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1.
The International Atomic Time scale (TAI) is computed by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) from a set of
atomic clocks distributed in about 40 time laboratories around the world. The time transfer between these remote clocks is
mostly performed by the so-called GPS common view method: The clocks are connected to a GPS time receiver whose internal software
computes the offsets between the remote clocks and GPS time. These data are collected in a standard formal called CCTF. In
the present study we develop both the procedure and the software tool that allows us to generate the CCTF files needed for
time transfer to TAI, using RINEX files produced by geodetic receivers driven by an external frequency. The CCTF files are
then generated from the RINEX observation files. The software is freely available at ftp://omaftp.oma.be/dist/astro/time/RINEX_CCTF.
Applied to IGS (International GPS Service) receivers, this procedure will provide a direct link between TAI and the IGS clock
combination. We demonstrate here the procedure using the RINEX files from the Ashtech Metronome (ZXII-T) GPS receiver, to
which we apply the conventional analysis to compute the CCTF data. We compared these results with the CCTF files produced
by a time receiver R100-30T from 3S-Navigation. We also used this comparison with the results of a calibrated time receiver
to determine the hardware delay of the geodetic receiver. ? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
2.
Progress in Carrier Phase Time Transfer 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jim Ray Felicitas Arias Gérard Petit Tim Springer Thomas Schildknecht Jon Clarke Jan Johansson 《GPS Solutions》2001,4(4):47-54
The progress of the joint Pilot Project for time transfer, formed by the International GPS Service (IGS) and the Bureal International
des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), was recently reviewed. Three notable milestones were set. (1) The IGS will implement, at least
in a test mode, an internally realized time scale based on an integration of combined frequency standards within the IGS network.
This will eventually become the reference time scale for all IGS clock products (instead of the current GPS broadcast time).
(2) A new procedure for combined receiver and satellite clock products will be implemented officially in November 2000. Receiver
clocks are an entirely new product of the IGS. (3) The BIPM will coordinate an effort to calibrate all Ashtech Z12-T (and
possibly other) receivers suitable for time transfer applications, either differentially or absolutely. Progress reports will
be presented publicly in the spring 2001. ? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
3.
Since 21 June 1992 the International GPS Service (IGS), renamed International GNSS Service in 2005, produces and makes available uninterrupted time series of its products, in particular GPS observations from the IGS Global Network, GPS orbits, Earth orientation parameters (components x and y of polar motion, length of day) with daily time resolution, satellite and receiver clock information for each day with different latencies and accuracies, and station coordinates and velocities in weekly batches for further analysis by the IERS (International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service). At a later stage the IGS started exploiting its network for atmosphere monitoring, in particular for ionosphere mapping, for troposphere monitoring, and time and frequency transfer. This is why new IGS products encompass ionosphere maps and tropospheric zenith delays. This development became even more important when more and more space-missions carrying space-borne GPS for various purposes were launched. This article offers an overview for the broader scientific community of the development of the IGS and of the spectrum of topics addressed today with IGS data and products. 相似文献
4.
Two methods for smoothing pseudorange observable by Carrier and Doppler are discussed. Then the procedure based on the RINEX observation files is tested using the Ashtech Z-XII3T geodetic receivers driven by a stable external frequency at UNSO. This paper proposes to adapt this procedure for the links between geodetic receivers, in order to take advantage of theP codes available onL1 andL2. This new procedure uses the 30-second RINEX observations files, the standard of the International GPS Service (IGS), and processes the ionosphere-free combination of the codesP1 andP2; the satellite positions are deduced from the IGS rapid orbits, available after two days. 相似文献
5.
NIEGuigen LIUJingnan 《地球空间信息科学学报》2005,8(1):8-13
Two methods for smoothing pseudorange observable by Carrier and Doppler are discussed. Then the procedure based on the RINEX observation files is tested using the Ashtech Z-XII3T geodetic receivers driven by a stable external frequency at UNSO. This paper proposes to adapt this procedure for the links between geodetic receivers, in order to take advantage of the P codes available on L1 and L2, This new procedure uses the 30-second RINEX observations files, the standard of the International GPS Service (IGS), and processes the ionosphere-free combination of the codes P1 and P2 ; the satellite positions are deduced from the IGS rapid orbits, available after two days. 相似文献
6.
Phase center modeling for LEO GPS receiver antennas and its impact on precise orbit determination 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7
Adrian Jäggi R. Dach O. Montenbruck U. Hugentobler H. Bock G. Beutler 《Journal of Geodesy》2009,83(12):1145-1162
Most satellites in a low-Earth orbit (LEO) with demanding requirements on precise orbit determination (POD) are equipped with
on-board receivers to collect the observations from Global Navigation Satellite systems (GNSS), such as the Global Positioning
System (GPS). Limiting factors for LEO POD are nowadays mainly encountered with the modeling of the carrier phase observations,
where a precise knowledge of the phase center location of the GNSS antennas is a prerequisite for high-precision orbit analyses.
Since 5 November 2006 (GPS week 1400), absolute instead of relative values for the phase center location of GNSS receiver
and transmitter antennas are adopted in the processing standards of the International GNSS Service (IGS). The absolute phase
center modeling is based on robot calibrations for a number of terrestrial receiver antennas, whereas compatible antenna models
were subsequently derived for the remaining terrestrial receiver antennas by conversion (from relative corrections), and for
the GNSS transmitter antennas by estimation. However, consistent receiver antenna models for space missions such as GRACE
and TerraSAR-X, which are equipped with non-geodetic receiver antennas, are only available since a short time from robot calibrations.
We use GPS data of the aforementioned LEOs of the year 2007 together with the absolute antenna modeling to assess the presently
achieved accuracy from state-of-the-art reduced-dynamic LEO POD strategies for absolute and relative navigation. Near-field
multipath and cross-talk with active GPS occultation antennas turn out to be important and significant sources for systematic
carrier phase measurement errors that are encountered in the actual spacecraft environments. We assess different methodologies
for the in-flight determination of empirical phase pattern corrections for LEO receiver antennas and discuss their impact
on POD. By means of independent K-band measurements, we show that zero-difference GRACE orbits can be significantly improved
from about 10 to 6 mm K-band standard deviation when taking empirical phase corrections into account, and assess the impact
of the corrections on precise baseline estimates and further applications such as gravity field recovery from kinematic LEO
positions. 相似文献
7.
电离层延迟是影响导航定位精度的最主要因素。北斗卫星导航系统采用Klobuchar模型修正单频接收机用户的电离层延迟误差,对于双频接收机,可以利用不同频率信号的伪距观测数据解算得到电离层延迟值。为比较两种方法在天津地区的电离层延迟修正效果,利用NovAtel GPStation6接收机(GNSS电离层闪烁和TEC监测接收机)采集到的卫星实测数据进行计算。以国际全球导航卫星系统服务组织(IGS)发布的全球电离层格网数据为参考,对两种方法的修正效果进行比较分析。结果表明,在天津地区,利用双频观测值解算电离层延迟比Klobuchar模型计算结果更加精确,且平均每天的修正值达到IGS发布数据的82.11％,比Klobuchar模型计算值高948％ 相似文献
8.
Ambiguity resolution strategies using the results of the International GPS Geodynamics Service (IGS)
Resolving the initial phase ambiguities of GPS carrier phase observations was always considered an important aspect of GPS processing techniques. Resolution of the so-called wide-lane ambiguities using a special linear combination of theL
1 andL
2 carrier and code observations has become standard. New aspects have to be considered today: (1) Soon AS, the so-called Anti-Spoofing, will be turned on for all Block II spacecrafts. This means that precise code observations will be no longer available, which in turn means that the mentioned approach to resolve the wide-lane ambiguities will fail. (2) Most encouraging is the establishment of the new International GPS Geodynamics Service (IGS), from where high quality orbits, earth rotation parameters, and eventually also ionospheric models will be available. We are reviewing the ambiguity resolution problem under these new aspects: We look for methods to resolve the initial phase ambiguities without using code observations but using high quality orbits and ionospheric models from IGS, and we study the resolution of the narrow-lane ambiguities (after wide-lane ambiguity resolution) using IGS orbits. 相似文献
9.
Use of IGS products in TAI applications 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) is in charge of producing International Atomic Time TAI. In this aim, it uses clock data from more than 60 laboratories spread worldwide. For two decades, GPS has been an essential tool to link these clocks, and products from the International GNSS Service (IGS) have been used to improve the quality of these time links since its creation in the early 1990s. This paper reviews the various interactions between the IGS and time activities at the BIPM, and shows that TAI has greatly benefited from IGS products so that their availability is now an essential need for the quality of TAI links. On the other hand, IGS has also benefited from introducing time laboratories equipped with highly stable clocks in its network of stations. In the future, similar products will be needed for an ensemble of satellite systems, starting with GLONASS and GALILEO. It will be a major challenge to the IGS to obtain a consistent set of products, particularly for what concerns satellite clocks and inter-system bias values. 相似文献
10.
Absolute Positioning with Single-Frequency GPS Receivers 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：11
Ola Øvstedal 《GPS Solutions》2002,5(4):33-44
The use of precise post-processed satellite orbits and satellite clock corrections in absolute positioning, using one GPS
receiver only, has proven to be an accurate alternative to the more commonly used differential techniques for many applications
in georeferencing.
The absolute approach is capable of centimeter accuracy when using state-of-the-art, dual-frequency GPS receivers. When using
observations from single-frequency receivers, however, the accuracy, especially in height, decreases. The obvious reason for
this degradation in accuracy is the effect of unmodeled ionospheric delay.
This paper discusses the availability of some empirical ionospheric models that are publicly available and quantifies their
usefulness for absolute positioning using single-frequency GPS receivers. The Global Ionospheric Model supplied by International
GPS Service (IGS) is the most accurate one and is recommended for absolute positioning using single-frequency GPS receivers.
Using high-quality single-frequency observations, a horizontal epoch-to-epoch accuracy of better than 1 m and a vertical accuracy
of approximately 1 m is demonstrated. ? 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
11.
M_DCB: Matlab code for estimating GNSS satellite and receiver differential code biases 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2
Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) have been widely used to monitor variations in the earth’s ionosphere by estimating total electron content (TEC) using dual-frequency observations. Differential code biases (DCBs) are one of the important error sources in estimating precise TEC from GNSS data. The International GNSS Service (IGS) Analysis Centers have routinely provided DCB estimates for GNSS satellites and IGS ground receivers, but the DCBs for regional and local network receivers are not provided. Furthermore, the DCB values of GNSS satellites or receivers are assumed to be constant over 1?day or 1?month, which is not always the case. We describe Matlab code to estimate GNSS satellite and receiver DCBs for time intervals from hours to days; the software is called M_DCB. The DCBs of GNSS satellites and ground receivers are tested and evaluated using data from the IGS GNSS network. The estimates from M_DCB show good agreement with the IGS Analysis Centers with a mean difference of less than 0.7?ns and an RMS of less than 0.4?ns, even for a single station DCB estimate. 相似文献
12.
New IGS Station and Satellite Clock Combination 总被引：3，自引：5，他引：3
Following the principles set forth in the Position Paper #3 at the 1998 Darmstadt Analysis Center (AC) Workshop on the new
International GPS Service (IGS) International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) realization and discussions at the 1999 La
Jolla AC workshop, a new clock combination program was developed. The program allows for the input of both SP3 and the new
clock (RINEX) format (ftp://igsch.jpl.nasa.gov//igscb/data/format/rinex_clock.txt). The main motivation for this new development
is the realization of the goals of the IGS/BIPM timing project. Besides this there is a genuine interest in station clocks
and a need for a higher sampling rate of the IGS clocks (currently limited to 15 min due to the SP3 format). The inclusion
of station clocks should also allow for a better alignment of the individual AC solutions and should enable the realization
of a stable GPS time-scale.
For each input AC clock solution the new clock combination solves and corrects for reference clock errors/instabilities as
well as satellite/station biases, geocenter and station/satellite orbit errors. External station clock calibrations and/or
constraints, such as those resulting from the IGS/BIPM timing pilot project, can be introduced via a subset of the fiducial
timing station set, to facilitate a precise and consistent IGS UTC realization for both station and satellite combined clock
solutions. Furthermore, the new clock combination process enforces strict strict conformity and consistency with the current
and future IGS standards.
The new clock combination maintains orbit/clock consistency at millimeter level, which is comparable to the best AC orbit/clock
solutions. This is demonstrated by static GIPSY precise point positioning tests using GPS week 0995 data for stations in both
Northern and Southern Hemispheres and similar tests with the Bernese software using more recent data from GPS week 1081. ?
2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
13.
提出一种基于单频码和相位观测量的单频精密单点定位方法,将每个观测量的电离层延迟量与接收机钟差、对流层天顶延迟、接收机位置、相位模糊度一起作为未知参数。采用约化参数的平方根信息滤波与平滑算法进行参数解算。该方法适用于实时定位和事后处理,且不需要外部的电离层模型。采用全球分布的32个IGS监测站16 d实测数据进行静态解算试验,结果表明E、N、U方向的RMS分别为0.023 m、0.018 m、0.059 m;基于一组机载GPS数据进行动态解算试验,得到E、N、U方向的RMS(与载波相位动态相对定位结果比较)分别为0.168 m、0.151 m、0.172 m。 相似文献
14.
15.
Different types of GPS clock and orbit data provided by the International GPS Service (IGS) have been used to assess the accuracy
of rapid orbit determination for satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) using spaceborne GPS measurements. To avoid the need
for reference measurements from ground-based reference receivers, the analysis is based on an undifferenced processing of
GPS code and carrier-phase measurements. Special attention is therefore given to the quality of GPS clock data that directly
affects the resulting orbit determination accuracy. Interpolation of clock data from the available 15 min grid points is identified
as a limiting factor in the use of IGS ultra-rapid ephemerides. Despite this restriction, a 10-cm orbit determination accuracy
can be obtained with these products data as demonstrated for the GRACE-B spacecraft during selected data arcs between 2002
and 2004. This performance may be compared with a 5-cm orbit determination accuracy achievable with IGS rapid and final products
using 5 min clock samples. For improved accuracy, high-rate (30 s) clock solutions are recommended that are presently only
available from individual IGS centers. Likewise, a reduced latency and more frequent updates of IGS ultra-rapid ephemerides
are desirable to meet the requirements of upcoming satellite missions for near real-time and precise orbit determination. 相似文献
16.
Characterization of between-receiver GPS-Galileo inter-system biases and their effect on mixed ambiguity resolution 总被引：12，自引：6，他引：6
The Global Positioning System (GPS) and Galileo will transmit signals on similar frequencies, that is, the L1–E1 and L5–E5a frequencies. This will be beneficial for mixed GPS and Galileo applications in which the integer carrier phase ambiguities need to be resolved, in order to estimate the positioning unknowns with centimeter accuracy or better. In this contribution, we derive the mixed GPS + Galileo model that is based on “inter-system” double differencing, that is, differencing the Galileo phase and code observations relative to those corresponding to the reference or pivot satellite of GPS. As a consequence of this, additional between-receiver inter-system bias (ISB) parameters need to be solved as well for both phase and code data. We investigate the size and variability of these between-receiver ISBs, estimated from L1 and L5 observations of GPS, as well as E1 and E5a observations of the two experimental Galileo In-Orbit Validation Element (GIOVE) satellites. The data were collected using high-grade multi-GNSS receivers of different manufacturers for several zero- and short-baseline setups in Australia and the USA. From this analysis, it follows that differential ISBs are only significant for receivers of different types and manufacturers; for baselines formed by identical receiver types, no differential ISBs have shown up; thus, implying that the GPS and GIOVE data are then fully interoperable. Fortunately, in case of different receiver types, our analysis also indicates that the phase and code ISBs may be calibrated, since their estimates, based on several datasets separated in time, are shown to be very stable. When the single-frequency (E1) GIOVE phase and code data of different receiver types are a priori corrected for the differential ISBs, the short-baseline instantaneous ambiguity success rate increases significantly and becomes comparable to the success rate of mixed GPS + GIOVE ambiguity resolution based on identical receiver types. 相似文献
17.
Heading and Pitch Determination Using GPS/GLONASS 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This article describes a single difference approach to estimate heading and pitch with a twin global positoning system (GPS)/GLONASS
(GG) receiver system. Augmentation of GPS with GLONASS is not straightforward, however, because the latter system employs
the frequency division multiple access technique to distinguish the signals form different satellites, rather than the code
division multiple access technique used by GPS. The fact that each GLONASS signal has its own slightly different frequency
makes the double difference (DD) of carrier phase observables no longer possible without modification. To get around this
problem, the use of the between-receiver single difference (SD) of the carrier phase observables is proposed. In this case,
however, receiver clock and other errors do not cancel out. The possibility of using a common external oscillator for the
two receivers is explored. Remaining time and other biases are estimated using a low-pass averaging filter. The single difference
integer ambiguities can then be resolved and the heading and pitch can be determined with a relatively good level of accuracy.
Static and kinematic tests conducted with a pair of GPS/GLONASS receivers are used to validate the approach. Under reduced
visibility, the combined GPS/GLONASS approach is shown to yield superior availability. ? 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
18.
Improved antenna phase center models for GLONASS 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
Rolf Dach Ralf Schmid Martin Schmitz Daniela Thaller Stefan Schaer Simon Lutz Peter Steigenberger Gerhard Wübbena Gerhard Beutler 《GPS Solutions》2011,15(1):49-65
Thanks to the increasing number of active GLONASS satellites and the increasing number of multi-GNSS tracking stations in
the network of the International GNSS Service (IGS), the quality of the GLONASS orbits has become significantly better over
the last few years. By the end of 2008, the orbit RMS error had reached a level of 3–4 cm. Nevertheless, the strategy to process
GLONASS observations still has deficiencies: one simplification, as applied within the IGS today, is the use of phase center
models for receiver antennas for the GLONASS observations, which were derived from GPS measurements only, by ignoring the
different frequency range. Geo++ GmbH calibrates GNSS receiver antennas using a robot in the field. This procedure yields
now separate corrections for the receiver antenna phase centers for each navigation satellite system, provided its constellation
is sufficiently populated. With a limited set of GLONASS calibrations, it is possible to assess the impact of GNSS-specific
receiver antenna corrections that are ignored within the IGS so far. The antenna phase center model for the GLONASS satellites
was derived in early 2006, when the multi-GNSS tracking network of the IGS was much sparser than it is today. Furthermore,
many satellites of the constellation at that time have in the meantime been replaced by the latest generation of GLONASS-M
satellites. For that reason, this paper also provides an update and extension of the presently used correction tables for
the GLONASS satellite antenna phase centers for the current constellation of GLONASS satellites. The updated GLONASS antenna
phase center model helps to improve the orbit quality. 相似文献
19.
We have used GLONASS P-code measurements from different geodetic GPS/GLONASS receivers involved in the IGEX campaign to perform
frequency/time transfer between remote clocks. GLONASS time transfer is commonly based on the clock differences between GLONASS
system time and the local clock computed by a time transfer receiver. We choose to analyze the raw P-code data available in
the RINEX files. This also allows working with the data from geodetic receivers involved in the IGEX campaign. As a first
point, we show that the handling of the external frequency in some of the IGEX receivers is not suited for time transfer applications.
We also point out that the GLONASS broadcast ephemerides give rise to a considerable number of outliers in the time transfer,
compared to the precise IGEX ephemerides. Due to receiver clock resets at day boundaries, which is a characteristic of the
R100 receivers from 3S-Navigation, continuous data sets exceeding one day are not available. Invthis context, it is therefore
impossible to perform RINEX-based precise frequency transfer with GLONASS P-codes on a time scale longer than one day. Because
the frequencies used by GLONASS satellites are different, the time transfer results must be corrected for the different receiver
hardware delays. After this correction, the final precision of our time transfer results corresponds to a root-mean-square
(rms) of 1.8 nanoseconds (ns) (maximum difference of 11.8 ns) compared to a rms of about 4.4 ns (maximum difference of 31.9
ns) for time transfer based on GPS C/A code observations. ? 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
20.
GNSS observations provided by the global tracking network of the International GNSS Service (IGS, Dow et al. in J Geod 83(3):191–198, 2009) play an important role in the realization of a unique terrestrial reference frame that is accurate enough to allow a detailed monitoring of the Earth’s system. Combining these ground-based data with GPS observations tracked by high-quality dual-frequency receivers on-board low earth orbiters (LEOs) is a promising way to further improve the realization of the terrestrial reference frame and the estimation of geocenter coordinates, GPS satellite orbits and Earth rotation parameters. To assess the scope of the improvement on the geocenter coordinates, we processed a network of 53 globally distributed and stable IGS stations together with four LEOs (GRACE-A, GRACE-B, OSTM/Jason-2 and GOCE) over a time interval of 3 years (2010–2012). To ensure fully consistent solutions, the zero-difference phase observations of the ground stations and LEOs were processed in a common least-squares adjustment, estimating all the relevant parameters such as GPS and LEO orbits, station coordinates, Earth rotation parameters and geocenter motion. We present the significant impact of the individual LEO and a combination of all four LEOs on the geocenter coordinates. The formal errors are reduced by around 20% due to the inclusion of one LEO into the ground-only solution, while in a solution with four LEOs LEO-specific characteristics are significantly reduced. We compare the derived geocenter coordinates w.r.t. LAGEOS results and external solutions based on GPS and SLR data. We found good agreement in the amplitudes of all components; however, the phases in x- and z-direction do not agree well. 相似文献