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1.
喀斯特地质与生态系统是地球表层系统中的重要组成部分,其变化将对其他地区以及整个地球系统产生影响.生物地球化学循环是全球和区域变化研究的核心内容,而生态系统的演化与系统内水分和养分的生物地球化学循环密切相关。因此,我们有必要将喀斯特生态系统纳入到更大区域或全球生态系统中进行分析研究,在充分研究认识整个喀斯特生态系统物质生物地球化学循环规律的基础上,进一步研究喀斯特生态系统的全球变化响应或影响机制,为喀斯特生态系统优化调控对策和措施提供科学基础。研究生态系统演化过程中物质的生物地球化学循环规律,是研究植物适生性、物种优化配置和适应性生态系统调控机理的关键基础。在介绍前人工作基础的同时,本文全面而概括地总结了我们近年利用元素、同位素(如δ13C、δ15N、δ34S、87Sr/86Sr)示踪和化学计量学理论和方法对喀斯特生态系统中不同界面和流域中物质的生物地球化学循环及其生态环境效应的研究成果。认识到:喀斯特流域生物地球化学循环活跃,相互耦合,并与流域生态环境变化相互制约;人类活动正干预流域物质的自然生物地球化学循环过程,并导致相应的生态和环境效应;全球变化科学深化有赖于区域生态环境变化及物质生物地球化学循环的研究。这些认识是我们将来系统深入开展喀斯特以及其他流域生态系统物质生物地球化学循环研究的重要方向。 相似文献
2.
《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
<正>某一重金属在环境中的总量并不能真实评价其环境行为和生态效应,而重金属在环境中的形态含量及其比例才是决定其对环境及周围生态系统造成影响的关键因素。因此环境中重金属生物有效态含量的准确测量对评价重金属的生态效应、保障农作物的食品安全以及保护环境都具有重要意义。目前的形态分析技术力求与生物效应取得一致,使化学形态的测定能提供生物毒性和生物有效性信息。为了进一步详细研究重金属各种形态在水环境中的化学行为及其与生物效应的相关性,研究简便、可靠的重金属生物有效态的 相似文献
3.
生态系统的演化是生物起源与演化的主要驱动动力之一。在生命演化早期,生态系统的演化大体经历了“微生物席生态系统”、“浮游真核生物生态系统”、“宏体藻类生态系统”、“宏体生物生态系统”和寒武纪及其后较为完善生态系统的演化历程。早期生态系统的演化主要表现为：生物生境从沉积物表层到水体之中再到沉积物内部的扩展,生物种群之间的关系从被动地接受到对环境因子需求的相互竞争,能量传递方式从生物体外摄取或体外同化到体外摄食体内同化,生态金字塔结构由简单到多层次化和复杂化,生物参与对环境的改造能力逐渐增强。随着华南伊迪卡拉纪陡山沱期晚期“宏体生物生态系统”的出现,生物对环境因子需求的竞争性和改造能力大幅度增强,实现了生物体内能量的传递方式,生态金字塔多层次化和复杂化,成为生物迅速演化和其后“寒武纪生命大爆发”的重要转折。 相似文献
4.
江西发展生态旅游应重视环境生态放射性调查 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
环境放射性是生态系统的重要组成部分。为适应社会经济的可持续发展,生态旅游是旅游业的发展方向。本文简要介绍了环境生态放射性调查的基本内容,以核工业系数十年的调查成果为基础,阐述了江西省的环境生态放射性水平。根据我省旅游资源的空间展布和定位。结合区域自然地理和地质背景,强调了江西发展生态旅游必须重视环境生态放射性调查。 相似文献
5.
从地表自然生态系统发育与环境演变的一些难解之迷追索到地球内部能量的影响，对比世界各地主要地理单元的大地热流特征与生态环境特征发现，各地生态环境的优劣与区域大地热流的高低有密切的关系。典型森林生态系统的大地热流比较高，而典型荒漠生态系统的大地热流均比较低。大地热流不仅可能影响区域气候的干湿程度，而且还可能决定一个地区地表生态系统能量供给的下限，是区域生态系统发育与演变过程中一个重要的物种限制因子。大地热流低可能是导致一些盆地生态体系发育不良，进而演变成为沙漠的重要原因。研究大地热流对生态环境退化的影响和机理，了解区域生态体系和现代环境格局形成背景，以及区分环境和生态演化中自然和人文因素的作用具有重要意义，同时将为区域环境和生态建设以及管理决策提供科学依据。 相似文献
6.
珊瑚礁生态系统拥有较高的生物多样性,为人类提供了丰富的生物资源及生态服务功能与价值。我国多处滨海核电站周边存在造礁珊瑚,而南海珊瑚岛礁也是未来海上漂浮核电站重要的潜在应用场景。基于在珊瑚礁中14C、90Sr和137Cs的已有研究,分析了珊瑚礁中关键人工放射性核素的研究动态,提出了基于核素在珊瑚骨骼与海水分配系数的分类原则,探索了低度(137Cs)、中度(129I)和高度(14C>239+240Pu>90Sr,236U)富集的三大类核素在珊瑚骨骼中的富集规律,利用欧盟的ERICA模型开展上述人工放射性核素和天然放射性核素210Po对珊瑚虫的辐射剂量评估,定量计算不同核素对珊瑚虫的剂量率排序依次为14C>90Sr>137Cs>239+240Pu> 相似文献
7.
8.
矿产资源的开发利用对自然环境和生态系统造成不同程度的负面影响,研究矿产资源开发与环境保护的关系具有重要意义。在此背景下,本文研究了矿产资源开发产生的环境污染与环境修复能力的关系,以及矿产资源开发产生的生态系统影响与生态系统修复能力的关系,分析如何利用环境自净化和生态的自修复能力,在成本最低情况下实现资源开发与生态保护的平衡,并定性与定量相结合给出了不同矿山保护性开采和非保护性开条件下的人工修复难度,从宏观层面指导绿色矿山建设。 相似文献
9.
持久性卤代有机污染物(PHCs)具有持久性、生物富集性和毒性,是对生态环境和人类健康有严重威胁的污染物。PHCs浓度会沿食物链在生物中逐营养级放大,对高等生物及人体产生毒性。本文综述了PHCs在食物网中生物放大的特征,总结了国内外对食物网中PHCs的营养级放大因子研究进展,探讨了生态和化学因素对PHCs沿食物链传递过程的影响。目前的研究多集中于水生生态系统中传统PHCs的生物放大,对PHCs的生物差异性代谢缺乏足够的了解,难以说明不同生态系统中复杂的气候、地理、生物种群特征对PHCs生物放大的影响,也给准确评估PHCs的生态风险带来了困难。PHCs的生物放大研究需要引入更多先进地球化学手段和准确构建不同生态系统的野生食物网,阐明PHCs的生物放大机制和影响因素。 相似文献
10.
某区放射性环境地质评价研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在某区拟建隧洞沿线的条带状区域进行了放射性环境地质调查。共采集和分析岩土(芯)放射性核素镭、钍、钾样品111组,地下水和地表水样品5组;现场测定岩土放射性样品392组。结果表明,在该区域内,某煤矿巷道中煤层和砂岩接触带煤、砂岩中镭-226比活度出现高值异常,相应的内照射指数和外照射指数也超过相关标准中规定的放射性核素限量,该异常带环境辐射剂量率也较高。镭-226的富集可能源于煤中有机质对放射性核素的吸附和解吸过程。建议在隧道选线过程中尽力避让这一地段。 相似文献
11.
7Be在土壤侵蚀示踪中的应用研究进展 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
7Be是一种自然产生的放射性核素，由对流层和同温层大气中的氧和氮在宇宙射线作用下分裂生成，其半衰期为53．3天，7Be通过连续的干湿沉降作用到达土表，被土壤颗粒紧密吸附，其土壤环境化学行为与137Cs相似，因此，可以用于示踪某种特定土地利用方式或侵蚀事件下的土壤侵蚀作用的强度，空间分配以及季节性变化，7Be技术可与其它反映中长期土壤侵蚀的放射性核素（137Cs,210Pb)示踪技术相结合，共同表征某个流域的土壤侵蚀状况，对7Be示踪技术现有的土壤侵蚀速率定量估算模型进行了简述，并提出了各自的局限性及今后的研究方向。 相似文献
12.
This paper describes the use of 210Pb and 137Cs radioactivity measurements to determine the rates of sedimentation in the Great Lakes. Cores from eight locations in Lake Michigan were chosen for examination to cover as wide as possible a range of sedimentation rates and representative sedimentary environments. The surficial 210Pb activity in the sediments varies between 7 and 23 pCi/g dry wt and its profile in each core shows the expected exponential decrease with depth consistent with the assumption of uniform sedimentation rate over the last hundred years and secular equilibrium between supported 210Pb and 226Ra (0.5-1.0 pCi/g dry wt). Companion measurements of 137Cs indicate that the coring technique satisfactorily recovered the uppermost levels of the deposit and that the mobility of both radionuclides within the sediment is probably small.Based on the limited number of cores analyzed to date, it appears that modern sedimentation rates are not very different from average rates for the last 7000 yr. The excess 210Pb appears to originate primarily from atmospheric fallout, but a further inventory of the 210Pb distribution over the lake bottom must be made to properly assess the significance of other sources. The spatial distributions of both 137Cs and 210Pb at certain stations suggest that the mode of transport of these radionuclides are comparable and involve attachment to settling particles. A mathematical model is developed which accounts for the observed limited mobility of both 210Pb and 137Cs in several of the cores in terms of post-depositional redistribution by physical or biological mixing processes. 相似文献
13.
土壤碳酸盐的碳同位素组成可以作为古环境变化的指标.本文对黄土高原地区S1以来成土碳酸盐和红粘土中碳酸盐的碳同位素进行了研究.根据渭南、吉县、长武和会宁4个剖面末次间冰期以来土壤碳酸盐的碳同位素分析结果,探讨了不同气候条件下成土碳酸盐碳同位素组成的特征及其环境意义,指出气候的干湿程度可能是影响黄土地区成土碳酸盐δ13C值的主要原因;西峰红粘土序列碳酸盐的碳同位素记录表明,δ13C值在4.0Ma B.P.前后有一个明显增加的趋势,反映了我国西北地区上新世干旱化的发展,可能与青藏高原在这一时期发生较大规模的隆升有关. 相似文献
14.
S. R. Joshi 《Environmental Geology》1989,14(3):203-207
Four possible sources of analytical error in the measurement of unsupported210Pb and/or nuclear fallout radionuclide (such as137Cs) profiles in sediment cores are pointed out. Each of these errors, if present, can significantly alter the true profile of the radionuclide under consideration. It is shown that simple procedural modifications can substantially improve the quality of analytical data that are subsequently used to develop intricate mathematical models to aid the interpretation of observed radionuclide profiles. 相似文献
15.
J.Kirk Cochran 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1985,49(5):1195-1210
Particle mixing rates (DB) calculated from excess 210Pb gradients in sediments of the east equatorial Pacific range from 0.04 to 0.5 cm2/y, with variation of a factor of 3–4 at a single site. Diffusion of the 236Ra daughter 222Rn may affect 210Pb distributions under conditions of slow mixing and low 210Pb flux to the seafloor, as shown by a siliceous ooze-clay core which contained the fallout radionuclides 239,240Pu and 137Cs but no excess 210Pb (relative to 226Ra). There is no clear relationship between 210Pbderived mixing rates and sediment type, accumulation rate or organic carbon flux to the sediments. Comparison of 210Pb mixing rates with those calculated from 239,240Pu and 137Cs distributions reveals better agreement for a pulse input of the fallout radionuclides (DB = 0.03?0.4 cm2/y) than for continuous input at a constant rate (DB = 0.1?1.6 cm2/y), although the Pu and 137Cs data are better fit by the latter model. The agreement may be fortuitous because 239,240Pu and 137Cs appear significantly deeper than 210Pb in at least one core. Tracer separation could be caused by particle size-selective mixing by the benthic fauna or by chemical mobilization. If the fallout radionuclides are scavenged from surface waters by large, organic-rich particles such as fecal pellets, their release and migration may result from decomposition of the carrier in surface sediments. Either a relatively unreactive form of Pu (e.g. oxidized Pu) has been released by this process or a one-dimensional model is inadequate to explain its observed penetration into the sediments. Activity ratios of in the sediments decrease with increasing north latitude, and the trend reflects higher fluxes of 239,240Pu near the weapons test site at Christmas Island (2°N). The ratios and fluxes to the sediment (assuming constant input) at the siliceous ooze-red clay site are consistent with published sediment trap data from a nearby site. Thus if fallout radionuclide fluxes to the sea floor were higher in the past, both 239,240Pu and 137Cs have been released from sinking particles. 相似文献
16.
P. N. Shukla N. Bhandari V. N. Nijampurkar D. Kameswara Rao V. M. K. Puri Sanjiv Sharma 《Journal of Earth System Science》1983,92(3):255-260
Vertical profiles of137Cs and210Pb have been determined in a 9 m column of ice from accumulation zone of Changme-Khangpu glacier in north Sikkim valley.137Cs activity varies from 4 to 22 dpm/ L. In many samples210Pb occurs at a level of 20 to 65 dpm/ L which is much higher than the expected fallout value.137Cs and210Pb activities correlate well with each other but not with the dust content. Possibility of210Pb production in the nuclear explosions is discussed. Several peaks appear in the depth profile of137Cs and210Pb which can be matched with Chinese atmospheric nuclear explosions with some phase difference if a uniform ice accumulation
rate of 0.7 m per year is assumed since 1969. 相似文献
17.
湖泊沉积中的10Be含量变化——有助于识别第四纪古冰川的有无 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
20世纪50-70年代核试验产生的137Cs尘埃,在现代冰川和非冰川湖泊沉积剖面中的深度分布存在明显差异.同理,大气宇宙射线成因的长半衰期10Be尘埃,在第四纪冰川和非冰川湖泊沉积剖面中的深度分布也应存在差异.第四纪冰川湖泊,冰期时流域内冰雪和10Be的累积量大于消融量,间冰期时冰雪和10Be的消融量大于累积量.因此,冰川湖泊冰期的10Be入湖通量小于间冰期.湖泊沉积剖面10Be浓度的波动,很可能表征流域内冰雪消融与累积的变化.非冰川湖泊,不存在冰川的累积与消融对10Be入湖通量的影响.开展第四纪冰川与非冰川湖泊沉积10Be含量变化的对比研究,有可能为破译中国东部中低山区古冰川和青藏高原大冰盖的世纪之争提供新的证据. 相似文献
18.
Single cores from two salt marshes in the United Kingdom located near different nuclear facilities were investigated to compare chronostratigraphic estimates derived from the natural radionuclide 210Pbexcess with estimates from the known times of introduction of artificial radionuclides to the environment. Both cores selected had clear visual indications of redox zonation, and evidence for diagenetic redox perturbation of the radionuclide records was also sought. In the core from Beaulieu Marsh on the south coast of England, the redox zonation was revealed by the profiles of the redox-sensitive elements Mn + I, Fe + P + As, and S, and the records of nuclear discharges were entirely contained within oxidized conditions in the upper 40 cm. The constant flux/constant sedimentation 210Pbexcess accumulation estimate was 76% of that derived from the 1963 fallout 137Cs level (0.35 vs. 0.46 g cm−2 yr−1 dry mass), but the constant flux 210Pbexcess method indicated that accumulation rates were lower at Beaulieu before ∼1950. On any timescale, 137Cs appears earlier in the sediment record than its introduction to the environment, but although downward diffusion of 137Cs relative to 241Am has clearly occurred, the 137Cs peak still appeared in place and there was negligible penetration of 137Cs into underlying reduced conditions. This core also contained a peak of the 60Co discharges from either or both the Winfrith and La Hague nuclear plants that peaked in 1980 and 1984, respectively. The sediments in the core from Wyre Marsh on the eastern coast of the Irish Sea had accumulated more rapidly than those at Beaulieu, and in this case the redox zonation could be established only from Mn and S profiles. Here, the constant initial activity 210Pbexcess accumulation rate estimate was 125% of that derived from the 137Cs peak correlated with the 1975 Sellafield discharge maximum (0.79 vs. 0.64 g cm−2 yr−1). Sellafield discharge 137Cs swamps fallout or Chernobyl 137Cs signals in this core, but the 137Cs and 241Am sediment records are well separated and remain consistent with the slightly different discharge patterns over time. This is so despite the fact that the maximum activity levels of both isotopes are now located well into reducing conditions out of which Mn must have migrated. The 210Pb profile appeared similarly unaffected by the oxidized/reduced boundary in this case. This core was too short to define the limits of any downward 137Cs migration. 210Pbexcess accumulation rate estimates for salt marshes should be viewed with some caution because of the steady-state assumptions inherent in all 210Pbexcess methods and the potential for fluctuating accumulation conditions and open system behavior in salt marshes. 相似文献
19.
现代侵蚀作用核素示踪研究新进展 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10
利用放射性核素示踪环境地球化学过程是国际地球科学的前缘课题。介绍了利用宇宙线成因的短寿命散落核素7Be示踪土壤季节性侵蚀及其与湖泊沉积耦合关系的最新研究进展;证实了利用核爆炸散落核素137Cs示踪累计性土壤侵蚀和沉积计年的可靠性;阐述了226Ra和228Ra在土壤中比活度的形态变化分异具有很好的侵蚀－堆积示踪价值;揭示了在不同生物化学条件下,210Pb的行为特征和影响因素,并将210Pbex示踪碳酸盐岩区域土壤侵蚀速率结果与湖泊沉积速率相耦合,证明了利用210Pb示踪土壤侵蚀的可行性。 相似文献
20.
Ryoko Fujiyoshi Takayuki Yamaguchi Naoki Takekoshi Kazumasa Okamoto Takashi Sumiyoshi Ivan Kobal Janja Vaupotič 《Central European Journal of Geosciences》2011,3(3):291-301
Depth distribution profiles of environmental radionuclides (137Cs and 210Pb) have been investigated in soil to elucidate the underlying environment of semi-natural temperate deciduous and/or coniferous forest soils in Slovenia (?irovski vrh, Idrija, Ko?evski Rog, Pohorie, Gori?nica and Rakitna). Surface enrichment of both nuclides was observed at all the sites investigated in this study, suggesting that the soils had undergone little natural or anthropogenic disturbance for at least the last several decades. Apparent annual burial rates of 137Cs (0.1–0.2 cm y??1) were estimated to be about 1.3 times higher than those of 210Pb at individual sites of different lithology, which suggests strong affinity of 210Pb to soil organic matter. Variability of the vertical distribution profiles of these nuclides depends not only on “in situ” pedology but also on geographical and meteorological conditions, especially precipitation and wind direction. 相似文献