandstone. The Enticho, Adigrat, and Ambaradam sandstones (Permo‐Carboniferous, Triassic—Middle Jurassic, and Early Cretaceous, respectively) are extensively exposed in these areas and are characterized by thick and massive beds of coarse‐ to fine‐grained and well‐sorted successions. These sandstones are easily carved, yet compact enough to withstand pressure. Although limestone, basalt, and crystalline rocks are exposed in the same area, few rock‐hewn churches have been carved into them. The rock type is, therefore, the most important factor in the location of these rock‐hewn churches. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
17.
Sustainable-yield estimation in semi-arid conditions is always challenging, especially for fractured rock aquifers. An approach to assess sustainability is discussed using a case study from rural semi-arid Namibia. The fractured-rock aquifers in the study area have complex configuration. Geology maps, hydrocensus data, geophysical surveys, and drilling and hydraulic testing data were used to produce a conceptual model. Aquifer parameters were estimated based on the hydraulic test data and numerical modelling. Due to lack of data, as is often the case in rural Namibia, the simulation results had to be verified against geological and hydrogeological constraints. It is concluded that the aquifer system is sustained by episodic recharge and the long-term gain in storage (about 3,285 m3/a) represents the maximum extractable volume. It is recommended that the continuous monitoring system for groundwater level, river flow and rainfall should be part of a long-term scheme. The magnitude and frequency of the recharge events and extraction should be monitored in order to sustainably manage the resource. Although the illustrated approach is based on limited data, it provides a basis for management of individual groundwater schemes in semi-arid conditions in sub-Saharan Africa. 相似文献
18.
Bays, lagoons, and estuaries are sites where normal physicochemical processes result in accumulations of sediment and certain chemicals. Changes in water velocity and chemistry, and chemical interactions of sediment, biota, and water are factors that contribute to concentrating trace metals in coastal and lake sediments. To evaluate whether lead concentration is affected by mineralogy, kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite, and a zeolitic tuff were suspended in 10 and 20 mg/l concentrations of lead solutions [Pb(NO3)2] which were pH-adjusted incrementally through a range of 2.5 to 11.0. Samples were centrifuged after 24 hours to separate liquid from suspended sediment. Sediment-free solutions were run as controls. Lead concentrations were determined by atomic adsorption spectrophotometry. Results indicate that montmorillonite (Wyoming Bentonite) particles serve as lead adsorption nuclei over a broad pH range. Maximum sorption occurs as the solution reaches a pH of about 7.5. The kaolinite clay from Georgia strongly adsorbs trace amounts of lead at pH ranging from 3.0 to 4.5, where up to 95 percent of the lead is adsorbed by the clay. Little adsorption difference was found between the Fithian illite clay and zeolitic tuff from the Nevada Test Site in comparison to sediment-free solutions which were pH-adjusted. In concentrations of 10 to 20 mg/l montmorillonite and kaolinite clays serve as nucleation sites capable of adsorbing up to 95 percent of trace concentrations of lead within 24 hours. It appears that accumulations of lead in coastal lake and estuarine sediments are significantly influenced by:
- pH changes which occur as river and coastal waters mix resulting in precipitation of lead, and
- sorption of lead by suspended clays.
19.
大兴安岭地区加格达奇东部发育一套安山质凝灰角砾熔岩、安山质晶屑岩屑凝灰岩、安山岩,1：20万加格达奇幅区调将其划分为中晚侏罗世壮志组（J2-3z）和二叠纪星火组（P2x）.本研究在加格达奇东部大黑山地区和额尔格奇地区安山岩中获得锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb谐和年龄分别为120±2.1 Ma和123.1±2.3 Ma,结合岩石组合特征,将原上述划分厘定为下白垩统龙江组（K1l）,为大杨树盆地北部火山岩地层提供了新的同位素定年资料. 相似文献
20.
Yu-You Yang Huai-Na Wu Shui-Long Shen Suksun Horpibulsuk Ye-Shuang Xu Qing-Hong Zhou 《Natural Hazards》2014,74(2):755-770
This paper presents the environmental impacts caused by surface mining and the ecological rehabilitation of Haikou phosphate deposits, Kunming, China. Surface mining entails the removal of the overburden to expose bare rock surfaces, not only causing destruction of pre-existing vegetation, but also occupying large areas of land for dumping the spoil. Severe environmental impacts are caused, e.g. rock desertification, poor forest stand structure, loss of biodiversity, aesthetic depreciation of the landscape, and the potential hazard of landslide and ground erosion. Ecological restoration has been conducted in a demonstration area since 1989 by means of control of geological hazards and revegetation of the disturbed areas. On-site dumping of waste rock for restoration of the abandoned mine area was adopted, providing a new mode of mining reclamation with high economic, environmental, and social value. Countermeasures for prevention and control of landslides included cut and fill technology, drainage, safety netting protection, retaining wall construction, and vegetation cover. By recruiting native plant species to the mine site and planting a forest imitating a natural mixed forest, the mine area was successfully revegetated. 相似文献