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1.
错那洞穹隆属于北喜马拉雅片麻岩穹隆带(NHGD)的东南部重要组成部分,是本次研究首次发现并确立的穹隆构造。穹隆位于藏南扎西康矿集区南部,由外向内被两条环形断裂划分为三个岩石-构造单元:特提斯喜马拉雅沉积岩系上部单元、中部单元以及核部,其中内侧断裂为下拆离断层,外侧为上拆离断层。上部单元主要由侏罗系日当组的泥质粉砂质板岩和片岩组成,由外向穹隆中心靠近,根据变质矿物组合特征,其岩性呈较明显的渐变过程,即含或者不含变质矿物的泥质粉砂质板岩、含堇青石粉砂质板岩、含石榴石堇青石粉砂质板岩和含石榴石黑云母粉砂质板岩;中部单元从上至下岩石变质程度逐渐加深,构造变形依次增强,岩性依次为日当组低-高变质的片岩(包括含石榴石黑云母石英片岩、含蓝晶石-十字石二云母石英片岩、含矽线石二云母二长片麻岩)、含电气石(化)花岗质黑云母片麻岩、石榴石云母片麻岩和糜棱状石英二云母片麻岩,其典型变质矿物有石榴石、十字石、矽线石和蓝晶石;核部主要由糜棱状花岗质片麻岩夹少量的副片麻岩和错那洞淡色花岗岩组成。错那洞穹隆主要发育四期线理构造:近N-S向逆冲、N-S向伸展线理、近E-W向线理和围绕核部向四周外侧倾伏线理,分别对应了穹隆构造经历的四期主要变形:初期向南逆冲、早期近N-S向伸展、主期近E-W向伸展和晚期滑塌构造运动,其中主期近E-W向伸展对应于错那洞穹隆的形成,其动力学背景可能是印度板块斜向俯冲及由俯冲引起的中地壳向东流动双重作用。错那洞穹隆的发现和确立丰富了NHGD近E-W向伸展构造,进一步将NHGD划分为由近N-S向伸展所形成的穹隆带(简称NS-NHGD)和近E-W向伸展所形成的穹隆带(EW-NHGD)。 相似文献
2.
Albrecht Steck Franco Della Torre Franz Keller Hans-Rudolf Pfeifer Johannes Hunziker Henri Masson 《Swiss Journal of Geoscience》2013,106(3):427-450
The Lepontine dome represents a unique region in the arc of the Central and Western Alps, where complex fold structures of upper amphibolite facies grade of the deepest stage of the orogenic belt are exposed in a tectonic half-window. The NW-verging Mont Blanc, Aar und Gotthard basement folds and the Lower Penninic gneiss nappes of the Central Alps were formed by ductile detachment of the upper European crust during its Late Eocene–Early Oligocene SE-directed underthrust below the upper Penninic and Austroalpine thrusts and the Adriatic plate. Four underthrust zones are distinguished in the NW-verging stack of Alpine fold nappes and thrusts: the Canavese, Piemont, Valais and Adula zones. Up to three schistosities S1–S3, folds F1–F3 and a stretching lineation XI with top-to-NW shear indicators were developed in the F1–F3 fold nappes. Spectacular F4 transverse folds, the SW-verging Verzasca, Maggia, Ziccher, Alpe Bosa and Wandfluhhorn anticlines and synclines overprint the Alpine nappe stack. Their formation under amphibolite facies grade was related to late ductile folding of the southern nappe roots during dextral displacement of the Adriatic indenter. The transverse folding F4 was followed since 30 Ma by the pull-apart exhumation and erosion of the Lepontine dome. This occurred coevally with the formation of the dextral ductile Simplon shear zone, the S-verging backfolding F5 and the formation of the southern steep belt. Exhumation continued after 18 Ma with movement on the brittle Rhone-Simplon detachment, accompanied by the N-, NW- and W-directed Helvetic and Dauphiné thrusts. The dextral shear is dated by the 29–25 Ma crustal-derived aplite and pegmatite intrusions in the southern steep belt. The cooling by uplift and erosion of the Tertiary migmatites of the Bellinzona region occurred between 22 and 18 Ma followed by the exhumation of the Toce dome on the brittle Rhone–Simplon fault since 18 Ma. 相似文献
3.
The Variscan nappe stack of SE Sardinia originated as a result of several stages of nappe imbrication during the Lower Carboniferous phases of the Variscan orogeny. The crustal shortening caused regional SSW-and W-directed thrusting, greenschist facies metamorphism and open-to-isoclinal polyphase folding. The final stage of shortening produced large-scale antiforms and synforms.
Post-collisional deformation resulted in inversion of earlier thrusts as normal faults, development of low-angle normal faults, and refolding of earlier foliation and thrust planes by asymmetric folds with subhorizontal axial planes. Facing directions of these latest folds are directed horizontally outward from the hinge zones of main antiforms, suggesting that they cannot be regarded as parasitic folds of the latest thickening phase, but instead are the consequence of vertical shortening during gravitational collapse of dome-like km-scale antiforms, leading to denudation of antiformal culminations. 相似文献
Post-collisional deformation resulted in inversion of earlier thrusts as normal faults, development of low-angle normal faults, and refolding of earlier foliation and thrust planes by asymmetric folds with subhorizontal axial planes. Facing directions of these latest folds are directed horizontally outward from the hinge zones of main antiforms, suggesting that they cannot be regarded as parasitic folds of the latest thickening phase, but instead are the consequence of vertical shortening during gravitational collapse of dome-like km-scale antiforms, leading to denudation of antiformal culminations. 相似文献
4.
Transpressional deformation has played an important role in the late Neoproterozoic evolution of the ArabianNubian Shield including the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. The Ghadir Shear Belt is a 35 km-long, NW-oriented brittleductile shear zone that underwent overall sinistral transpression during the Late Neoproterozoic. Within this shear belt, strain is highly partitioned into shortening, oblique, extensional and strike-slip structures at multiple scales. Moreover, strain partitioning is heterogeneous along-strike giving rise to three distinct structural domains. In the East Ghadir and Ambaut shear belts, the strain is pure-shear dominated whereas the narrow sectors parallel to the shear walls in the West Ghadir Shear Zone are simple-shear dominated. These domains are comparable to splay-dominated and thrust-dominated strike-slip shear zones. The kinematic transition along the Ghadir shear belt is consistent with separate strike-slip and thrustsense shear zones. The earlier fabric(S1), is locally recognized in low strain areas and SW-ward thrusts. S2 is associated with a shallowly plunging stretching lineation(L2), and defines ～NW-SE major upright macroscopic folds in the East Ghadir shear belt. F2 folds are superimposed by ～NNW–SSE tight-minor and major F3 folds that are kinematically compatible with sinistral transpressional deformation along the West Ghadir Shear Zone and may represent strain partitioning during deformation. F2 and F3 folds are superimposed by ENE–WSW gentle F4 folds in the Ambaut shear belt. The sub-parallelism of F3 and F4 fold axes with the shear zones may have resulted from strain partitioning associated with simple shear deformation along narrow mylonite zones and pure shear-dominant deformation in fold zones. Dextral ENEstriking shear zones were subsequently active at ca. 595 Ma, coeval with sinistral shearing along NW-to NNW-striking shear zones. The occurrence of upright folds and folds with vertical axes suggests that transpression plays a significant role in the tectonic evolution of the Ghadir shear belt. Oblique convergence may have been provoked by the buckling of the Hafafit gneiss-cored domes and relative rotations between its segments. Upright folds, fold with vertical axes and sinistral strike-slip shear zones developed in response to strain partitioning. The West Ghadir Shear Zone contains thrusts and strikeslip shear zones that resulted from lateral escape tectonics associated with lateral imbrication and transpression in response to oblique squeezing of the Arabian-Nubian Shield during agglutination of East and West Gondwana. 相似文献
5.
北疆阿巴宫-库尔提断裂带显微组构的运动学和动力学分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
杨新岳 《大地构造与成矿学》1990,14(1):29-42
研究了阿尔泰地区NW走向高角度冲断构造中主干的阿巴宫—库尔提断裂带。详细研究了断裂构造岩的变形构造和组构及其所显示的运动学和动力学特征。结果表明:存在早、晚更替且性质不同的变形显微构造。早期以糜棱岩中的韧性变形构造为主,发育有递进变形的不对称构造(压力影、旋转变斑晶、S—C构造等),是断裂中剪切变形运动指向的主要判据。晚期为脆性破裂构造,与早期变形组构具继承、叠加关系。研究了石英光轴的组构形式,证实存在:早期共轴纯剪变形的小圆环带组构和非共轴简单剪切变形中,呈递变关系的点极密—大圆环带—交叉大圆环带组构型式。对变形构造和组构所作的运动学和动力学分析结果表明:阿—库断裂带的形成和变形历史为:①地壳早期NE挤压收缩环境,形成劈理化带;②在持续NE向挤压作用下,大规模剪切、逆冲叠置,和地壳加厚,产生重熔岩浆和流体再分配效应,促使糜棱岩带形成和发展;③晚期地壳NE向挤压下,以垂直差异抬升和大量碎裂岩化高角度逆冲断裂的继承、叠加为特征。在区域大地构造的关系上:①、②对应于地槽褶皱、封闭的地槽体制(海西期),③对应于地洼体制(后海西期)。 相似文献
6.
位于苏鲁超高压变质地体南部的中国大陆科学钻探工程（CCSD）主孔岩石经历了超高压变形及多期折返变形。第一期折返变形为伸展折返变形,榴辉岩发生角闪岩相退变质作用,没有新生面理或线理的发育,基本保留了超高压阶段的S-L组构,并有显示熔融体特征的强退变榴辉岩发育。第二期折返变形为SEE-NWW向挤压折返变形,超高压变形期形成的不同岩石类型在本期变形中表现出不同的叠加变形现象,榴辉岩类岩石早期形成的S倾面理主体部分转为SEE倾,但拉伸线理产状与超高压变形期的近SN走向基本一致,反映早期面理沿NNE轴向的重褶作用,局部又被向SEE缓倾的韧性剪切带切割;而片麻岩类岩石在超高压变形期形成的S-L组构的主体部分已被新生成的总体向SEE缓倾的S-L组构置换,反映早期面理不仅重褶,而且大部分再度发生韧性剪切变形,具SEE向NWW的逆冲剪切指向,矿物普遍重新定向。第三期折返变形发育具NWW向SEE正滑剪切指向的韧性剪切带,并伴随大量“Z”型褶皱构造的发育。第四期折返变形以NWW向SEE正滑的张性或张扭性脆性断裂活动为主。探讨了苏鲁超高压变质地体折返变形的力学机制及CCSD主孔岩石面理变化的形成机制。 相似文献
7.
Fold-and-thrust belts are prominent structures that occur at the front of compressional orogens. To unravel the tectonic and metamorphic evolution of such complexes, kinematic investigations, quantitative microstructural analysis and geothermometry (calcite–graphite, calcite–dolomite) were performed on carbonate mylonites from thrust faults of the Helvetic nappe stack in Central Switzerland. Paleo-isotherms of peak temperature conditions and cooling stages (fission track) of the nappe pile were reconstructed in a vertical section and linked with the microstructural and kinematic evolution. Mylonitic microstructures suggest that under metamorphic conditions close to peak temperature, strain was highly localized within thrust faults where deformation temperatures spatially continuously increased in both directions, from N to S within each nappe and from top–down in the nappe stack, covering a temperature range of 180–380 °C. Due to the higher metamorphic conditions, thrusting of the lowermost nappe, the Doldenhorn nappe, was accompanied by a much more pronounced nappe internal ductile deformation of carbonaceous rock types than was the case for the overlying Wildhorn- and Gellihorn nappes. Ongoing thrusting brought the Doldenhorn nappe closer to the surface. The associated cooling resulted in a freezing in of the paleo-isotherms of peak metamorphic conditions. Contemporaneous shearing localized in the basal thrust, initially still in the ductile deformation regime and finally as brittle faulting and cataclasis inducing ultimately an inverse metamorphic zonation. With ongoing exhumation and the formation of the Helvetic antiformal nappe stack, a bending of large-scale tectonic structures (thrusts, folds), peak temperature isotherms and cooling isotherms occurred. While this local bending can directly be attributed to active deformation underneath the section investigated up to times of 2–3 ma, a more homogeneous uplift of the entire region is suggested for the very late and still active exhumation stage. 相似文献
8.
《Journal of Structural Geology》2003,25(10):1623-1644
Duplexes are a common feature in thrust belts at many scales. Their geometries vary significantly from antiformal stacks with significant forethrusting in the cover (e.g. southern Pyrennes, Spain) to triangle zones (e.g. foreland Canadian Rockies) to low-displacement individually spaced ramp-anticlines (e.g. Sub-Andean thrust belt, Bolivia). We present a series of physical experiments demonstrating that the strength of the décollements relative to that of the intervening and overlying rock layers plays a significant role in controlling the duplex style. The models comprise brittle layers made of dry quartz sand and décollements made of two types of viscous silicone polymers. The strength of the décollements in the models is a function of the shortening rate applied to the model. The relative strength of the décollements and surrounding rocks affects the development of active- or passive-roof duplexes (triangle zones). It also affects the amount of translation of individual thrust blocks and the spacing of thrust ramps, which in turn determine if a duplex evolves into an antiformal stack or into individually spaced ramp-anticlines. Model results indicate that specific associations of structural features form systematically under similar rheological and boundary conditions. The presence of relatively strong décollements promotes local underthrusting of the cover, individual ramp-anticlines, internal deformation of thrust sheets, low early layer-parallel shortening, and sequential towards-the-foreland propagation of structures. Weak décollements promote forethrusting of the cover, antiformal stacks, coeval growth of structures, and low internal strain, with the exception of significant early layer-parallel shortening. No underthrusting at a regional scale occurred in any model. 相似文献
9.
北喜马拉雅E-W向伸展变形时限:来自藏南错那洞穹隆Ar-Ar年代学证据 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
特提斯喜马拉雅带以广泛发育近E-W向和近S-N向断裂以及北喜马拉雅片麻岩穹隆带为典型特征.藏南错那洞穹隆位于特提斯喜马拉带的东部,是近两年新发现并厘定的穹隆构造.该穹隆从外向内主要由3部分组成:上部单元（盖层）、中部单元（滑脱系）和下部单元（核部）,其中滑脱系主要由一套强烈变形的片岩、伟晶岩、花岗岩、大理岩和矽卡岩组成,片岩包括含石榴石云母片岩、含石榴石十字石云母片岩、含蓝晶石石榴石十字石片岩、含矽线石蓝晶石石榴石片岩和云母石英片岩.野外构造变形特征表明滑脱系为一条强烈变形的韧性剪切带,发育大量的鞘褶皱、"Z"形揉褶皱和眼球状构造、石榴石的旋转碎斑、S-C组构和压力影构造.错那洞穹隆记录了4期构造变形:第1期由北向南的逆冲挤压构造、第2期由南向北的韧性伸展构造、第3期近E-W向的韧性伸展构造变形和第4期成穹后的脆性垮塌构造.通过对滑脱系中含石榴石云母片岩的白云母进行Ar-Ar同位素测年,获得坪年龄为14.0±0.2 Ma,等时线年龄为13.7±0.5 Ma,二者基本一致,同时微观构造特征显示石英呈亚颗粒旋转重结晶（SGR）,其韧性变形的温度为450~550℃,该变形温度高于白云母的封闭温度.因此,白云母Ar-Ar坪年龄（14.0±0.2 Ma）代表错那洞穹隆近E-W向伸展变形的时间,也即近S-N向桑日-错那裂谷的活动时间.结合构造变形和年代学特征,认为错那洞穹隆是STDS向北伸展拆离的主导机制叠加后期近E-W向韧性伸展活动的结果. 相似文献
10.
We report quantitative results from three brittle thrust wedge experiments, comparing numerical results directly with each other and with corresponding analogue results. We first test whether the participating codes reproduce predictions from analytical critical taper theory. Eleven codes pass the stable wedge test, showing negligible internal deformation and maintaining the initial surface slope upon horizontal translation over a frictional interface. Eight codes participated in the unstable wedge test that examines the evolution of a wedge by thrust formation from a subcritical state to the critical taper geometry. The critical taper is recovered, but the models show two deformation modes characterised by either mainly forward dipping thrusts or a series of thrust pop-ups. We speculate that the two modes are caused by differences in effective basal boundary friction related to different algorithms for modelling boundary friction. The third experiment examines stacking of forward thrusts that are translated upward along a backward thrust. The results of the seven codes that run this experiment show variability in deformation style, number of thrusts, thrust dip angles and surface slope. Overall, our experiments show that numerical models run with different numerical techniques can successfully simulate laboratory brittle thrust wedge models at the cm-scale. In more detail, however, we find that it is challenging to reproduce sandbox-type setups numerically, because of frictional boundary conditions and velocity discontinuities. We recommend that future numerical-analogue comparisons use simple boundary conditions and that the numerical Earth Science community defines a plasticity test to resolve the variability in model shear zones. 相似文献
11.
We investigate the internal deformation of orogenic wedges growing by frontal accretion with a two-dimensional numerical model. Our models are limited to crustal deformation and assume a horizontal detachment as observed for various natural orogens (e.g. Alaska and Costa Rica). The model wedges develop as a result of convergence of a brittle sediment layer in front of a strong backstop. We find that our reference model develops in-sequence forward-thrusts which propagate upward from the basal detachment. For this reference model we investigate the sensitivity of shear zone activity to surface processes and strain softening. Model results show that diffusive or slope dependent erosion enhances material transport across the wedge and slows down forward propagation of the deformation front. Frictional strain softening focuses deformation into narrow shear zones and enhances displacement along them. This has also been postulated for natural thrusts such as the Glarus thrust in the Swiss Alps and the Moine thrust in the Scottish Caledonides. A second series of models investigates the effects of regularly spaced weak inclusions within the sediment layer which simulate remnants of previous deformation phases. These inclusions facilitate and focus internal deformation, influence the thrust dip and thrust vergence and enable thrust reactivation in the internal part of the wedge. Our results show that inactive thrusts in the internal part of the wedges may be reactivated in models with diffusive surface processes, strain softening or weak inclusions. Thrust reactivation occurs as models seek to maintain their critical taper angle. First order characteristics of our numerical models agree well with natural orogenic wedges and results from other numerical and analogue models. 相似文献
12.
通过野外系统地质调查和实测地质剖面研究,在海拉尔盆地内部及其周边地区识别出盆地基底大型伸展变形带、盆地伸展构造和盆地挤压构造3类构造样式。其中:盆地基底大型伸展变形带包括额尔古纳韧性剪切带和嵯岗构造片麻岩带;盆地伸展构造样式以海拉尔市北部日军要塞堑垒、断阶构造、追踪张性断层和灵泉露天煤矿大型正断层为代表;盆地挤压构造样式以头站旅店逆冲断层、灵泉露天煤矿断褶带、伊敏露天煤矿顶厚褶皱和大型同沉积褶皱为代表。在构造样式形成时代研究的基础上,结合前人地震剖面解释成果,认为海拉尔盆地由老至新至少经历了6期重要的构造变形事件,即晚侏罗世—早白垩世早期盆地基底大规模伸展、下白垩统铜钵庙组沉积期强烈断陷、下白垩统南屯组沉积后挤压反转、大磨拐河组二段—伊敏组沉积期伸展拗陷、伊敏组沉积之后至上白垩统青元岗组沉积之前强烈挤压、青元岗组沉积期同沉积挤压。6期变形事件由老至新组成了海拉尔盆地较为完整的变形序列。 相似文献
13.
The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time. 相似文献
14.
内蒙古苏尼特左旗早白垩世宝德尔花岗岩伸展穹隆的确定及其地质意义 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
内蒙古宝德尔穹隆是发育在苏尼特左旗中蒙边境地区的不对称同构造伸展穹隆。该穹隆由内向外由核部早白垩世花岗岩、边缘韧性剪切带和脆性拆离断层组成,上盘为未变形的早二叠世花岗闪长岩、泥盆系片岩和早白垩世盆地,韧性剪切带和拆离断层仅发育在穹隆西南部。区域构造解析和显微构造分析表明,岩体侵位和韧性剪切带形成于同一构造应力场,指示上盘统一向NW方向剪切,变形程度由未变形的岩体核部向外侧逐渐增强,面理的形成与岩体的侵位和隆升过程密切相关。因此,该穹隆和东北亚其他岩浆穹隆相似,是不对称的花岗岩穹隆,反映了区域伸展拆离环境下侵位的同构造花岗岩穹隆的特点。 相似文献
15.
16.
C. A. Smit D. D. Van Reenen T. V. Gerya L. L. Perchuk 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2001,19(3):249-268
The Southern Marginal Zone of the late Archean Limpopo Belt of southern Africa is an example of a high‐grade gneiss terrane in which both upper and lower crustal deformational processes can be studied. This marginal zone consists of large thrust sheets of complexly folded low‐strain gneisses, bound by an imbricate system of kilometre‐wide deep crustal shear zones characterized by the presence of high‐strain gneisses (‘primary straight gneisses’). These shear zones developed during the decompression stage of this high‐grade terrane. Low‐ and high‐strain gneisses both contain similar reaction textures that formed under different kinematic conditions during decompression. Evidence for the early M1/D1 metamorphic phase (> 2690 Ma) is rarely preserved in low‐strain gneisses as a uniform orientation of relict Al‐rich orthopyroxene in the matrix and quartz and plagioclase inclusions in the cores of early (M1) Mg‐rich garnet porphyroblasts. This rare fabric formed at > 820 °C and > 7.5 kbar. The retrograde M2/D2 metamorphic fabric (2630–2670 Ma) is well developed in high‐strain gneisses from deep crustal shear zones and is microscopically recognized by the presence of reaction textures that formed synkinematically during shear deformation: M2 sigmoid‐shaped reaction textures with oriented cordierite–orthopyroxene symplectites formed after the early M1 Mg‐rich garnet porphyroblasts, and syn‐decompression M2 pencil‐shaped garnet with oriented inclusions of sillimanite and quartz formed after cordierite under conditions of near‐isobaric cooling at 750–630 °C and 6–5 kbar. The symplectites and pencil‐shaped garnet are oriented parallel to the shear fabric and in the stretching direction. Low‐strain gneisses from thrust sheets show similar M2 decompression cooling and near‐isobaric cooling reaction textures that formed within the same P–T range, but under low‐strain conditions, as shown by their pseudo‐idioblastic shapes that reflect the contours of completely replaced M1 garnet and randomly oriented cordierite–orthopyroxene symplectites. The presence of similar reaction textures reflecting low‐strain conditions in gneisses from thrust sheets and high‐strain conditions in primary straight gneisses suggests that most of the strain during decompression was partitioned into the bounding shear zones. A younger M3/D3 mylonitic fabric (< 2637 Ma) in unhydrated mylonites is characterized by brittle deformation of garnet porphyroclasts and ductile deformation of the quartz–plagioclase–biotite matrix developed at < 600 °C, as the result of post‐decompression shearing under epidote–amphibolite facies conditions. 相似文献
17.
自中三叠世扬子与华北板块发生碰撞—深俯冲作用以来,大别造山带南界上的襄樊—广济断裂带主要经历过两次变形事件: 1)早期变形事件发生在中三叠世末—晚三叠世初的造山带折返阶段,表现为造山带南边界上的韧性剪切带。这期北西—南东走向的剪切带向南西陡倾,发育北西—南东向的矿物拉伸线理,主要为右行走滑的运动性质,属于造山带斜向折返的侧边界走滑剪切带。造山带折返过程中将前陆褶断带北缘原先东西向褶皱改造为北西—南东走向。2)晚期变形事件发生在晚侏罗世,表现为脆性逆冲断层,使得前陆褶断带向北东逆冲在造山带南缘之上,同时在前陆上形成了一系列的逆冲断层。该断裂带的晚期逆冲活动与郯庐断裂带左行平移同时发生,代表了滨太平洋构造活动的开始。 相似文献
18.
Folds and thrust faults formed by layer-parallel shortening coaxial with extensional structures such as normal dip-slip faults and ductile necking structures with orthorhombic fabric symmetry are usual, but little-recognised structures formed within normal dip-slip shear zones bounding rifts. They are generated because of the shear distribution in a zone of progressive deformation and may be later extended and disrupted depending on which part of the strain ellipsoid they may be located. We here describe folds and thrust faults from the southern margin of the Ala?ehir Rift in western Turkey as an opportunity to discuss the properties of pure extension–related structures formed by layer-parallel shortening. Such structures are more commonly generated during the early stages of rifting, when deformation rates are slow and the shear zones broader than those forming later in the life of a rift when strain rates are usually higher. Such structures have commonly been mistaken for witnesses documenting regional episodes of shortening rather than as integral parts of the extensional structures forming rifts. Not all layer-parallel shortening-related structures therefore indicate regional shortening. We plead that hasty statements concerning the meaning of geological structures at all scales be avoided before a thorough understanding of bulk strains that have affected a region are properly understood. 相似文献
19.
Faults in carbonates are well known sources of upper crustal seismicity throughout the world. In the outer sector of the Northern Apennines, ancient carbonate-bearing thrusts are exposed at the surface and represent analogues of structures generating seismicity at depth. We describe the geometry, internal structure and deformation mechanisms of three large-displacement thrusts from the km scale to the microscale. Fault architecture and deformation mechanisms are all influenced by the lithology of faulted rocks. Where thrusts cut across bedded or marly limestones, fault zones are thick (tens of metres) and display foliated rocks (S-CC′ tectonites and/or YPR cataclasites) characterized by intense pressure-solution deformation. In massive limestones, faulting occurs in localized, narrow zones that exhibit abundant brittle deformation. A general model for a heterogeneous, carbonate-bearing thrust is proposed and discussed. Fault structure, affected by stratigraphic heterogeneity and inherited structures, influences the location of geometrical asperities and fault strain rates. The presence of clay minerals and the strain rate experienced by fault rocks modulate the shifting from cataclasis-dominated towards pressure-solution-dominated deformation. Resulting structural heterogeneity of these faults may mirror their mechanical and seismic behaviour: we suggest that seismic asperities are located at the boundaries of massive limestones in narrow zones of localized slip whereas weak shear zones constitute slowly slipping portions of the fault, reflecting other types of “aseismic” behaviour. 相似文献
20.
In China, the foreland of the Dabieshan is characterized by E–W trending domes and basins. From South to North the Wugongshan, Jiulingshan, Lushan and Dabieshan domes consist of Proterozoic metamorphics unconformably covered by late Proterozoic to Triassic sediments. Ductile and brittle extensional structures are described along the margins of the metamorphic domes. Along the N–S striking lineation, kinematic indicators show divergent top-to-the-north and -south shear in the north and south flanks of the domes, respectively. The superposition of Proterozoic phyllite over Permian–Triassic carbonates is reinterpreted as extensional allochthons formed by tilting, shearing and sliding on the layers. Plate convergence is responsible for continental subduction in the Dabieshan and deep-seated thrusting in the Yangtse plate. As compression continued, the thrust contacts were folded and several antiformal stacks developed. Domal uplift induced the formation of gravity-driven extensional structures. 相似文献