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以山西地堑系罗云山山前断裂的基岩断层面为例,用陆基Li DAR扫描获取了断层面形貌学数据,采用各向同性变差函数法计算了断层面形貌的分维值。结果显示,断层面形貌在高度上具有显著的分带性,每个分带的特征分维值随断层面高度的增加呈阶跃式变化。分析认为这种形貌特征可能反映了断层面与多次地震相关的间歇式出露方式。分带高度指示了约3m和1m的2组同震倾滑位移量,各分带之间的分维值过渡带是断层面缓慢剥露的结果。与片麻岩区的断层面形貌学研究结果相比,灰岩断层面形貌学分维值随着暴露时间的增加而减小,2种岩性区的断层面分维值D与断层面高度H呈现类似镜像的关系,在气候构造条件大致相同的情况下,考虑为岩性差异的影响。 相似文献
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利用基岩断层面形貌定量特征识别古地震——以霍山山前断裂为例 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
基岩断层面形貌特征的定量分析方法是研究断层活动历史和识别古地震的有效手段,是对探槽技术的有力补充,可以弥补在基岩区开展古地震研究技术手段的严重不足。文中以山西霍山山前断裂上的断层面(崖)为例,采用各向同性变差函数法计算了断层面形貌的2D分维值,并通过沿断层走向逐条平均的方式获得了2D分维值在断层倾向上的分布特征,结果显示断层面形貌在倾向上具有显著的分带性特征,由此获得的每个分带的特征分维值随断层面高度的增加呈阶跃式增加。这种断层面形貌在倾向上的显著分带性特征、特征分维值的阶跃式增加反映了断层面的出露方式不是渐进式,而是不连续的间歇式;这种间歇式分带性出露方式与断层的周期性地震活动相关,每个分带的特征值与每个分带的出露时间相关,即与地震发生时间相关。因此:1)可以通过每一个断层面分带的特征分维值估计该分带出露的时间;2)断层面分带的宽度可以用来估计每次破裂地震的同震位移量。霍山山前断裂带上3个基岩断层面形貌分带揭示出3次地震事件;3个2D特征分维值不仅显示3个分带自上而下由老变新的阶跃特征,而且3个阶跃之间大致相等的特征分维值差显示了3次地震发生间隔是大致相等的;断层面分带的宽度反映出破裂地震的倾向同震位移量大约为3.5m。此外,在阶跃式分带之间还存在宽0.5~1m的较窄分带,这些窄分带的特征分维值是随断层面高度增加而逐渐增大的,显示在间震期基岩断层面被逐渐剥露的特征。 相似文献
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古地震研究的主要目标是识别或揭露地质地貌记录的大地震变形遗迹,确定大地震发生的时间、复发特征、同震位移量等参数。要实现这样的目标,探槽开挖地点能否完整记录晚第四纪发生的古地震事件、能否获取大量的测年样品以控制事件发生的年代、能否正确地识别这些事件等是关键,并直接关系到未来大地震危险性评价的可靠性。由于走滑断裂位移发生的特殊性,好的探槽研究地点并不普遍。文中在综合分析走滑断裂同震地表变形特征、影响因素的基础上,通过案例分析,总结出可能成为走滑断裂古地震研究和探槽开挖的候选地点,如洼地、盆地、槽谷、断塞塘、被同步位移连续错开的冲沟床、连续的坎前堆积地层和多级地貌面连续变形等。组合探槽或三维探槽应该是走滑断裂探槽布设的首选。跨断层微地貌位错、断错地层以及上覆更新地层、局部坎前堆积和裂缝充填堆积、不同地层单元沿断层面位移量的突然增加或降低、不同程度的弯曲变形、不同期次的古断塞塘(坑)堆积等,可以作为重要的事件识别依据。要降低古地震识别的不确定性,需要理顺研究程序,明确技术方案,逐一精心实施。认识和结论的得出需要反复推敲,并广泛讨论,同时需要注意细节以及各种信息的相互补充和印证。 相似文献
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汶川地震白沙河段最大地表水平位移量的成因分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
最大同震位移量是活动构造研究、断层活动特性判定和地震危险性分析的一个重要参数,它关系到地震危险区最大震级、地震复发间隔的确定等定量评估。地震地表破裂的同震位移分布十分复杂,影响因素也多种多样。汶川8.0级地震是一个以逆冲型为主的破裂事件,同震位移多表现为垂直位错,同时也存在右旋走滑位移,这与震源机制解的结果以及破裂面上擦痕所显示的运动方式基本一致。此次地震的最大同震水平位移量为4.5m,附近还有高达5m的垂直位移量。破裂的几何学和运动学分析表明,最大水平位移量可能是逆冲量沿不同方向破裂带分解以及断裂倾角变化的结果 相似文献
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2021年5月22日青海玛多发生MS7.4地震,震源断层错动在地表形成了长达160 km的同震地表破裂。可靠的地震地表破裂带参数是研究震源断层活动机制和评价地震危险性的重要基础。采用无人机倾斜摄影测量技术可以获得高精度的点云数据并产出DOM和DEM数据。通过跨破裂带的地形测量,获取了玛多MS7.4地震同震地表变形的垂直位移、水平缩短量和水平拉张量等参数。测量结果显示,玛多MS7.4地震发震断层在不同破裂段具有不同性质和大小的倾滑分量,其中具有压扭性质的野马滩观测点断层垂直位移为0.69～1.01 m,倾向水平缩短量为0.17～0.41 m,倾滑位移为0.71～1.09 m;具有张扭性质的朗玛加合日段断层垂直位移为0.34～0.54 m,倾向水平拉张量为1.99～2.08 m。 相似文献
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1997年11月8日西藏Mw7.5级玛尼地震是干涉雷达技术应用于地震观测以来的一次重要事件.在第一部分中，我们应用广泛使用的Okada线弹性位错模型，假设断层的各个分段滑动量均匀，反演得到断层各个分段的几何参数和均匀滑动量.本部分的反演进一步去除滑动均匀假设，并利用更能反映断层真实状态的角形元位错模型（线弹性），在第一部分反演得到断层几何的基础上，反演断层面的静态位错分布.反演结果表明，线弹性滑动分布模型能够更好地解释观测数据，进一步提高反演的数据拟合程度.最终得到了断层面上的走滑和倾滑位错分布.首次得到的断层面滑动分布显示断层面滑动在浅部（0～12 km）比较集中，地震破裂长度约170 km，最大左旋走滑位移达4.8 m；反演结果还表明局部段落存在较大倾滑位移，量值达到1.9 m，这在断层模型中是不能忽略的，它可能是断层两侧形变不对称的原因之一；反演得到的标量地震矩为2.18×1020 N·m，相当于矩震级Mw7.5，与Velasco等利用地震波形反演得到的结果一致. 相似文献
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巴彦浩特断裂位于阿拉善地块与鄂尔多斯地块相互作用的边界构造带上,其晚第四纪活动特征和古地震数据对全面理解贺兰山周边区域地震构造和地震危险性具有重要意义,为此在研究相对薄弱的巴彦浩特断裂北段开展了断错地貌和古地震槽探研究。观测显示巴彦浩特断裂阿拉善左旗以北段以右旋走滑活动为主兼具逆倾滑,断层西盘相对抬升,在浅表形成半正花状构造组合。年代（56.28±4.04）~（82.2±5.78）ka的冲洪积地貌面上冲沟断错137 m,并在东侧形成断塞塘地貌,估计断层右旋走滑速率为1.67~2.43 mm/a。探槽揭示了3次具有显著地表逆倾滑破裂的强震事件,时间分别为（56.28±4.04）~（55.33±3.04）、（32.79±2.22）~（13.76±1.1）、（13.76±1.1）~（7.86±0.43）ka,逆倾滑量分别为0.44、0.35、0.29 m。与前人在巴彦浩特断裂南段的古地震研究进行对比,可知这3次古地震可能仅为部分事件记录。结合已有研究成果建立了贺兰山周边区域地震构造模型,贺兰山西侧右旋走滑的巴彦浩特断裂强震发震能力不容忽视,贺兰山两侧盆地不同性质断裂系共同构成了阿拉善地块与鄂尔多斯地块的活动边界构造带。 相似文献
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通过分析2008年汶川8.0级地震前后的GPS观测资料和1983～2010年的精密水准观测资料,得到地表同震位移场。结合野外地质调查,反演了汶川地震同震断层几何模型和断层面上滑动分布。反演结果表明:北川—映秀断裂是一个铲形断层,长度为180km,地表倾角为62°,随指数函数形式逐渐变缓,深度18km,断层面滑动以逆冲为主;青川断裂长为120km,倾角为58°,断层面上走滑分量由南向北逐渐增加;灌县—江油断裂为纯逆冲断层,长度为80km,倾角35°。整个断层模型中最大错动量达到7.6m,对应破坏最严重的北川地区。本次地震释放的地震矩为7.62×1020N·m,相应矩震级为MW7.9。反演所得模型对于近场的水准观测资料和GPS观测资料拟合很好。 相似文献
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运用Sentinel-1A卫星数据和D-InSAR技术,获取2021-05-21云南漾濞M_S6.4地震的同震形变场。结果显示,漾濞地震同震形变场长轴近NW展布升降轨形变场符号相反,视线向最大沉降量和抬升量为0.1 m。InSAR同震形变场反演的滑动分布主要集中在沿走向2～12 km,倾向1～9 km的范围内,最大滑动量0.35 m,发震断层长9.8 km、宽4 km,滑动量主要集中在地下3～6 km范围内,滑动角-146.7°。同震位移场及滑动分布模型反映本次地震为发震断层的右旋走滑事件,地震破裂未达到地表。断层模型反演结果显示,矩震级为M_W6.1,发震断层以北西走向右旋走滑运动为主,初步认为本次M_W6.1地震发震断裂可能是一条NW向的维西—乔后断裂西侧的隐伏次生断裂。 相似文献
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采用近震全波形矩张量方法反演了2022年四川马尔康6.0级震群序列22次地震的震源机制解,结果显示：这22次地震全部为走滑型,断层面走向呈NNW和NE两个优势方向,断层面倾角近似直立,滑动角分布在0°和180°附近,P轴优势方位为NWW-SEE向,倾伏角接近水平,表明此次地震事件主要受区域NWW-SEE向水平挤压应力场控制。3次5级以上地震震源机制均与序列其他地震的总体震源机制差异较小,说明序列震源机制较为一致。结合精定位结果综合分析认为：马尔康震群属于多断层面触发性震群,3次5级以上地震是不同断裂的破裂事件,其中5.8级和6.0级地震发震断层面走向为NNW,为左旋走滑破裂事件;5.2级地震发震断层面走向为NE,为右旋走滑破裂事件,3个发震断层均以走滑错动为主,断层面近似直立。 相似文献
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The quantitative analysis of morphologic characteristics of bedrock fault surface is a useful approach to study faulting history and identify paleo-earthquake. It is an effective complement to trenching technique, specially to identifying paleo-earthquakes in a bedrock area where the trenching technique cannot be applied. This paper focuses on the Luoyunshan piedmont fault, which is an active normal fault extending along the eastern boundary of the Shanxi Graben, China. There are a lot of fault scarps along the fault zone, which supply plentiful samples to be selected to our research, that is, to study faulting history and identify paleo-earthquakes in bedrock area by the quantitative analysis of morphologic characteristics of fault surfaces. In this paper, we calculate the 2D fractal dimension of two bedrock fault surfaces on the Luoyunshan piedmont fault in the Shanxi Graben, China using the isotropic empirical variance function, which is a popular method in fractal geometry. Results indicate that the fractal dimension varies systematically with height above the base of the fault surface exposures, indicating segmentation of the fault surface morphology. The 2D fractal dimension on a fault surface shows a ‘stair-like’ vertical segmentation, which is consistent with the weathering band and suggests that those fault surfaces are outcropped due to periodic faulting earthquakes. However, compared to the results of gneiss obtained by the former researchers, the characteristic fractal value of limestone shows an opposite evolution trend. 1)The paleo-earthquake study of the bedrock fault surface can be used as a supplementary method to study the activity history of faults in specific geomorphological regions. It can be used to fill the gaps in the exploration of the paleo-earthquake method in the bedrock area, and then broaden the study of active faults in space and scope. The quantitative analysis of bedrock fault surface morphology is an effective method to study faulting history and identify paleo-earthquake. The quantitative feature analysis method of the bedrock fault surface is a cost-effective method for the study of paleo-earthquakes in the bedrock fault surface. The number of weathered bands and band height can be identified by the segment number and segment height of the characteristic fractal dimension, and then the paleoearthquake events and the co-seismic displacement can be determined; 2)The exposure of the fault surface of the Luoyunshan bedrock is affected and controlled by both fault activity and erosion. A strong fault activity(ruptured earthquake)forms a segment of fault surface which is equivalent to the vertical co-seismic displacement of the earthquake. After the segment is cropped out, it suffers from the same effect of weathering and erosion, and thus this segment has approximately the same fractal dimension. Multiple severe fault activities(ruptured earthquake)form multiple fault surface topography. The long-term erosion under weak hydrodynamic conditions at the base of the fault cliff between two adjacent fault activities(intermittent period)will form a gradual slow-connect region where the fractal dimension gradually changes with the height of the fault surface. Based on the segmentation of quantitative morphology of the two fault surfaces on the Luoyunshan piedmont fault, we identified four earthquake events. Two sets of co-seismic displacement of about 3m and 1m on the fault are obtained; 3)The relationship between the fault surface morphology parameters and the time is described as follows:The fractal dimension of the limestone area decreases with the increase of the exposure time, which reflects the gradual smoothing characteristics after exposed. The phenomenon is opposite to the evolution of the geological features of gneiss faults acquired by the predecessors on the Huoshan piedmont fault; 4)Lithology plays an important role in morphology evolution of fault surface and the two opposite evolution trends of the characteristic fractal value on limestone and gneiss show that the weathering mechanism of limestone is different from that of the gneiss. 相似文献
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Introduction East Kunlun active fault is one of the largest sinistral slip fault zones in northern Tibetan Pla-teau. The fault tails primarily after the ancient eastern Kunlun suture zone, which was reactivatedby the northward subduction of the Indian plate beneath the Eurasian plate. The western end of thefault starts near the western flank of the Buxedaban peak in Qinghai Province. The fault then ex-tends eastwards through the Kusai Lake, Xidatan, Dongdatan, Alag Lake, Tuosuo Lak… 相似文献
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YANG Yuan-yuan ZHAO Peng ZHENG Hai-gang YAO Da-quan WANG Xing-zhou MIAO Peng LI Jun-hui WANG Xiao-li SHU Peng 《地震地质》2017,39(4):644-655
Anqiu-Juxian Fault(F5) is the latest active fault in the eastern graben of the middle segment of the Tanlu fault zone. In recent years, the research results of F5 in Jiangsu Province are abundant, and it is found that Holocene activity is prevalent in different segments, and the movement pattern is dominated by dextral strike-slip and squeezing thrust. The Anhui segment and the Jiangsu segment of the Tan-Lu fault zone are bounded by the Huaihe River. Previous studies have not discussed the extension and activity of F5 in the south of the Huaihe River in Anhui Province. This paper chooses the Ziyangshan segment of Tanlu fault zone in the south of the Huaihe River as the breakthrough point, which is consistent with the linear image feature of extension of F5 in Jiangsu Province. Through the remote sensing image interpretation, geological and geomorphological investigation and trench excavation, we initially get the following understanding:(1)The linear structural features of the Ziyang segment are clear, and the fault is developed on the gentle slope of the Mesozoic red sandstone uplift along the Fushan-Ziyangshan, which is the southern extension of the Anqiu-Juxian Fault(F5); (2)The excavation of the Zhuliu trench reveals that the late Pleistocene clastic layers are interrupted, and the late late Pleistocene to early Holocene black clay layers are filled along the fault to form black fault strips and black soil-filled wedges, indicating that the latest active age of the fault is early Holocene; (3)The excavation of Zhuliu trench reveals that there are at least 3 paleo-earthquake events since the Quaternary, the first paleo-seismic event is dated to the early and middle Quaternary, and the 2nd paleo-seismic event is 20.10~13.46ka BP, the age of the third paleo-seismic event is(10.15±0.05)~(8.16±0.05)ka BP. These results complement our understanding of the late Quaternary activity in the Anhui segment of the Tanlu fault zone, providing basic data for earthquake monitoring and seismic damage prevention in Anhui Province. 相似文献
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1976年唐山发生了7.8级地震,相继又发生了两次大余震——滦县7.1级地震和宁河6.9级地震.地震发生在观测条件比较好的地区,水准测量和三角测量测得了地震的同震位移场.本研究采用原始水准测量数据,而不是采用根据水准数据处理的地面沉降图像,和三角测量数据反演了该地震序列的破裂分布.模型构建中考虑了滦县地震和宁河地震的断层形态和大小.结果表明,唐山地震主震断层有明显的右旋走滑性质,最大走向滑动错距>6 m,位于断层南段,北段的走滑分量明显小于南段.主震总地震矩达2.58×1020N·m,与地震波反演得到的地震矩的量级相当;滦县地震断层总体表现为左旋正断层,释放地震矩达4.95×1019N·m;宁河地震断层总体表现为右旋正断层,释放地震矩达3.94×1019N·m,比地震波反演的地震矩大一个量级.据此可以推测唐山地震的无震滑移主要发生在宁河地震断层的西部上,滑动性质以正断层为主.该结果对于唐山地震序列后的动力学演变过程及余震发生机理有一定参考. 相似文献
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WEI Lei-hua HE Hong-lin JIANG Han-chao XU Yue-ren WEI Zhan-yu GAO Wei ZOU Jun-jie 《地震地质》2015,37(4):1096-1114
As an important technology to paleoseismologic research, trenching has been used to identify paleo-earthquakes recorded in strata, combined with dating technology. However, there have been some bigger uncertainties and limitations. For instance, subtle strata in loess sediment cannot be interpreted only by naked-eye, which seriously affects identifying paleo-earthquake horizon and time. Therefore, how to improve the accuracy and reduce the uncertainty of paleo-earthquake identification is the important problem we are currently facing. Dongyugou loess section, located in the northeastern corner of Linfen Basin, Shanxi Province, cuts across the Huoshan piedmont fault. The section exposes not only the well-developed loess sequence, but also several obvious faulting events. Thus, this loess section is a better site to make a high resolution study to improve the accuracy and reduce the uncertainty of paleo-earthquake identification. Based on the high-resolution grain size and magnetic susceptibility analysis, and associated with visual interpretation by naked-eye, we made a high-resolution stratification of Dongyugou loess section, including high-resolution thickness of each stratum and its upper and bottom boundaries. Based on the high-resolution stratification and their comparison between two fault walls, we identified three earthquake events, which occurred after formation of u5-7, u4 and u2, corresponding to their stratification depth of 7.1m, 4.7m and 2.9m in hanging wall. Based on results of OSL dating and average sedimentation rate of hanging wall, we estimated that the three events occurred around 45.8ka(between (48.1±1.5)～(43.2±2.5)ka), 32.8ka(between (35.0±2.4)～(30.6±1.3)ka) and 23.3ka(between (26.4±0.8)～(20.9±0.7)ka). According to the thickness difference of three loess-paleosol sedimentary cycles between two fault walls, we calculated the coseismic vertical displacements of the three events as 0.5m, 0.4 and 1.3m, respectively. Compared with other segments of the Huoshan piedmont fault zone, we found the southernmost segment is the weakest, with longer recurrence interval of about 11ka and lower vertical slip rate of 0.048mm/a. The high-accuracy grain size and magnetic susceptibility analysis offers an effective method for reducing the uncertainties of the paleo-earthquake research in loess area. 相似文献
18.
在广泛搜集以往研究资料的基础上,运用野外地震地质考察、典型地质剖面和探槽剖面分析、系统取样等方法,研究了苍山-尼山断裂的活动性质、最新活动时代和古地震事件。研究表明：苍山-尼山断裂以左旋走滑运动为主兼有逆冲运动分量;其第四纪晚期以来的活动具有分段性,以甘霖为界,北西段为晚更新世晚期至全新世早期,南东段为晚更新世晚期;有确凿证据的古地震事件有2次,其发生时间分别是距今6.4万年左右（E1）和距今1.4万年左右（E2）;另据考证,公元前179年＂齐楚地震＂也发生在该断裂上。根据历史地震和现代地震的研究成果,分析认为该断裂未来具有发生6.5级左右地震的潜在危险。 相似文献
19.
利用1999—2007期和2009—2013期中国大陆GPS速度场数据,采用DEFNODE负位错反演程序估算了川滇菱形块体东边界——鲜水河—安宁河—则木河—小江断裂带在汶川地震前后的断层闭锁程度和滑动亏损空间分布动态变化特征,讨论了汶川地震对该断裂系统的影响范围和程度,并结合b值空间分布和地震破裂时-空结果分析了断裂系统的强震危险段.结果表明,汶川地震前鲜水河断裂最南端为完全闭锁(闭锁深度25km),中南段地表以下10~15km深度为强闭锁状态,中北段基本处于蠕滑状态;安宁河断裂最南端闭锁很弱,其余位置闭锁深度为10~15km;则木河断裂除最南端闭锁较弱以外,其余位置基本为完全闭锁;小江断裂在巧家以南、东川以南、宜良附近、华宁以北等四处位置闭锁较弱,其余位置为强闭锁.10年尺度的GPS速度场反演所得断层闭锁程度所指示的强震危险段,主要为鲜水河断裂道孚—八美段、安宁河断裂中段、则木河断裂中北段、小江断裂北段东川附近、小江断裂南段华宁—建水段,该结果与地质尺度的断层地震空区和30年尺度的b值空间分布所指示的危险段落具有一致性.汶川地震后断裂带远、近场速度分布和块体运动状态发生变化,这种区域地壳运动调整使得负位错模型反演得到的断裂带闭锁情况发生一定变化.汶川地震前后川滇菱形块体东边界平行断层滑动亏损速率均为左旋走滑亏损,且在安宁河断裂北端、则木河断裂中北段滑动亏损速率最大;除鲜水河断裂中南段与最南端和小江断裂东川附近以外,其余断裂震后滑动亏损速率均有所增加.垂直断层滑动亏损速率既有拉张亏损也有挤压亏损,且鲜水河断裂最南端由震前挤压转变为震后拉张,其余断裂除了安宁河断裂和小江断裂中段与最北端存在挤压滑动亏损速率外均为拉张速率. 相似文献