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1.
V. I. Lopatnikov 《Physical Oceanography》1995,6(3):219-228
In order to make horizontal sections in the current velocity field and to study the velocity's spatial variability using an electromagnetic current meter (EMCM), one must know the nature and value of the electrostatic field in the areas of variable velocity, which proves to hamper measurements. Formulae have been derived to calculate the electrostatic field induced by water mass motion relative to the geomagnetic field's horizontal component. Interferences have been assessed, in the areas having different geomagnetic latitudes. At high and middle latitudes, interferences may be neglected. Interferences have been estimated at low latitudes, specifically in the equatorial areas, where the geomagnetic field's vertical component tends to decrease, whereas the horizontal one increases. In this paper, the issue of employing an EMCM to perform horizontal sections in the equatorial currents system, specifically in the subsurface countercurrent, is addressed.Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin. 相似文献
2.
Residual currents induced by the tidal current flowing over a rotating ridge, which is infinitely elongated in they-direction and the width of which is so large that the nonlinear effect is weak enough, have been analysed theoretically. The currents are restrained by Stokes and Ekman layers which are given through a constant viscosity. This study shows that the direction of the cross-isobath residual current just above the sea floor varies with the value off
*(=Coriolis parameter/tide frequency), that the along-isobath residual current forms a clockwise circulation around the rotating ridge and that it is stronger asf
* grows larger. 相似文献
3.
The paper discusses a method for the statistical evaluation of the vertical current velocity componentV
z(z) using data provided by profilers. The calculation of theV
z(z) profiles involves the determination of the root-mean-square deviation of the error of determination of the vetical current
velocity component at each level and the RMS deviation of the sample statistical variability of this quantity's estimates.
ProfilesV
z(z) have been computed for the north-western Black Sea using three surveys, with the involvement of an OLT profiler. The computations
have shownV
z(z) to have a two-layer structure, with zero being crossed in the main pycnocline. Such structure of the current velocity
vertical component is consistent with the hydrodynamic model of the field of currents induced by buoyancy fluxes through the
lateral boundaries of the basin. The availability of the zero values of the vertical current velocity in the pycnocline yields
a tool for gaining insight into the mechanism controlling the emergence of the oxic/anoxic interface and areas with sharp
vertical gradients of chemical and hydro-optical characteristics.
Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin. 相似文献
4.
On October 3 and 4, 1986, DSRVAlvin dives encountered a strong current at 2,300 m in South Wilmington Canyon. The current, estimated at 1 knot, transported surficial
sediment and constructed and modified bedforms. It appears to have been constant in its direction of flow from 30 to 40°.
The observed current was probably a burst of fast flow in a region of slow average currents in the Deep Western Boundary Undercurrent.
Such episodic events may have a greater influence on the stratigraphic record than the temporally longer more tranquil flow
conditions. 相似文献
5.
G. catenatum 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2001,53(6):787
Toxic Gymnodinium catenatum blooms usually occur in the Galician Rias at the end of the upwelling season, which necessitates a ban on harvesting shellfish extraction, with subsequent economic losses for this sector. One of the possible causes cited in the literature is the advection of populations from outside the area but no evidence was available to substantiate this.Oceanographic conditions at the end of the upwelling season in the NW coast of the Iberian Peninsula (39°–43°N) have been studied for the years 1986, 1990, 1995 and 1998. Sea surface temperature data from satellite images, wind data, drifter tracks and in situ oceanic data from the Galician Rias have been combined to clarify the oceanographic structures in the area at the commencement of the blooms. On the inner shelf, an inshore poleward current advecting warm water has been identified after the cessation of upwelling. On the middle and outer shelf, a tongue of cold water as a remnant of the previous upwelling continued to move southward. On the slope and offshore, the poleward counter current reported by several authors was detected carrying warm oceanic water northwards.It is suggested that the inshore poleward current, not previously reported in the literature, could advect initial populations of dinoflagellates to the Rias from northern Portuguese waters. This would explain why blooms such as G. catenatum have been found usually in Portuguese waters several weeks before the Galician Rias, showing an apparent northward movement, but cells of this toxic dinoflagellate species have not been found in waters of the offshore poleward counter current. 相似文献
6.
Tidal currents in the Tsushima Straits have been analyzed using measurements obtained since February 1997 by an acoustic Doppler
current profiler (ADCP) mounted on the ferryboat Camellia. Tidal current constituents (M
2, S
2, K
1, O
1) are dominant among the ten tidal current constituents (Q
1, O
1, P
1, K
1, N
2, M
2, S
2, K
2, MSf, Mf), and generally 1.4–2.1 times stronger at the western channel of the straits than those at the eastern channel. The ratio
between amplitude of M
2, S
2, K
1 and O
1 averaged along the ferryboat track is 1:0.45:0.59:0.51. The major axis directions of tidal current ellipses are generally
SW to NE, exceptionally in the vicinity of the Tsushima Islands. Approaching the Tsushima Islands from the Korean Peninsula
side, the major axis gradually rotates clockwise. At the western channel, the M
2 and K
1 constituents change the rotation direction of current vectors from clockwise to counterclockwise at about 90–130 m depth.
The contributions of the tidal currents to the mean kinetic energy and the mean eddy kinetic energy along the ferryboat track
are, on average, 0.56 and 0.71, respectively. This suggests that tidal current activities are generally more dominant than
the mean current activities and much more dominant than eddy activities. The only region where the eddy activities are comparable
to the tidal current activities is located on the east side of the Tsushima Islands.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
7.
The flow around a cylinder, surface mounted or partly buried has been examined at Reynolds number of 1.3×104 and 2.6×104 by using the flow visualization method in the case of steady current. The lengths of the upstream and downstream separation regions were determined and the characteristics of the flow area were discussed for the cylinder having different burial depth to the diameter ratio (G/D). For comparsion, some numerical results obtained from the application of the FLUENT, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software package have also been presented. Both experimental and numerical results indicated that the lengths of the separation regions near the upstream and downstream of the cylinder decreased with the increasing burial ratio (G/D=0, 0.20, 0.50). The results have significant implications both for the illustration of the potential for using CFD software and highlighting the need for data of two dimensional flow around the buried cylinder. 相似文献
8.
Ｎｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｓｉｍｕｌａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｒｅｅ－ｄｉｍｅｎｓｉｏｎａｌｔｉｄａｌｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｉｎｔｈｅＢｏｂａｌＳｅａ￥ＤｅｎＺｈｅｎｘｉｎｇ;ＹａｎｇＬｉａｎｗｕ;ａｎｄＪｏｓｅＯｚｅｒ（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｄＭａｙ１,１９９３;ａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄ... 相似文献
9.
On the basis of the results derived by theoretical analysis [1] and laboratory physical modelling [2] of the circulation seawater
and stratification, induced by buoyancy fluxes, the suggestion has been made that, possibly, the Black Sea currents system
is three-layered. It has been supposed that an anticyclonic current flows in the basin.
To verify this deduction, the data from MHI's archived dataset have been treated, and results from twoad hoc expeditions are submitted here. Analysis of the vertical structure of currents, based on thein situ velocity measurements, using various means and calculations of the geostrophic circulation, has confirmed that a flow with
the theoretically predicted parameters may exist in the Black Sea.
Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin. 相似文献
10.
Zai-Jin You 《Ocean Engineering》1994,21(1)
The eddy viscosities for the steady and the periodic components of combined wave-current flows have been studied quantitatively from the presently available experimental data. It has been found that inside the boundary interaction layer [z < δ] the eddy viscosity εc for the steady flow is increased in the presence of waves while outside the boundary interaction layer [z >δ] it is affected little by the wave motion, and that the eddy viscosity εw for the wave motion in the boundary layer is independent of the current strength U*. On the other hand, a new eddy viscosity model is presented to give a good prediction of the velocity distributions of the waves and currents in comparison with experimental data. 相似文献
11.
Hideo Kawai 《Journal of Oceanography》2003,59(2):163-172
Using natural coordinates, we have derived a criterion for the inertial instability of arbitrarily meandering currents. Such
currents, governed by the eccentrically cyclogeostrophic equation, are adopted as the basic current field for the parcel method.
We assume that any virtual displacement which is given to a water parcel moving in the basic field has no influence on this
field. From the conservation of mechanical energy for a virtual displacement we derive an inertial instability frequency ω
m
= [(f + 2u/r)Z]0.5 for the eccentrically cyclogeostrophic current, where f is the Coriolis parameter, u the velocity (always positive), r the radius of curvature of a streamline (negative for an anticyclonic meander), and Z the vertical component of absolute vorticity. If ω
m
2 is negative, the eccentrically cyclogeostrophic current becomes unstable. Although the conventional, centrifugal instability
criterion, derived from the conservation of angular momentum in a circularly symmetric current field, has a certain meaning
for a monopolar vortex, it contains a radial shear vorticity that is difficult to use in arbitrarily meandering currents.
The new criterion ω
m
2 contains a lateral shear vorticity that is applicable to arbitrarily meandering currents. Examining instabilities of concentric
rings with radii of 50–100 km, we consider reasons why the anticyclonic supersolid rotation has been very much less frequently
observed than the cyclonic supersolid rotation, despite a prediction of some common stability and a rapid change in radial
velocity gradient for the former. Classifying eccentric streamlines into the large and small curvature-gradient types, we
point out that the large-gradient curvature in anticyclonic rings is apt to be unstable.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2012,46(1):1-23
ABSTRACTIn contrast to previous reports that leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) are rare vagrants to New Zealand, we show that this species is a regular member of the marine fauna of this region. We present a first analysis from the New Zealand Leopard Seal Database – an extensive collation of 2,711 records of leopard seals within New Zealand between 1200 and 2018. Of these records, 51.2% (n?=?1,408) were photographic. Leopard seal sightings have increased over time and been reported in all seasons and regions of New Zealand. Sightings are predominantly of adult individuals of good or excellent body condition, which differs to previous hypotheses suggesting that leopard seals visiting New Zealand shores are primarily juvenile animals in poor health condition. A total of 176 unique individuals have been identified in the New Zealand Leopard Seal Catalogue between 2014 and 2018 and preliminary results indicate that numbers per annum have continued to increase over time. Three leopard seal births and a number of juvenile animals (34% of the NZ records) have been documented. Considering the information presented here and the current definitions in the New Zealand Threat Classification System, the threat status of leopard seals within New Zealand waters should be reclassified from Vagrant to Resident. 相似文献
13.
M. Zhou 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1998,46(6):811-825
Baroclinic circulation in highly stratified and partially stratified estuaries is characterised by a two-layer flow: a bottom salt- water inflow and a surface brackish-water outflow. Tidal period variation of the thicknesses of a two-layer flow is observed to be associated with mixing, bottom stress and hydraulic characteristics of superposed tidal and gravity currents. Here, both analytical two-layer hydraulic equations with weak friction and a numerical model including a turbulence closure were utilised to understand the mechanism of the layer tendency within a two-layer flow under different barotropic flow conditions. It has been found that in the weak bottom friction case, a gravity current has two critical solutions at the layer thickness equal to 0·5Hand 0·292H. The layer thickness towards a particular critical solution is dependent on the sign of the bottom stress, i.e. when the bottom stress is opposite (favor) to the bottom gravity current, its layer thickness converges to 0·5H(0·292H). In the case of strong bottom stress and mixing opposing the gravity current, the solutions of the gravity current layer thickness at 0·5Hand 0·292Hwill not be valid. Both mixing and vorticity produced by bottom stress erode the halocline, and produce a high velocity core in the mid-depth, which leads to the thickness of a bottom gravity current greater than 0·5H. These internal hydraulic tendency and mixing processes, varying with time-dependent barotropic tidal current forcing, determine the tidal period variation of the gravity current structure. 相似文献
14.
在紧束缚近似下,利用传输矩阵方法,计算研究了碱基对组分、金属电极位能及DNA分子与电极耦合强度对DNA分子I-V特征的影响.计算结果表明:由单一碱基对构成的DNA分子的饱和电流强度远大于由两种碱基对按一定组分随机分布的DNA分子的饱和电流强度,且当DNA分子中两种碱基对的含量相等时,其饱和电流强度最小.同时,富含C-G碱基对的DNA分子比富含A-T碱基对的DNA分子的电子输运能力大.金属电极位能对DNA分子电子输运的影响体现在两方面,当偏压较小时,电极位能具有阻碍电荷注入的效果,当偏压较大时 相似文献
15.
Pleistocene climatic and oceanographic changes have influenced the distribution of marine biodiversity in southern Africa. Most evidence, however, has been derived from rocky shore or demersal taxa; data on sandy shore species are limited, despite severe threats to many sandy beach ecosystems. To test the effects of past climatic changes on sandy shore species, we sampled 140 smooth plough shell Bullia rhodostoma individuals from eight localities and generated phylogeographic data derived from the mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) marker. Nuclear markers (ATPSα, ATPSβ, ANT, SRPS4, TBP, LTRS and ZMP) showed no sequence variation. Bullia rhodostoma exhibited shallow genetic differentiation (ΦST = 0.07, p < 0.05) across its range. Isolation-by-distance suggests a stepping-stone model of migration, which is expected given the species’ direct-development life-history strategy. Demographic reconstruction suggests a post-LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) range expansion, concordant with the signal of shallow genetic differentiation. Phylogeographic patterns obtained suggest that, during lower sea levels than current, B. rhodostoma could have been restricted to the South-West Coast, the central Agulhas Bioregion and probably also the East Coast. When climatic conditions changed and temperatures began to rise after the LGM, the species began a rapid westward range expansion from these refugial regions. 相似文献
16.
This study investigates the dynamic response of a Triangular Configuration Tension Leg Platform (TLP) under random sea wave loads. The random wave has been generated synthetically using the Monte-Carlo simulation with the Peirson–Moskowitz (P–M) spectrum. Diffraction effects and second-order wave forces have not been considered. The evaluation of hydrodynamic forces is carried out using the modified Morison equation with water particle kinematics evaluated using Airy's linear wave theory. Wave forces are taken to be acting in the surge degree-of-freedom. The effect of coupling of various structural degrees-of-freedom (surge, sway, heave, roll, pitch and yaw) on the dynamic response of the TLP under random wave loads is studied. Parametric studies for random waves with different Hs and Tz under the presence of current have also been carried out. For the orientation of the TLP, surge, heave and pitch degrees-of-freedom responses are influenced significantly. The surge power spectral density function (PSDF) indicates that the mean square response is affected by the amplification at the natural frequency of the surge degree-of-freedom and also at the peak frequency of the wave loading. The PSDF of the heave response shows higher peak values near the surge frequency and near the peak frequency of the wave loading. Surge response, therefore, influences heave response to the maximum. Variable submergence seems to be a major source of nonlinearity and significantly enhances the responses in surge, heave and pitch degrees-of-freedom. In the presence of current, the response behaviour of the TLP is altered significantly introducing a non-zero mean response in all degrees-of-freedom. 相似文献
17.
18.
H. J. Cranfield 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):183-203
Settlement of Ostrea lutaria on sand‐cement‐plastered asbestos plates held in steel frames on the bottom of Foveaux Strait was studied from March 1965 to April 1967. Spat mortality over the period of plate exposure (about one month) was very low (maximum of 3 percent) and was greatest shortly after settlement. There was no evidence that mortality was due to predation. Essentially the same seasonal pattern of settlement was observed each year. Eighty to 90 percent of spat settled between mid December and mid February in both summers; settlement occurred as early as October; some was observed as late as July. Results of field experiments suggest some very tentative conclusions on the settlement behaviour of O. lutaria: (1) The larvae are benthopelagic and remain on the bottom in strong current conditions. (2) Light stimulates swimming of larvae in still water. (3) In still water and low light intensities of the area larvae tend to swim upward toward the light. (4) In still water and dim light of the area larvae settle predominantly on under surfaces. (5) In still water in the absence of light larvae settle predominantly on upper surfaces. (6) Under the conditions of current and light in the multiplate frames used to sample spatfall here, larvae settle mainly on upper surfaces. (7) Larvae tend to crawl up inclined surfaces before settling. The results indicate that larval behaviour may be changed by small alterations of light intensity and current. The contradictory nature of surface angle preferences found by other workers for various species of Ostrea and Crassostrea may have been due to such small variations caused by the experimental techniques. It is possible that the settlement behaviour of all species of these genera is similar. 相似文献
19.
M. deCastro M. Gmez-Gesteira R. Prego R. Neves 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2003,56(5-6):1055-1064
The wind-induced water exchange between the ria of Ferrol (NW Spain) and the adjacent shelf is analyzed by means of a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (MOHID2000). Since thermohaline measurements indicate that the estuary can be considered vertically homogeneous a barotropic version of the model has been used. Real in situ wind measurements have been used for model calibration and further analysis. The approach to study the wind effect on water exchange through the ria strait consisted in subtracting the signal calculated with only tidal forcing (Ts) from the one with wind and tidal forcing (WTs). This shows the existence of a residual circulation, with water flowing in wind direction along surfaces layers and a counter current flowing in the opposite direction at bottom layers. The flux across the strait of Ferrol has shown to increase linearly on wind strength, with a correlation larger than 96% and reaching values close to 20 m3 s−1 under real wind forcing. 相似文献
20.
Zai-Jin You 《Ocean Engineering》1996,23(3):225-242
The bed roughness ks and current velocity profiles in the presence of waves with an arbitrary angle θ to currents are studied. It is found that the movable bed roughness is affected by both the wave and the current and only slightly by the angle θ between the wave propagation and the current, and that existing formulae derived in purely oscillatory flows generally fail to predict ks. In the present study, a new formula which takes account the effect of the wave and the current on the bed roughness is suggested to calculate ks in combined wave-current flows. With the present formula, the current profiles calculated by the model of You agree satisfactorily with the laboratory data of van Kampen and Nap and Havinga, and the field measurements of Grant and Williams and Drake et al. 相似文献