共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
汶川MS8.0地震是近代少有的大陆褶皱逆断层型巨大地震,其地表破裂带是研究和解剖褶皱逆断层地表同震变形样式,并以此探讨古地震遗迹的不可多得的现实案例。在整理和分析汶川地震地表破裂带地质地貌调查资料的基础上,选择可能仅记录1次事件的平通、邓家(北川-映秀断裂)和九龙(江油-灌县断裂)等地为例,分析同震变形的特点和类型,并结合映秀、桂溪等地的古地震研究成果,讨论褶皱逆断层型古地震识别的技术要点。结果显示:地表变形主要包括逆断层直接位错、折曲位错变形和弯曲褶皱变形等类型;崩积楔、断层与地层切盖关系是分析断错地表型古地震事件的可行依据,而折曲位错变形型和弯曲褶皱变形型古地震识别则强调在上盘是否存在侵蚀不整合面,下盘是否存在生长地层,以及标志地层在断层两盘位差的突然增减;断层陡坎高度的倍数关系在一定程度上与古地震次数相关,但不能简单地用同震位移量除以陡坎高度的方法确定古地震期次;对于低角度逆断层的古地震识别,薄长状崩积楔、断层与堆积地层的切错关系和不同标志地层在断层两侧的累积位差的突变是重要的标志。识别古地震应因地制宜、思考多种因素的影响、用多种证据相互印证。 相似文献
2.
焉耆盆地北缘和静逆断裂-褶皱带古地震破裂方式和时间序列 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
古地震研究是构造地质基础研究工作之一,获得较为精细的古地震结果有利于提高对断层构造变形的样式、强度以及时间的认识。焉耆盆地是南天山东段的山间盆地,现今的构造应力场特征以挤压兼有走滑为主。盆地南北缘断裂均为全新世活动断裂,南缘开都河断裂以走滑运动为主。盆地北缘断裂向盆内扩展的新生和静逆断裂-褶皱带以逆冲运动为主,且具备发生7级以上大地震的能力。因此,对于焉耆盆地北缘和静逆断裂-褶皱带的古地震破裂方式和发生时间的研究具有重要意义。调查发现,其中的哈尔莫敦背斜南翼主逆断裂以30°左右向盆内逆冲,在河漫滩和T1阶地上形成了3排断层陡坎。在3条断层陡坎上开挖的5个探槽中,通过标志地层建立的时间序列可以确定6次古地震事件的先后关系。利用14C和光释光(OSL)测年手段获得了探槽中相关地层和坎前堆积物的沉积时代,利用逐次限定法得到了各次古地震事件的发生时间和全新世以来2ka左右的古地震复发间隔。结果显示F1断层在所有的古地震事件中都发生了破裂,F2断层只在事件E时产生了破裂,F3断层只在事件D和事件E中发生过破裂。从古地震事件上分析,事件D是一次3条断层同时破裂的事件,事件E是一次F1和F32条断层同时破裂的事件,其他事件都只在F1断层上破裂。和静逆断裂的古地震破裂同时存在必然性和不确定性。 相似文献
3.
2008年5月12日汶川8.0级大地震发生在青藏高原东缘龙门山推覆构造带上,除映秀—北川断裂、灌县—江油断裂上各形成240 km和72 km 长的地表破裂带外,可能在成都平原西部的什邡市师古镇附近形成一条弱地表破裂带.成都平原内的地震地表破裂带与龙门山区的2条地震破裂带构成倾向北西的叠瓦状逆断裂地震地表破裂系统.野外调查发现,师古镇南肖家院—庆云庵建筑物严重破坏带、水渠跌水、地表褶皱、喷砂和地裂缝带走向30°,延伸长度约7.5 km.探槽开挖表明,地表地震褶皱陡坎下的地层发生弯曲变形,汶川地震使断层上盘的地面和最新地层褶皱隆起0.2 m.TC2探槽中的粘土层底面褶皱隆起0.4 m,它可能记录到汶川地震之前另外一次与汶川地震大小相当的古地震事件.浅层地震勘探资料表明,平原区出现地震地表破裂的位置不仅存在晚更新世活动断裂,而且伴生有第四纪活动褶皱. 相似文献
4.
5.
乌鲁木齐西山断裂组与地表破裂型逆断层古地震识别标志 总被引：3，自引：5，他引：3
乌鲁木齐西山断裂层组展布于北天山山前断展褶皱系与博格达推覆构造系的转换部位,为盆地向S推覆的构造,由4～5条长度十几公里至近30km的断层组成,其滑脱面埋深约11km。通过地质地貌调查、探槽开挖,结合深部构造特征分析,西山断裂组晚更新世中晚期有明显的活动。断层F1—F3最年轻的2次事件基本都被限制在距今(22.7±5.2)ka和40ka左右。而F4和西山断裂最年轻的事件被距今31.0ka和38.0ka的地层覆盖。这显示西山断裂组晚第四纪活动有分组和组合破裂的特征。断层F4和西山南缘断裂为一组,F1—F3为另一组。坎前堆积地层、断层与堆积地层的切错关系和不同间断面或标志地层在断层两侧的累积位差的突变,是识别地表破裂型逆断层古地震事件的重要标志。降低逆断层古地震识别的不确定性,关键在于识别事件的标志需要综合分析各种影响因素,有多证据的支持 相似文献
6.
古地震研究的主要目标是识别或揭露地质地貌记录的大地震变形遗迹,确定大地震发生的时间、复发特征、同震位移量等参数。要实现这样的目标,探槽开挖地点能否完整记录晚第四纪发生的古地震事件、能否获取大量的测年样品以控制事件发生的年代、能否正确地识别这些事件等是关键,并直接关系到未来大地震危险性评价的可靠性。由于走滑断裂位移发生的特殊性,好的探槽研究地点并不普遍。文中在综合分析走滑断裂同震地表变形特征、影响因素的基础上,通过案例分析,总结出可能成为走滑断裂古地震研究和探槽开挖的候选地点,如洼地、盆地、槽谷、断塞塘、被同步位移连续错开的冲沟床、连续的坎前堆积地层和多级地貌面连续变形等。组合探槽或三维探槽应该是走滑断裂探槽布设的首选。跨断层微地貌位错、断错地层以及上覆更新地层、局部坎前堆积和裂缝充填堆积、不同地层单元沿断层面位移量的突然增加或降低、不同程度的弯曲变形、不同期次的古断塞塘(坑)堆积等,可以作为重要的事件识别依据。要降低古地震识别的不确定性,需要理顺研究程序,明确技术方案,逐一精心实施。认识和结论的得出需要反复推敲,并广泛讨论,同时需要注意细节以及各种信息的相互补充和印证。 相似文献
7.
昌马断裂位于祁连山西段,是祁连山系列次级断裂与阿尔金断裂东段的重要构造转换断层之一,于1932年发生7.6级地震。位于昌马断裂中东段的臭水柳沟古地震探槽揭示了2次地震事件:一次为1932年昌马地震事件,另一次为(902±44)a B.P.以来发生的事件,这弥补了昌马断裂全新世晚期古地震事件缺失的现状。结合前人的研究结果可确定昌马断裂全新世至少发生7次古地震事件,推测地震复发间隔为1ka左右,部分事件未能揭示。通过探槽揭示的低角度断层、地层变形和部分断裂的地貌特征可知,受阿尔金断裂NEE向挤出的影响,昌马断裂部分段落表现出低角度的逆冲推覆活动,形成其特有的低角度走滑现象,以吸收阿尔金断裂东段的左旋位移。这也说明昌马断裂在承担阿尔金断裂与祁连山西段系列断层的构造转换中起着重要作用。 相似文献
8.
钻孔与探槽揭示1976年河北唐山M_s7.8地震发震构造晚第四纪强震活动 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
钻孔联合剖面探测匹配探槽开挖是获取平原区隐伏活动断裂多次活动地质依据的有效途径.本项研究跨唐山市1976年唐山地震地表破裂带实施了3条钻孔联合剖面探测及1个大探槽开挖,取得以下3点主要认识：（1）1976年唐山Ms7.8地震的地表破裂带长度大于47km,自唐山市市区南部向南过丰南县稻地镇孙家楼西侧至丰南县西河.（2）该地震地表破裂带的几何展布分为南支和北支.北支以右旋走滑为主,地表垂直位移为西升东降;南支地表垂直位移表现为东升西降,兼具右旋走滑.这种断层活动方式无法用单一的正断层或逆断层的活动给予解释,而与断裂带右旋走滑活动产生的垂直位移场吻合.研究获得的钻孔和探槽资料证实晚第四纪时期唐山断裂存在这种持续的活动方式.（3）探槽揭示的断面和钻孔揭示的地层断错现象表明,晚第四纪时期唐山断裂带曾发生多次断层活动事件.在1976年唐山地震之前3次断层活动的时间分别为距今7.61~8.13,〉14.57和24.21~26.57ka,连同1976年唐山地震在内这4次强震的时间间隔约为6.7~10.8ka.在3条钻孔测线中,牛马库钻孔测线距今75.18ka以来9次事件断层活动的平均间隔为8.4ka.同时文中根据地层测年结果讨论了唐山市南北侧晚第四纪沉积环境的差异. 相似文献
9.
《内陆地震》2021,(1)
前人研究1985年8月23日乌恰M_S7.4地震在卡兹克阿尔特断层上破裂了15 km,本次研究确定该地震在乌恰盆地南缘断层上也破裂了24 km,最终确定本次地震总破裂长度为39 km。实测乌恰盆地南缘断层地表破裂带最大垂直位移量为1.2 m,最小垂直位移量仅0.2 m,平均垂直位移量0.55～0.64 m,这些断层陡坎只是在地表呈现轻微的隆起,肉眼通常难以识别,因此也是震后未能及时发现的重要原因。探槽开挖揭露该逆冲断层倾向南,倾角仅为20°,计算平均水平缩短位移量为1.51～1.76 m,平均倾滑位移量为1.61～1.87 m,与卡兹克阿尔特断层地表破裂带运动性质相同、断错位移量相当。在最大主压应力南北方向投影显示,两条破裂带基本不重合,即本次大地震的极震区西部的应变能量是由乌恰盆地南缘断层破裂释放,东部的应变能量则由卡兹克阿尔特断层破裂释放,隐含着乌恰盆地南缘断层和卡兹克阿尔特断层之间构造关系密切。这两条断层深部很可能归并为同一条软弱的膏盐滑脱面,均属于帕米尔俯冲带的薄皮构造。 相似文献
10.
11.
D. M. Pechersky A. A. Lyubushin Z. V. Sharonova 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2010,46(7):613-623
The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The
times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized
by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and
the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between
the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic
world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by
the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle
of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes
in the organic world. 相似文献
12.
Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan. 相似文献
13.
Prof. Dr. W. A. Heiskanen 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1958,41(1):1-18
Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out. 相似文献
14.
15.
综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。 相似文献
16.
The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data. 相似文献
17.
V. E. Pavlov T. Yu. Tolmacheva R. V. Veselovskiy A. V. Latyshev A. M. Fetisova I. V. Bigun 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2017,53(5):702-713
Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary. 相似文献
18.
The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth. 相似文献
19.
20.
Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the... 相似文献