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1.
Ambient CO2 concentration, air temperature and relative humidity were measured intermittently for a 3-year period from the floor to the canopy top of a tropical rainforest in Pasoh, Peninsular Malaysia. Mean diurnal CO2 storage flux ( S c; μmol m−2 s−1) and sensible and latent heat storage fluxes ( Q a and Q w; W m−2) ranged from −12.7 to 3.2 μmol m−2 s−1, −15 to 27 W m−2 and −10 to 20 W m−2, respectively. Small differences in diurnal changes were observed in S c and Q a between the driest and wettest periods. Compared with the ranges of mean diurnal CO2 eddy flux (−14.7 to 4.9 μmol m−2 s−1), sensible eddy flux (−12 to 169 W m−2) and latent eddy flux (0 to 250 W m−2), the contribution of CO2 storage flux was especially large. Comparison with summertime data from a temperate Japanese cypress forest suggested a higher contribution of S c in the tropical rainforest, probably mainly due to the difference in nighttime friction velocity at the sites. On the other hand, differences in Q a and Q w were smaller than the difference in S c, probably because of the smaller nighttime sinks/sources of heat and water vapour.  相似文献   

2.
Using 5 yr (December 2000–November 2005) of satellite data from the clouds and the earths radiant energy system (CERES) and moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS), we examine the instantaneous short-wave radiative efficiency ( Eτ ) of aerosols during the morning Terra satellite overpass time over the global oceans (60°N–60°S). We calculate Eτ using two commonly used methods. The first method uses the MODIS aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at 0.55 μm with radiative transfer calculations, whereas the second method utilizes the same AOT values along with a new generation of aerosol angular distribution models to convert the CERES-measured broad-band radiances to fluxes. Over the 5 yr, the global mean instantaneous Eτ between the methods is remarkably consistent and within 5 W m−2τ−1 with a mean value of –70 W m−2τ−1. The largest differences between the methods occur in high-latitude regions, primarily in the Southern Hemisphere, where AOT is low. In dust dominated regions, there is an excellent agreement between the methods with differences of <3 W m−2τ−1. These differences are largely due to assumptions in aerosol models and definition of clear sky backgrounds. Independent assessments of aerosol radiative effects from different satellite sensors and methods are extremely valuable and should be used to verify numerical modelling simulations.  相似文献   

3.
This paper reports on the analysis of 24-h aerosol data measured during 2006, at 14 monitoring sites in China. Measurements included seven-wavelength Aethalometers, thermal/optical reflectance analyses of filter samples and determination of dust aerosols. Black (elemental) carbon (BC, EC) is found to be the principal light-absorbing aerosol over many parts of China; however, the fraction of apparent light absorption attributed to dust varied from 14% in winter, to 11% in spring, to 5% in summer to 9% in autumn. Aerosol light absorption in urban areas was larger than in rural areas by factors of 2.4 in winter, 3.1 in spring and 2.5 in both summer and autumn. These differences may lead to contrasts in radiative, thermal and cloud modification effects between urban and rural areas. Absorption 'hotspots' were located in the Sichuan Basin, the provinces south of Beijing, the Pearl Delta River regions and the Guanzhong Plain. The mass absorption coefficient for aerosol BC (σBC) based on Aethalometer data is estimated to be 11.7 m2 g−1 at 880 nm wavelength (λ) with inverse (λ−1) wavelength scaling, whereas the mass absorption coefficient for dust (σdust) is 1.3 m2 g−1 on average without significant wavelength dependence.  相似文献   

4.
The amounts of microbial and root‐respired CO2 in a maize/winter wheat agricultural system in south western Germany were investigated by measurements of the CO2 mixing ratio and the 13C/12C ratio in soil air. CO2 fluxes at the soil surface for the period of investigation (1993–1995) were also determined. Root respired CO2 shows a strong correlation with the plant mass above ground surface of the respective vegetation (R2≥0.88); the maximum CO2 release from roots was in August for the maize (2.0±0.5 mmol m−2 h−1) and in June for winter wheat (1.5±0.5 mmol m−2 h−1). Maximum CO2 production by roots correlate well with the maximum amount of plant root matter. Integrating the CO2 production over the whole growing season and normalizing to the dry root matter yields, the CO2 production per gram dry organic root matter (DORM) of maize was found to be 0.14±0.03 gC (g DORM)−1. At the sites investigated, root‐produced CO2 contributed (16±4)% for maize, and (24±4)% for winter wheat, respectively, to the total annual CO2 production in the soil (450±50 gC m−2 for maize, 210±30 gC m−2 for winter wheat).  相似文献   

5.
The effect of anthropogenic emissions from China on global burdens of ozone, sulphate, organic carbon (OC) and black carbon (BC) aerosols is examined, using the three-dimensional chemistry transport model Oslo CTM2. Two model simulations were performed, the first with global present-day emissions and the second with the anthropogenic emissions from China set to their pre-industrial levels. The global radiative forcing for these species is then calculated. Industrial emissions from China are found to account for a 4–5% increase in the global burden of OC aerosol, the change in secondary organic aerosol being slightly less than that of primary organic aerosol. A 10% increase in the global sulphate aerosol burden is calculated, and the increase in BC is 23%. The global radiative forcing of aerosols from China was calculated to be −62, −3.7, −13 and 89 mW m−2, for sulphate, secondary organic, primary organic and BC aerosols, respectively. The increase in ozone causes a forcing of 77 mW m−2.  相似文献   

6.
2010年长江三角洲临安本底站PM2.5理化特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文
2010年在代表长三角区域背景地区的浙江省临安区域大气本底站开展了对大气细粒子PM2.5为期1年的地面观测,并对细粒子中水溶性离子和碳组分的季节变化特征进行了分析。临安2010年大气中PM2.5质量浓度平均为 (58.2±50.8) μg·m－3,PM2.5质量浓度季节变化明显。利用HYSPLIT4模式计算了2010年临安72 h后向轨迹,根据轨迹计算与聚类结果,结合地面观测的PM2.5数据进行了分析。研究表明:临安地区因受到长江三角洲区域及偏北气流引起的污染传输影响,呈现出高细粒子水平特征。PM2.5中总水溶性离子年平均质量浓度为 (28.5±17.7) μg·m－3,占PM2.5质量浓度的47%。其中,气溶胶组分SO42-,NO3-和NH4+所占比例最大,共占总水溶性离子的69%。PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳的年平均质量浓度分别为 (10.1±6.7) μg·m－3和 (2.4±1.8) μg·m－3。有机碳和元素碳质量浓度显著相关,表明有机碳和元素碳主要来自相同的排放源。  相似文献   

7.
A set of 152 vertical profiles of aerosol number concentration and size distribution with diameter ranging from 0.12 to 3.0 μm observed by the airborne optical spectrometer probe in Beijing, China, between February 2005 and September 2006 is analysed and discussed. The statistic of aerosol number concentration ( N a) reveals a high aerosol number density in this region with average surface level number concentration ( N 0) of about 6600 cm−3 (0.12–3.0 μm). The average vertical profile of N a approximately satisfies an exponential decline function with a scale height of 1419 m. The N a profiles are influenced by the structures of planetary boundary layer (PBL) significantly and two typical types of N a profile under different conditions of PBL are presented and parametrized in this study. The observations of aerosol size distribution show that, in most cases the aerosol size distributions are not very sensitive to altitude, with effective radii ranging from 0.16 to 0.28 μm. Comparison between aircraft-derived aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer-derived AOD shows good agreement. The Mie model calculations suggest that the surface level number concentration, the PBL height and the structure of PBL can influence the AOD significantly.  相似文献   

8.
The dominant sink of atmospheric molecular hydrogen (H2) is its enzymatic destruction in soils. Quantitative estimates of the global sink strength, as derived from bottom-up process studies, are, however, still associated to large uncertainties. Here we present an alternative way to estimate atmosphere-to-soil flux densities, respectively deposition velocities of H2, based on atmospheric H2 and 222Rn observations in the boundary layer. Two and a half years of continuous measurements from a polluted site in the Rhine-Neckar area have been evaluated and night-time flux densities were calculated for situations of strong nocturnal boundary layer inversions using the Radon-Tracer Method. The influences from local anthropogenic combustion sources could be detected and successfully separated by parallel measurements of carbon monoxide. Inferred daily uptake fluxes in the Heidelberg catchment area range from 0.5 to 3 × 10−8 g H2 m−2 s−1 with a mean value of (1.28 ± 0.31) × 10−8 g H2 m−2 s−1. Uptake rates are about 25% larger during summer than during winter, when soil moisture is high, and diffusive transport of H2 into the soil is inhibited. The mean deposition velocity is 3.0 ± 0.7 × 10−2 cm s−1, which is very well in line with direct measurements on similar soil types in Europe and elsewhere.  相似文献   

9.
During the 1st Lagrangian experiment of the North Atlantic Regional Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (ACE‐2), a parcel of air was tagged by releasing a smart, constant level balloon into it from the Research Vessel Vodyanitskiy . The Meteorological Research Flight's C‐130 aircraft then followed this parcel over a period of 30 h characterising the marine boundary layer (MBL), the cloud and the physical and chemical aerosol evolution. The air mass had originated over the northern North Atlantic and thus was clean and had low aerosol concentrations. At the beginning of the experiment the MBL was over 1500 m deep and made up of a surface mixed layer (SML) underlying a layer containing cloud beneath a subsidence inversion. Subsidence in the free troposphere caused the depth of the MBL to almost halve during the experiment and, after 26 h, the MBL became well mixed throughout its whole depth. Salt particle mass in the MBL increased as the surface wind speed increased from 8 m s−1 to 16 m s−1 and the accumulation mode (0.1μm to 3.0 μm) aerosol concentrations quadrupled from 50 cm−3 to 200 cm−3. However, at the same time the total condensation nuclei (>3 nm) decreased from over 1000 cm−3 to 750 cm−3. The changes in the accumulation mode aerosol concentrations had a significant effect on the observed cloud microphysics. Observational evidence suggests that the important processes in controlling the Aitken mode concentration which, dominated the total CN concentration, included, scavenging of interstitial aerosol by cloud droplets, enhanced coagulation of Aitken mode aerosol and accumulation mode aerosol due to the increased sea salt aerosol surface area, and dilution of the MBL by free tropospheric air.  相似文献   

10.
Aerosol properties of mineral particles in the far field of an African desert dust outbreak were investigated that brought Saharan dust over the Mediterranean in different layers to Portugal. The measurements were performed inside the project Desert Aerosols over Portugal (DARPO) which was linked to the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment (SAMUM). The maximum particle mass concentration was about 150 μg m−3 and the corresponding scattering coefficient was 130 M m−1 which results in a mass scattering efficiency of 0.87 m2 g−1. The aerosol optical depth reached values up to 0.53 and the lidar ratio was between 45 and 50 in the whole dust loaded column. A comparison between particle size distributions and refractive indices derived from different instruments and models showed a general good agreement but some minor differences could also be observed. Measurements as well as calculations with a particle transport model suggest that there is a relatively higher concentration of very large particles in the upper region of the dust layer than on the surface which is likely connected with meteorological conditions at the observational site (Évora, Portugal).  相似文献   

11.
The second Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (ACE‐2) was aimed at investigating the physical, chemical and radiative properties of aerosol and their evolution in the North Atlantic region. In the 2nd "Lagrangian" experiment, an air mass was tracked over a 30‐h period during conditions of extensive stratocumulus cover. Boundary‐layer measurements of the aerosol size distribution obtained with a passive cavity aerosol spectrometer probe (PCASP) during the experiment show a gradual growth in size of particles in the 0.1–0.2 μm diameter mode. Simultaneously, SO2 concentrations were found to decrease sharply from 800 to 20 ppt. The fraction of sulphate in aerosol ionic mass increased from 0.68±0.07 to 0.82±0.09 for small particles (diameter below 1.7 μm) and from 0.21±0.04 to 0.34±0.03 for large particles (diameter above 1.7 μm). The measurements were compared with a multicyclic parcel model of gas phase diffusion into cloud droplets and aqueous phase chemical reactions. The model was able to broadly reproduce the observed transformation in the aerosol spectra and the timescale for the transformation of SO2 to sulphate aerosol. The modelled SO2 concentration in the boundary layer fell to below half its initial value over a 6.5‐h time period due to a combination of the entrainment of cleaner tropospheric air and cloud chemical reactions. NH3 and HCl gas were also found to play an important rôle in cloud processing in the model.  相似文献   

12.
The atmospheric sulfur cycle of the remote Arctic marine boundary layer is studied using trajectories and measurements of sulfur compounds from the International Arctic Ocean Expedition 1991, along with a pseudo-Lagrangian approach and an analytical model. The dimethyl sulfide [DMS(g)] turnover time was  h. Only  % of DMS(g) followed reaction paths to sulfur dioxide [SO2(g)], sub-micrometre aerosol non-seasalt sulfate (nss-SO42−) or methane sulfonate (MSA). During the first 3 d of transport over the pack ice, fog deposition and drizzle resulted in short turnover times;  h for SO2(g),  h for MSA and  h for nss-SO42−. Therefore, DMS(g) will, owing to its origin along or south of the ice edge and longer turnover time, survive the original sub-micrometre sulfur aerosol mass and gradually replace it with new biogenic sulfur aerosol mass. The advection of DMS(g) along with heat and moisture will influence the clouds and fogs over the Arctic pack ice through the formation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). If the pack ice cover were to decrease owing to a climate change, the total Arctic Ocean DMS production would change, and potentially there could be an ice–DMS–cloud–albedo climate feedback effect, but it would be accompanied by changes in the fog aerosol sink.  相似文献   

13.
太原冬季PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳的变化特征   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文
2005年12月—2006年2月在太原市区持续观测了气溶胶细粒子PM2.5, 并应用Sunset碳分析仪进行了有机碳 (organic carbon, OC) 和元素碳 (elemental carbon, EC) 的测定。结果表明:太原冬季PM2.5, OC和EC浓度均较高, 其中PM2.5日平均浓度变化范围为25.4~419.0 μg/m3, 日平均浓度为193.4±102.3 μg/m3, OC平均浓度为28.9±14.8 μg/m3, EC平均浓度为4.8±2.2 μg/m3, OC/EC平均比值是7.0±3.9, 即太原市冬季PM2.5和碳气溶胶污染严重。OC在PM 2.5中占18.6%, EC占2.9%, 这表明碳气溶胶是太原大气细粒子污染控制的关键组分。在太原市冬季, 采暖燃烧的煤是OC和EC的主要贡献源, 造成OC大大高于EC, 从而使OC/EC比值增大。各种气象条件对PM2.5, OC, EC和OC/EC比值的变化都有不同程度的影响, 特别是大雾天气、相对湿度、风速和降雪是影响碳气溶胶浓度变化的重要因素。  相似文献   

14.
Terrestrial radon-222 flux density for the Asian continent, integrated over distances of 4500 km, is estimated in two 20° latitudinal bands centred on 48.8°N and 63.2°N. The evaluation is based on three years of wintertime radon measurements at Sado Island, Japan, together with meteorological and trajectory information. A selection of 18% of observations are suitable for evaluation of an analytical expression for the continental surface flux. Various meteorological assumptions are discussed; it is found that there is a substantial effect of increased complexity of the formulation on the flux estimates obtained. The distribution of spatially integrated radon flux over the Asian landmass is reported for the first time. Expressed as geometric means and 1σ-ranges, estimated fluxes are 14.1 mBq m−2 s−1 (1σ-range: 18 mBq m−2 s−1) and 8.4 mBq m−2 s−1 (1σ-range: 10 mBq m−2 s−1) for the lower and higher latitude bands. These results constitute an annual minimum in flux densities for these regions, and are higher than previously reported. The existence of a latitudinal gradient in the continental radon source function is confirmed; the present estimate for Asia (−0.39 mBq m−2 s−1 per degree of latitude) is in agreement with the northern hemisphere terrestrial radon flux gradient proposed previously.  相似文献   

15.
北京乡村地区分粒径气溶胶OC及EC分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文
利用北京上甸子区域大气本底站2004年观测的分粒径大气气溶胶资料,分析了气溶胶中有机碳 (OC) 及元素碳 (EC) 的质量浓度水平、季节变化、尺度分布特征、OC与EC比值及其相关性。结果显示:上甸子站总悬浮颗粒物 (TSP) 中OC平均质量浓度为7.5~31.5 μg·m-3,EC质量浓度为1.4~6.6 μg·m-3;PM2.1(粒径小于2.1 μm) 中OC质量浓度为4.0~19.1 μg·m-3,EC质量浓度大约为0.8~4.3 μg·m-3。冬季OC及EC质量浓度明显高于其他季节,其中冬、夏、秋季OC及EC峰值粒径出现为0.65~2.1 μm,但在春季峰值粒径移至2.1~4.7 μm。观测期间,OC与EC质量浓度比值平均为4~6,该比值略高于文献报道的我国一些城市地区的观测结果。  相似文献   

16.
The equivalent wavelength ( λ E), at which the aerosol optical depth (AOD) is equal to broadband AOD (BAOD), can change in a wide range from 0.619 μm to 1.575 μm in the usual aerosol conditions. By using the least squares technique and some empirical corrections, a parameterized relationship of λ E with BAOD, Ångström wavelength exponent ( α ), solar zenith angle ( θ 0) and H2O amount is developed. Using this relationship, and based on the strong sensitivity of BAOD on θ 0 when θ 0>70°, the broadband extinction method to derive the spectral AOD and α is further proposed. As shown in comparative simulations to retrieve AOD by the present, Molineaux et al. and Gueymard methods, the present method has the best accuracy in most simulations using Junge, MODTRAN, log‐normal and Deirmendjian aerosol models. A key question of the pyrheliometer method to determine wavelength-dependent AODs is the effect of uncertainty in the aerosol size istribution. It is found that the AOD solution around λ E is less sensitive to the uncertainty. The wavelength exponent α is derived using an assumption of the stable atmospheric turbidity. If the pyrheliometer data from θ 0=85° to 70° are used and the change of the turbidity is ±10%, the error of solution α is usually within ±0.32. If the variation of the turbidity is random, the mean value of a lot of the measurements of α would be very reasonable.  相似文献   

17.
In May–June 2006, airborne and ground-based solar (0.3–2.2 μm) and thermal infrared (4–42 μm) radiation measurements have been performed in Morocco within the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment (SAMUM). Upwelling and downwelling solar irradiances have been measured using the Spectral Modular Airborne Radiation Measurement System (SMART)-Albedometer. With these data, the areal spectral surface albedo for typical surface types in southeastern Morocco was derived from airborne measurements for the first time. The results are compared to the surface albedo retrieved from collocated satellite measurements, and partly considerable deviations are observed. Using measured surface and atmospheric properties, the spectral and broad-band dust radiative forcing at top-of-atmosphere (TOA) and at the surface has been estimated. The impact of the surface albedo on the solar radiative forcing of Saharan dust is quantified. In the SAMUM case of 19 May 2006, TOA solar radiative forcing varies by 12 W m−2 per 0.1 surface-albedo change. For the thermal infrared component, values of up to +22 W m−2 were derived. The net (solar plus thermal infrared) TOA radiative forcing varies between −19 and +24 W m−2 for a broad-band solar surface albedo of 0.0 and 0.32, respectively. Over the bright surface of southeastern Morocco, the Saharan dust always has a net warming effect.  相似文献   

18.
During the SAMUM-1 experiment, absorption coefficients and imaginary parts of refractive indices of mineral dust particles were investigated in southern Morocco. Main absorbing constituents of airborne samples were identified to be iron oxide and soot. Spectral absorption coefficients were measured using a spectral optical absorption photometer (SOAP) in the wavelength range from 300 to 800 nm with a resolution of 50 nm. A new method that accounts for a loading-dependent correction of fibre filter based absorption photometers, was developed. The imaginary part of the refractive index was determined using Mie calculations from 350 to 800 nm. The spectral absorption coefficient allowed a separation between dust and soot absorption. A correlation analysis showed that the dust absorption coefficient is correlated ( R 2 up to 0.55) with the particle number concentration for particle diameters larger than 0.5 μm, whereas the coefficient of determination R 2 for smaller particles is below 0.1. Refractive indices were derived for both the total aerosol and a dust aerosol that was corrected for soot absorption. Average imaginary parts of refractive indices of the entire aerosol are 7.4 × 10−3, 3.4 × 10−3 and 2.0 × 10−3 at wavelengths of 450, 550 and 650 nm. After a correction for the soot absorption, imaginary parts of refractive indices are 5.1 × 10−3, 1.6 × 10−3 and 4.5 × 10−4.  相似文献   

19.
《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):253-263
A high-volume cascade impactor, equipped with a PM10 inlet, was used to collect size-segregated aerosol samples during the summer of 2004 at two Portuguese locations: a coastal-rural area (Moitinhos) and an urban area (Oporto). Concentrations of airborne particulate matter (PM), total carbon (TC), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) were determined for the following particle size ranges: < 0.49, 0.49–0.95, 0.95–3.0, and 3.0–10 µm. The total PM mass concentrations at the urban and coastal-rural sites ranged from 22.8 to 79.6 μg m− 3 and 19.9 to 28.2 μg m− 3, respectively, and more than 56% of the total aerosol mass was found in the fractions below 3.0 μm. At both locations the highest concentrations of OC and EC were found in the submicrometer size range. The regional variability for the OC and EC concentrations, with the highest concentrations being found in the urban area, was related to the contribution of local primary sources (mostly traffic emissions). It was also verified an enrichment of the small size particles in WSOC, representing on average 37.3(± 12.4)% and 59.7(± 18.0)% of OC in the very fine aerosol at the coastal-rural and urban areas, respectively. The amount of secondary OC calculated by the minimum OC/EC ratio method indicates that secondary organic aerosol formation was important throughout the study at both sites. The obtained results suggest that long-range transport and favourable summer conditions for photochemical oxidation are key factors determining secondary OC formation in the coastal-rural and urban areas. The ultraviolet absorption properties of the chromophoric constituents of the WSOC fractions were also different among the different particle size ranges and also between the two sampling locations, thus suggesting the strong impact of the diverse emission sources into the composition of the size-segregated organic aerosol.  相似文献   

20.
The Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment (SAMUM) was conducted in May/June 2006 in southern Morocco. As part of SAMUM, airborne in situ measurements of the particle size distribution in the diameter range 4 nm < D p < 100 μm were conducted. The aerosol mixing state was determined below D p < 2.5 μm. Furthermore, the vertical structure of the dust layers was investigated with a nadir-looking high spectral resolution lidar (HSRL). The desert dust aerosol exhibited two size regimes of different mixing states: below 0.5 μm, the particles had a non-volatile core and a volatile coating; larger particles above 0.5 μm consisted of non-volatile components and contained light absorbing material. In all cases, particles larger than 10 μm were present, and in 80% of the measurements no particles larger than 40 μm were present. The abundance of large particles showed almost no height dependence. The effective diameter D eff in the dust plumes investigated showed two main ranges: the first range of D eff peaked around 5 μm and the second range of D eff around 8 μm. The two ranges of D eff suggest that it may be inadequate to use one average effective diameter or one parametrization for a typical dust size distribution.  相似文献   

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