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1.
As part of the 2nd A erosol C haracterisation E xperiment (ACE‐2), conducted during summer 1997 in the North Atlantic region between the Canary Islands and Portugal, we measured aerosol optical depths (AOD) at a mid‐tropospheric site, near the top of the volcanic mountain "El Teide"(28°16'N, 16°36' W, 3570 m asl). Our instrument was located at the highest altitude in a network of sunphotometers that extended down to sea level. Clear conditions dominated the ACE‐2 period, and, although suggested by back‐trajectories at 300 hPa, no evidence of anthropogenic pollution was found in our data. Three distinct dust episodes were observed. Vertical soundings and back trajectories suggested mineral dust from the Sahel region as a source. During these episodes, AOD increased an order of magnitude with respect to background conditions (from 0.017 up to 0.19 at λ=500 nm). A shift towards neutrality of the extinction spectral dependence (Ångstrom exponent α down to 0.13), indicated that the coarse mode (particle diameter >2 μm) dominated the aerosol size distribution. For 6 days during the episodes of mineral dust, a monomodal size distribution between 2 and 20 μm diameter was obtained from Mie based size distribution calculations. Estimates, at 500 nm, of the single scattering albedo ω0(0.87–0.96), and the aerosol asymmetry parameter g (0.72–0.73) suggest that the dust layer causes a net cooling forcing at the top of the atmosphere.  相似文献   

2.
A set of 152 vertical profiles of aerosol number concentration and size distribution with diameter ranging from 0.12 to 3.0 μm observed by the airborne optical spectrometer probe in Beijing, China, between February 2005 and September 2006 is analysed and discussed. The statistic of aerosol number concentration ( N a) reveals a high aerosol number density in this region with average surface level number concentration ( N 0) of about 6600 cm−3 (0.12–3.0 μm). The average vertical profile of N a approximately satisfies an exponential decline function with a scale height of 1419 m. The N a profiles are influenced by the structures of planetary boundary layer (PBL) significantly and two typical types of N a profile under different conditions of PBL are presented and parametrized in this study. The observations of aerosol size distribution show that, in most cases the aerosol size distributions are not very sensitive to altitude, with effective radii ranging from 0.16 to 0.28 μm. Comparison between aircraft-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-derived AOD shows good agreement. The Mie model calculations suggest that the surface level number concentration, the PBL height and the structure of PBL can influence the AOD significantly.  相似文献   

3.
This paper reports on the analysis of 24-h aerosol data measured during 2006, at 14 monitoring sites in China. Measurements included seven-wavelength Aethalometers, thermal/optical reflectance analyses of filter samples and determination of dust aerosols. Black (elemental) carbon (BC, EC) is found to be the principal light-absorbing aerosol over many parts of China; however, the fraction of apparent light absorption attributed to dust varied from 14% in winter, to 11% in spring, to 5% in summer to 9% in autumn. Aerosol light absorption in urban areas was larger than in rural areas by factors of 2.4 in winter, 3.1 in spring and 2.5 in both summer and autumn. These differences may lead to contrasts in radiative, thermal and cloud modification effects between urban and rural areas. Absorption 'hotspots' were located in the Sichuan Basin, the provinces south of Beijing, the Pearl Delta River regions and the Guanzhong Plain. The mass absorption coefficient for aerosol BC (σBC) based on Aethalometer data is estimated to be 11.7 m2 g−1 at 880 nm wavelength (λ) with inverse (λ−1) wavelength scaling, whereas the mass absorption coefficient for dust (σdust) is 1.3 m2 g−1 on average without significant wavelength dependence.  相似文献   

4.
利用2008年5月16日至2009年4月17日太湖地区多光谱旋转遮光辐射仪（multi—filter ro—tating shadow—band radiometer,简称MFRSR）的观测资料进行反演,得出415、500、615、675和870nm5个波段大气气溶胶光学厚度（aerosol optical depth,简称AOD）及各季节浑浊度系数和波长指数的统计结果。结果表明,5个波段AOD的最大值分别为1．9、1．6、1．3、1．2和1．0;它们谱分布的半宽度分别为0．90、0．70、0．55、0．45和0．25;AOD频率分布极大值处所对应的AOD值分别为0．750、0．550、0．475、0．425和0．425。5个波段AOD的平均值在春季最大,夏季次之,除870nm外,均为冬季最小。浑浊度系数变化范围为0～1．25,其中大于0．2的占97％以上,大于0．4的占66％以上。春季、夏季、秋季和冬季的波长指数变化范围分别为0～3．0、0～2．8、0．2～2．0和0．2～2．0,表明太湖地区大气污染较为严重,且受人为源的影响显著。相对于秋冬季,春夏季有较大粒径的气溶胶粒子存在。  相似文献   

5.
Using 5 yr (December 2000–November 2005) of satellite data from the clouds and the earths radiant energy system (CERES) and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), we examine the instantaneous short-wave radiative efficiency ( Eτ ) of aerosols during the morning Terra satellite overpass time over the global oceans (60°N–60°S). We calculate Eτ using two commonly used methods. The first method uses the MODIS aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at 0.55 μm with radiative transfer calculations, whereas the second method utilizes the same AOT values along with a new generation of aerosol angular distribution models to convert the CERES-measured broad-band radiances to fluxes. Over the 5 yr, the global mean instantaneous Eτ between the methods is remarkably consistent and within 5 W m−2τ−1 with a mean value of –70 W m−2τ−1. The largest differences between the methods occur in high-latitude regions, primarily in the Southern Hemisphere, where AOT is low. In dust dominated regions, there is an excellent agreement between the methods with differences of <3 W m−2τ−1. These differences are largely due to assumptions in aerosol models and definition of clear sky backgrounds. Independent assessments of aerosol radiative effects from different satellite sensors and methods are extremely valuable and should be used to verify numerical modelling simulations.  相似文献   

6.
In the framework of the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment (SAMUM) for the first time the spectral dependence of particle linear depolarization ratios was measured by combining four lidar systems. In this paper these measurements are compared with results from scattering theory based on the T-matrix method. For this purpose, in situ measurements—size distribution, shape distribution and refractive index—were used as input parameters; particle shape was approximated by spheroids. A sensitivity study showed that lidar-related parameters—lidar ratio   S p   and linear depolarization ratio  δ p   —are very sensitive to changes of all parameters. The simulated values of the  δ p   are in the range of 20% and 31% and thus in the range of the measurements. The spectral dependence is weak, so that it could not be resolved by the measurements. Calculated lidar ratios based on the measured microphysics and considering equivalent radii up to 7.5 μm show a range of possible values between 29 and 50 sr at  λ= 532 nm  . Larger   S p   might be possible if the real part of the refractive index is small and the imaginary part is large. A strict validation was however not possible as too many microphysical parameters influence   S p   and  δ p   that could not be measured with the required accuracy.  相似文献   

7.
Summary The modifications of the solar spectral diffuse and direct-beam irradiances as well as the diffuse-to-direct-beam ratio, Edλ/Ebλ, as a function of the aerosol optical depth, AOD, and solar zenith angle, SZA, is investigated. The Edλ/Ebλ ratios decrease rapidly with wavelength and exponential curves in the form Edλ/Ebλ = aλ−b can be fitted with a great accuracy. These curves are strongly modified by the solar spectrum distribution, which is affected by the aerosol loading, aerosol optical properties and SZA. The spectral dependence of the above Edλ/Ebλ ratios in logarithmic coordinates does not yield a straight line, while a significant departure from the linearity is revealed. The reasons for this departure are investigated in detail and it is established that the aerosol physical properties such as single scattering albedo and size distribution along with the effect of SZA are responsible. These parameters strongly affect the scattering processes in the atmosphere and as a consequence the diffuse spectral distribution. The Edλ/Ebλ ratio, which is an indicator of the atmospheric transmittance (King, 1979), exhibits a strong wavelength and aerosol-loading dependence. The observed differences between turbid and clear atmospheres constitute a manifestation of contrasting air properties and influence solar irradiance spectra. The present work aims at investigating the effect of atmospheric turbidity and SZA on the Edλ/Ebλ ratio. For this reason, two distinct cases are examined: one having different atmospheric turbidity conditions but same SZA and a second having different SZAs and same atmospheric turbidity levels.  相似文献   

8.
Reported in this article are the results of the analysis of extensive observations of aerosol optical, micro-physical characteristics, and precipitable water content (PWC) that have been carried out using compact, multi-band solar radiometers, over a semi-arid station, Agra (27°10′N, 78°05′E, 169 m AMSL) during winter 2004. The aerosol optical depth (AOD), Angstrom wavelength exponent (α), and PWC show, higher values on hazy- and foggy-days and lower values on clear-days. The turbidity coefficient (β) shows higher values for smaller values of α and vice versa. The aerosol size spectra exhibit bi-modal distribution with abundance of accumulation-mode particles during fog and haze occasions, and relatively coarse-mode particles on clear-days. The above features have been explained with co-located PWC and surface-level meteorological parameters. The NOAA HYSPLIT five-day back trajectories indicate the influence of trans-boundary pollution transport over the experimental station during the study period.  相似文献   

9.
The major finding of this study is that aerosols over the tropical Indian Ocean enhance clear sky atmospheric solar heating significantly and decrease the surface solar heating by even a larger amount. The results presented here are based on aerosol chemical, microphysical, and optical and radiometric data collected at the island of Kaashidhoo (4.97°N, 73.47°E) during February and March of 1998, as part of the first field phase of the Indian Ocean experiment (INDOEX). The aerosol optical properties were integrated with a multiple scattering Monte Carlo radiative transfer model which was validated at the surface with broadband flux measurements and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) with the clouds and earth's radiant energy system (CERES) radiation budget measurements. We consider both externally and internally mixed aerosol models with very little difference between the two models in the estimated forcing. For the February–March period, the aerosols increase the monthly mean clear sky atmospheric solar heating by about 12 W/m2(about 15% of the total atmospheric solar heating) and decrease the sea surface clear sky solar heating by about 16 W/m2 with a daily range from 5 to 23 W/m2. The net aerosol forcing at the top of the atmosphere is about −4 W/m2 with a daily range from −2 to −6 W/m2. Although the soot contributes only about 10% to the aerosol optical thickness, it contributes more than 50% to the aerosol induced atmospheric solar heating. The fundamental conclusion of this study is that anthropogenic aerosols over the tropical Indian Ocean are altering the clear sky radiation budget of the atmosphere and surface in a major manner.  相似文献   

10.
This paper uses a refined soil gradient method to estimate soil CO2 efflux. Six different models are used to determine the relative gas diffusion coefficient (ξ). A weighted harmonic averaging is used to estimate the soil CO2 diffusion coefficient, yielding a better estimate of soil CO2 efflux. The resulting soil CO2 efflux results are then compared to the soil CO2 efflux measured with a soil chamber. Depending on the choice of ξ model used, the estimated soil CO2 efflux using the gradient method reasonably approximates the efflux obtained using the soil chamber method. In addition, the estimated soil CO2 efflux obtained by this improved method is well described by an exponential function of soil temperature at a depth of 0.05 m with the temperature sensitivity ( Q 10) of 1.81 and a linear function of soil moisture at a depth of 0.12 m, in general agreement with previous findings. These results suggest that the gradient method is a practical cost-effective means to measure soil CO2 emissions. Results from the present study suggest that the gradient method can be used successfully to measure soil CO2 efflux provided that proper attention is paid to the judicious use of the proper diffusion coefficient.  相似文献   

11.
The second Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (ACE‐2) was aimed at investigating the physical, chemical and radiative properties of aerosol and their evolution in the North Atlantic region. In the 2nd "Lagrangian" experiment, an air mass was tracked over a 30‐h period during conditions of extensive stratocumulus cover. Boundary‐layer measurements of the aerosol size distribution obtained with a passive cavity aerosol spectrometer probe (PCASP) during the experiment show a gradual growth in size of particles in the 0.1–0.2 μm diameter mode. Simultaneously, SO2 concentrations were found to decrease sharply from 800 to 20 ppt. The fraction of sulphate in aerosol ionic mass increased from 0.68±0.07 to 0.82±0.09 for small particles (diameter below 1.7 μm) and from 0.21±0.04 to 0.34±0.03 for large particles (diameter above 1.7 μm). The measurements were compared with a multicyclic parcel model of gas phase diffusion into cloud droplets and aqueous phase chemical reactions. The model was able to broadly reproduce the observed transformation in the aerosol spectra and the timescale for the transformation of SO2 to sulphate aerosol. The modelled SO2 concentration in the boundary layer fell to below half its initial value over a 6.5‐h time period due to a combination of the entrainment of cleaner tropospheric air and cloud chemical reactions. NH3 and HCl gas were also found to play an important rôle in cloud processing in the model.  相似文献   

12.
气溶胶光学厚度谱特征判断粒子大小方法初探   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文
当气溶胶谱满足Junge分布时,Angstrom指数 (α) 可以准确地描述粒子大小,但真实大气气溶胶很少完全满足这一条件,仅用α判断粒子大小会有较大出入。基于北京、香河、兴隆、太湖4个Aeronet观测站21世纪以来各站历时都超过1年的气溶胶光学厚度资料,获得5511组lnτ与lnλ的二次拟合参数a2,a1,尝试找到一种结合α,a2,a1判断粒子大小的方法。结果表明:当气溶胶为粗粒子时 (Vfine/Vtotal＜0.2),α均小于0.75,仅用α就可以较好地判断粒子大小,但当气溶胶以细粒子为主时 (Vfine/Vtotal＞0.7),该方法会有较大出入,此时a2,a1可以有效地辅助α判断粒子大小,α＞0.75,a2＜-0.5或a2＜-0.5,a1＜-1.0是较好的判据。此外,分析发现国外研究提出的用a2-a1判断粒子大小的方法效果并不理想,尤其在1＜a2-a1＜2的情况下,粒子的组成有多种可能。  相似文献   

13.
The present study deals with the aerosol optical properties which are assessed during the period 2007 to 2009 over Mohal (31.9oN, 77.12oE) in the northwestern Indian Himalaya, using ground-based measurements and multi-satellite data. The daily average value of aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 500?nm, ?ngstr?m exponent and turbidity coefficient are 0.24?±?0.08, 1.02?±?0.34 and 0.13?±?0.05, respectively. The comparative study of satellite and ground-based measurements reveals that the percentage retrieval for daily AOD at 550?nm over Mohal within the expected accuracy (???? p?? ?=?±0.05?±?0.15?? p?? ) is around 87%, with a significant correlation coefficient of 0.76. The present study suggests that the retrieval of AOD through satellite data is able to characterise the distribution of AOD over Mohal. However, further efforts are needed in order to eliminate systematic errors in the existing Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) algorithm. The transport of desert dust and anthropogenic aerosol during high aerosol loading days caused a significant reduction in surface-reaching solar radiation by 149 and 117%, respectively. This large reduction in surface-reaching solar radiation increased the atmospheric heating rate by 0.93 and 0.72?K?day?1, respectively. This study indicates significant climatic implications due to the transport of aerosols in the northwestern Indian Himalaya.  相似文献   

14.
Global warming simulations are performed with a coupled climate model of reduced complexity to investigate global warming–marine carbon cycle feedbacks. The model is forced by emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse agents from scenarios recently developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and by CO2 stabilization profiles. The uptake of atmospheric CO2 by the ocean is reduced between 7 to 10% by year 2100 compared to simulations without global warming. The reduction is of similar size in the Southern Ocean and in low‐latitude regions (32.5°S‐32.5°N) until 2100, whereas low‐latitude regions dominate on longer time scales. In the North Atlantic the CO2 uptake is enhanced, unless the Atlantic thermohaline circulation completely collapses. At high latitudes, biologically mediated changes enhance ocean CO2 uptake, whereas in low‐latitude regions the situation is reversed. Different implementations of the marine biosphere yield a range of 5 to 16% for the total reduction in oceanic CO2 uptake until year 2100. Modeled oceanic O2 inventories are significantly reduced in global warming simulations. This suggests that the terrestrial carbon sink deduced from atmospheric O2/N2 observations is potentially overestimated if the oceanic loss of O2 to the atmosphere is not considered.  相似文献   

15.
塔克拉玛干沙漠地区气溶胶光学厚度卫星遥感产品验证   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
基于塔克拉玛干沙漠地区地基太阳光度计数据,系统验证2007～2008年星载多角度成像光谱仪(MISR)、中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)和臭氧监测仪(OMI)气溶胶反演产品,旨在定量评估这些产品在我国沙漠地区的气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)反演精度。结果表明:MODIS/AOD的相关系数在4种产品中最高(0.91),OMI/AOD次之(0.87),其次为MISR/AOD(0.84),OMI/UVAI相关系数偏低(0.51)。MISR/AOD均方根误差(0.14)和平均偏差(-0.06)在4种反演产品中最低。与地基观测相比,MISR/AOD、MODIS/AOD系统偏低,OMI/AOD、OMI/UVAI系统偏高。在相同比较条件下(地基观测气溶胶光学厚度值限定在2.0以内),MISR的均方根误差和平均偏差在4种反演产品中最低,且相关系数也较高(0.84)。尽管存在诸多不同,但3种探测器气溶胶反演产品均能较好地展示该地区的气溶胶季节变化。塔克拉玛干沙漠春、夏季AOD较大,秋、冬季AOD相对较小。ngstrm波长指数的结果表明,春季(3～5月)最小(均值为0.11),夏季(6～8月)次之,秋季(9～11月)和冬季(12月至次年2月)较大(均值达到0.61),这表明在春、夏季气溶胶粒子偏大,秋、冬季气溶胶粒子偏小。此外,通过研究2000～2010年AOD年际变化表明,由于塔克拉玛干沙漠地区属于沙尘源区,气溶胶类型较为单一,所以总体来说,变化趋势不是较为明显。从反演结果来看,2003年的气溶胶含量为此10年中最高,年均值达到0.32;2005年的气溶胶含量在这10年中最低,年均值为0.28。  相似文献   

16.
The hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide (H2/CO) emission ratio of anthropogenic combustion sources was determined from more than two years of quasi-continuous atmospheric observations in Heidelberg (49°24' N, 8°42' E), located in the polluted Rhein-Neckar region. Evaluating concurrent mixing ratio changes of H2 and CO during morning rush hours yielded mean molar H2/CO ratios of 0.40 ± 0.06, while respective results inferred from synoptic pollution events gave a mean value of 0.31 ± 0.05 mole H2/mole CO. After correction for the influence of the H2 soil sink on the measured ratios, mean values of 0.46 ± 0.07 resp. 0.48 ± 0.07 mole H2/mole CO were obtained, which are in excellent agreement with direct source studies of traffic emissions in the Heidelberg/Mannheim region (0.448 ± 0.003 mole H2/mole CO). Including results from other European studies, our best estimate of the mean H2/CO emission ratio from anthropogenic combustion sources (mainly traffic) ranges from 0.45 to 0.48 mole H2/mole CO, which is about 20% smaller than the value of 0.59 mole H2/mole CO which is frequently used as the basis to calculate global H2 emissions from anthropogenic combustion sources.  相似文献   

17.
Concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), selected trace elements and water-soluble (WS) ions were determined for samples collected from August 2004 to February 2005 to assess the aerosol background at two remote sites in China. The OC and EC concentrations in PM10 from near the Tibetan Plateau at Zhuzhang (ZUZ) were comparable with other background sites, averaging 3.1 and 0.34 μg m−3, respectively, with no pronounced seasonality. At Akdala (AKD) on northern margin of the Zhungaer Basin, the average concentrations were similar (mean OC = 2.9 μg m−3 and EC = 0.35 μg m−3), but the concentrations were higher in winter. The aerosol mass at both sites was dominated by OC and SO42−, but a stronger contribution from soil dust was observed at AKD. At ZUZ, NO3− showed a unique weather-related fluctuation in PM10 with a periodicity of ∼1 week. Anthropogenic sources in the Sichuan Basin and southeastern Yunnan Province evidently influence ZUZ in summer and autumn while pollutants from Russia and the China–Mongolia border affect AKD nearly all year. The identification of these upwind sources demonstrates that transboundary transport needs to be taken into account when assessing air quality in remote parts of China.  相似文献   

18.
Abstract The spatial and temporal variations of atmospheric CO2 at 8–13 km from April 1993 to April 1999 were observed by measuring CO2 mixing ratios in samples collected biweekly from a commercial airliner between Australia and Japan. The CO2 growth rate showed a considerable interannual variation, with a maximum of about 3 ppm yr−1 during late 1997. This variation is related to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. A year-to-year change related to the ENSO events was also found in the latitudinal distribution pattern of the CO2 annual mean between 30°N and 30°S. The averaged CO2 seasonal cycle in the Northern Hemisphere gradually decayed toward the equator, and a relatively complicated variation with a double seasonal maximum appeared in the Southern Hemisphere. A significant yearly change of the seasonal cycle pattern was observed in the Southern Hemisphere. The impact of a tropical biomass-burning injection on the upper tropospheric CO2 was estimated on the basis of the CO data from the same airliner observation.  相似文献   

19.
This work presents evidence that ultraviolet (UV)-A solar irradiances show increasing trends at Thessaloniki, Greece, where air quality has been improving because of air pollution abatement strategies. In contrast, over Beijing, China, where air quality measures were taken later, solar brightening was delayed. It is shown that until the early 1990s, UV-A irradiances over Thessaloniki show a downward trend of –0.5% yr−1, which reverses sign and becomes positive in the last decade (+0.8% yr−1). This brightening is related to a decreasing trend in local aerosol amounts. Both the negative rate of change (dimming) and the positive rate of change (brightening) are amplified in the UV-A solar irradiances, compared with the total solar irradiance, by a factor of 2.6. Satellite derived short-wave radiation over Beijing showed negative changes of –0.4% (1984–1991) and –0.1% yr−1 during 1994–2006. The negative trend in solar radiation continued even during 2000–2006. Satellite-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) increased by +1.0% yr−1 during 2000–2006, in agreement with in situ measurements of increasing AOD. Therefore, a statistically significant change from dimming to brightening in Beijing could not be seen in the last decade, but it is expected to occur in the near future.  相似文献   

20.
对FY-4A卫星的气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）产品进行检验,并根据卫星相关观测资料,通过改进后的PMRS方法,反演得到中国近地面PM2.5质量浓度网格化分布。结果表明,FY-4A卫星反演不同站点AOD与地基观测网（AERONET）观测结果吻合较好,但存在一定的低估或高估现象,相关系数区间为0.54—0.87。将细粒子比（FMF）以0.4为界进行划分,FMF＞0.4时,拟合结果较FMF≤0.4时更接近于AERONET观测结果;但FMF≤0.4时,卫星反演的AOD稳定性优于FMF＞0.4时。通过引入AOD的大小,改进FMF＞0.4时对细粒子柱状体积消光比（VEf）的估算算法,并通过改进后的PMRS方法对中国近地面PM2.5浓度进行逐时反演,其反演结果和地面观测结果相关较好,其中,乌鲁木齐、石家庄和徐州观测点的相关系数均高于0.7,但数值上仍存在高估或低估,误差结果由多种因素决定。空间分布中,卫星反演的中国2019年近地面PM2.5浓度月均值与近地面观测的结果有较好的对应关系,二者逐月演变趋势基本一致,基本可以反映出中国近地面大气细粒子的空间分布,特别是秋、冬季京津冀周边区域、汾渭平原等污染高值区均与地面观测对应较好。   相似文献   

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