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1.
An extremely heavy rainfall event lasting from 17 to 22 July 2021 occurred in Henan Province of China, with accumulated precipitation of more than 1000 mm over a 6-day period that exceeded its mean annual precipitation. The present study examines the roles of persistent low-level jets(LLJs) in maintaining the precipitation using surface station observations and reanalysis datasets. The LLJs triggered strong ascending motions and carried moisture mainly from the outflow of Typhoon In-fa(2021). Th... 相似文献
2.
Radiosonde data from six stations in Kansas and Oklahoma for the period of June 16–24, 1993 indicate that a low-level jet (LLJ) occurred almost every day except on the 20th. Major characteristics of these LLJs are documented in this paper. The maximum wind speed (the jet speed) varied from 13 to 32 m s-1 and heights ranged from 167 to 910 m. All the jets were southerly except the one on June 19 which changed its direction dramatically from a southerly to a northerly direction in about three hours although its intensity did not change appreciably. Thermal stability of the boundary layer during these LLJ occurrences ranged from near-neutral to highly stable. All the low-level jets exhibited significant diurnal variations. Analyses show that relatively weak large-scale forcing existed for the LLJs on June 21 and June 22, while strong forcing was present on other days. Analyses also show that moisture transport by the LLJ from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Plains depends on the location of the LLJ origin. In the two weeks of June 13–19 and 20–26, 1993, powerful storms swept through the central United States, accompanied by tornadoes, strong wind, large hail and heavy rainfall. The analyses indicate that these weather events could be a result of the interactions of the LLJs with synoptic-scale flow. 相似文献
3.
We analyzed wind profiler data collected over Ulsan airport during the period from 2008 to 2009 to examine the characteristics of low level jets (LLJs). The Ulsan airport is located within the narrow valley with north-south axis. The frequency analysis results indicates that the nearly 19% of the total nocturnal periods have the presence of jets and LLJ occurrence rate is high in winter (32%) and low in summer (10%). The mode in the wind speed histogram is 4?C6 m s?1. A majority of jet occurs below 100 m (about 77.8 m) above ground. The predominant wind direction of jet is northerly. In order to examine the favorable conditions for LLJ formation of Ulsan airport, we investigated temperature difference between valley and plain at the surface and synoptic wind direction and speed at 850 hPa. Our results show that air temperature in the valley is lower than over the plain during the nighttime, indicating the existence of thermal forcing for along-valley wind. Under a significant temperature difference along the valley, westerly wind speed at 850 hPa is slightly weaker on LLJs event night than no event night, indicating weaker north-south large-scale pressure gradient on LLJ event night. The magnitude of northerly wind at 850 hPa is much stronger on event night than no event night, implying higher downward transfer of northerly wind on event night. Our findings suggest that jet formation over Ulsan airport is related to the strong northerly wind at 850 hPa in the presence of thermal forcing due to temperature contrast between valley and plain. 相似文献
4.
Characteristics and Mechanisms of Low-Level Jets in the Yangtze River Delta of China 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
A dataset obtained using a wind-profile radar located at the Yangtze River Delta in China ( $31.14^{\circ }$ N, $121.81^{\circ }$ E) in 2009 was used to investigate the characteristics and evolution of low-level jets (LLJs) along the east China coast. The study investigated the daily and seasonal structures of LLJs as well as several possible causes. A total of 1,407 1-h LLJ periods were detected based on an adaptive definition that enabled determination of four LLJ categories. The majority (77 %) of LLJs were found to have speeds $<$ 14.0 m s $^{-1}$ (maximum of 34.6 m s $^{-1})$ and occur at an average altitude below 600 m (76 % of the observed LLJs). The dominant direction of the LLJs was from the south-south-west, which accounted for nearly 32 %, with the second most common wind direction ranging from $040^{\circ }$ to $100^{\circ }$ , albeit with a number of stronger LLJs from the west-south-west. A comparison of LLJs and South-west Jets revealed that the frequencies of occurrence in summer are totally different. Results also revealed that in spring and summer, most LLJs originate from the south-south-west, whereas in autumn and winter, north-east is the dominant direction of origin. The peak heights of LLJs tended to be higher in winter than in other seasons. The horizontal wind speed and peak height of the LLJs displayed pronounced diurnal cycles. The Hilbert–Huang transform technique was applied to demonstrate that the intrinsic mode functions with a cycle of nearly 23 h at levels below 800 m, and the instantaneous amplitudes of inertial events (0.0417–0.0476 h $^{-1}$ frequencies) have large values at 300–600 m. The variations in the occurrences of LLJs suggested connections between the formation mechanisms of LLJs and the South-west Jet stream, steady occupation of synoptic-scale pressure system, and land–sea temperature contrasts. 相似文献
5.
Dongqian Wang Yaocun Zhang Anning Huang 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2013,49(3):259-270
The major features of the south-westerly low-level jet (LLJ) in the lower troposphere over Southeast China and its climatic impacts are investigated by using FNL reanalysis data and observational precipitation data. Results show that LLJ mainly occurs in spring and summer and the occurrence frequency of LLJ over southeast China has significant diurnal cycle, most LLJ occur in the nighttime (0200 LST and 0800 LST). The high nocturnal occurrence frequency of LLJ is mainly resulting from increased nocturnal ageostrophic wind. Research on the climatic impacts of large-scale conditions depicts that, the occurrence of LLJ in April mainly results from the northward shifting of western pacific subtropical high (WPSH), and the occurrence of LLJ in July results from the strengthening of detouring flow around Tibetan Plateau. Analysis of the climatic effects of LLJ on precipitation distribution in 3 rainy seasons over Southeast China indicates that the rainfall events with strong intensity correspond to strong LLJs. The LLJ affects the precipitation over Southeast China by transporting water vapor and triggering upward motion. Rainfall regions well corresponds to the regions of the moisture convergence and strong upward motion triggered by LLJ. Negative wind divergence anomalies at 850 hPa and positive wind divergence anomalies at 200 hPa over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley strengthen the upward motion over this region, which are conductive to produce more precipitation over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley. 相似文献
6.
Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are long, narrow, and transient filaments of strong horizontal water vapor transport that can lead to extreme precipitation. To investigate the relationship between ARs and mei-yu rainfall in China, the mei-yu season of 2020 in the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin is taken as an example. An adjusted AR-detection algorithm is applied on integrated water vapor transport (IVT) of the ERA5 reanalysis. The JRA-55 reanalysis and the data from Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) are also utilized to study the impacts of ARs on mei-yu rainfall in 2020. The results reveal that ARs in East Asia have an average length of 5400 km, a width of 600 km, a length/width ratio of 9.3, and a northeastward orientation of 30°. ARs are modulated by the western North Pacific subtropical high. The IVT core is located at the south side of low pressure systems, moving eastward with a speed of 10° d?1. For the cross sections of ARs in the Yangtze-Huaihe River basin, 75% of the total flux is concentrated below 4 km with low-level jets near AR cores. Moreover, ARs occur mainly in the mei-yu period with a frequency of 20%–60%. The intensity of AR-related precipitation is 6–12 times that of AR-unrelated precipitation, and AR-related precipitation contributes about 50%–80% to total mei-yu precipitation. As shown in this case study of summer 2020, ARs are an essential part of the mei-yu system and have great impacts on mei-yu rainfall. Thus, ARs should receive more attention in research and weather forecast practices. 相似文献
7.
Impact of 4DVAR Assimilation of Rainfall Data on the Simulation of Mesoscale Precipitation Systems in a Mei-yu Heavy Rainfall Event 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The multi-scale weather systems associated with a mei-yu front and the corresponding heavy precipitation during a particular heavy rainfall event that occurred on 4 5 July 2003 in east China were successfully simulated through rainfall assimilation using the PSU/NCAR non-hydrostatic, mesoscale, numerical model （MM5） and its four-dimensional, variational, data assimilation （4DVAR） system. For this case, the improvement of the process via the 4DVAR rainfall assimilation into the simulation of mesoscale precipitation systems is investigated. With the rainfall assimilation, the convection is triggered at the right location and time, and the evolution and spatial distribution of the mesoscale convective systems （MCSs） are also more correctly simulated. Through the interactions between MCSs and the weather systems at different scales, including the low-level jet and mei-yu front, the simulation of the entire mei-yu weather system is significantly improved, both during the data assimilation window and the subsequent 12-h period. The results suggest that the rainfall assimilation first provides positive impact at the convective scale and the influences are then propagated upscale to the meso- and sub-synoptic scales.
Through a set of sensitive experiments designed to evaluate the impact of different initial variables on the simulation of mei-yu heavy rainfall, it was found that the moisture field and meridional wind had the strongest effect during the convection initialization stage, however, after the convection was fully triggered, all of the variables at the initial condition seemed to have comparable importance. 相似文献
Through a set of sensitive experiments designed to evaluate the impact of different initial variables on the simulation of mei-yu heavy rainfall, it was found that the moisture field and meridional wind had the strongest effect during the convection initialization stage, however, after the convection was fully triggered, all of the variables at the initial condition seemed to have comparable importance. 相似文献
8.
利用2017年151个地面气象站的逐时观测数据和相关高空资料分析关中盆地近地面风场与输送特征。首先分析盆地内代表性站点的风速和风向观测事实,然后用CALMET风场诊断模式和轨迹计算模式获取当地逐小时风场和每日逐小时传输轨迹,分析风场类型。结果表明:关中盆地内日平均风速约1～3 m s?1,夏季风速高、秋冬季低;盆地中央的主导风向以沿地形走向的东北风和西南风为主,盆地四周测站的主导风向表现出顺着地形向盆地中央汇流的趋势。各站主导风向的季节变化不大。盆地内风场分为系统控制型、弱天气背景型和局地环流型3类,全年出现日数比例分别占8%、17.3%和74.7%。以山谷风日夜循环为特征的局地环流型风场最多。以西安城区为源点的大气输送轨迹显示,系统控制型风场以偏东北方向的输送为主,弱天气背景型和局地环流型风场的轨迹输送都大致以偏东北和偏西（以及偏西南）沿盆地走向以及偏东南朝向秦岭山地这三个方向为主。局地环流型的轨迹影响范围小,集中于盆地中央和南侧山地之间,表明这是一种不利于污染扩散的风场类型。 相似文献
9.
In order to understand the activity characteristics of low-level jets in the Nanjing area, statistical analysis and comparative study are carried out on their monthly and diurnal variations, characteristics of their cores and accompanying weather conditions using wind profile data in 2005—2008 collected by two wind profilers. The results show that low-level jets have significant monthly and diurnal variations. They occur more frequently in spring and summer than in autumn and winter and are more active in early morning and at night, with the maximum wind speed usually occurring at midnight. The central part of the low-level jet occurs mainly at the height of less than 1400 meters, and the enhancement of central speed is beneficial to the appearance of precipitation. Meanwhile, when the low-level jet appears in summer, it helps cause heavy rain. The statistical results of the boundary wind profiler are well consistent with those of the tropospheric wind profiler. Two kinds of wind profilers also have the capability of continuously detecting the development of low-level jets. 相似文献
10.
连续雾霾天气污染物浓度变化及天气形势特征分析 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
利用MICAPS资料、地面观测资料、NCEP资料和衡水市环境监测站细颗粒物(PM2.5)及PM10浓度资料,对2013年1月衡水市出现的连续雾霾天气从PM10及细颗粒物浓度演变、雾霾天气污染物浓度与地面要素关系、中低层环流形势特征进行了分析,结果表明:1)雾霾天气期间06:00(北京时间,下同)至07:00和16:00至21:00为PM10和细颗粒物浓度较低时段,PM10最大值出现在15:00,细颗粒物最大值出现在02:00,两者并不同时达到极值。2)雾霾天气污染物浓度与地面湿度并不是简单的正相关或负相关关系,还和许多其它因素有关。3)衡水市污染源主要来源于工业污染源、扬尘污染、冬季燃煤采暖、局部污染源及区域性污染。4)雾霾天气相对湿度和能见度基本呈负相关,气压变化不大,风向频率最多为北到东北风,平均风速一般都在2 m/s以下。雾日时大部分时段为雾和霾的混合物。5)重污染日期间500 hPa为平直偏西气流或西北偏西气流,没有明显的槽脊活动。而污染较轻的时段500 hPa为明显的西北气流控制或有槽脊活动。6)雾霾天气期间大部分日数08:00在850hPa以下都存在逆温层;地面气压场偏弱,尤其河北平原一带基本为均压场。最后对雾霾天气影响及对策进行了简单探讨。 相似文献
11.
利用2010～2019年浙江省基准气象站和自动气象站逐小时降水的观测资料,对浙江省短时强降水的时空分布特征进行了统计分析,结果表明:1）2010 ～2019年浙江短时强降水累计发生频次为72601站次,随雨强增大呈指数式衰减。2）短时强降水空间分布不均匀,沿海向内陆发生频次减少,出现频次最高的地区位于温州西南部。夏半年随时间推进和影响系统演变,短时强降水的空间分布亦存在差异:5～6月浙西地区短时强降水多发,7月短时强降水全省分散分布无明显的区域集中特征,8～10月则主要在沿海地区多发。3）总体而言短时强降水的日变化峰值出现在17:00（北京时间,下同）,且高强度短时强降水更倾向发生在午后到傍晚时段。夏秋季节短时强降水在午后到傍晚最为多发,峰值出现在17:00至18:00,这与副热带高压强盛,午后到傍晚热力和不稳定条件好,易触发强对流天气有关;春季除午后到傍晚外夜间和凌晨亦为短时强降水多发时段,可能与低空急流多在夜间和早晨发展加强有关。短时强降水的月变化特征呈现类双峰型分布,8月最为多发（26.0%）（主要由台风降水造成）,其次为6月和7月。不同强度的短时强降水月变化特征存在较明显差异。而短时强降水的年际分布不均,2015年之后年际变化幅度增大,其中 2016 年短时强降水发生频次最高达8728站次,2017 年为发生频次最低仅5581站次。 相似文献
12.
强热带风暴碧利斯 (0604) 引发的特大暴雨中尺度结构多普勒雷达资料分析 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
强热带风暴 “碧利斯” (Bilis) 于2006年7月14日12:50在福建省霞浦县北壁镇再次登陆, 与南海季风相互作用, 在福建省引发特大暴雨。作者利用双多普勒雷达三维风场反演技术对厦门和龙岩新一代多普勒雷达时间同步探测资料进行了风场反演, 综合利用雷达回波强度资料, 对造成长泰、 漳州特大暴雨的中尺度对流系统的三维结构及其演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明: (1) 此次特大暴雨主要是由中低层西南[CD*2]东北走向的β中尺度辐合线引发的, 辐合线对于水汽输送以及暴雨的形成、 触发、 维持具有重要作用, 辐合线在暴雨的整个生命史过程中经历了由弱变强、 由强变弱的演变过程, 变化过程与降水的强弱演变过程基本同步。 (2) 由于丰富的水汽供应和中低层辐合线的动力抬升作用, 西南[CD*2]东北走向的β中尺度回波带的西南不断有新的γ中尺度对流单体生成, 在沿着辐合线向东北移动过程中进一步发展、 合并形成β中尺度对流线, 造成持续的强降水。最后, 还给出了此次特大暴雨的三维云系结构模型。 相似文献
13.
北京地区夏季边界层急流的基本特征及形成机理研究 总被引：37，自引：10，他引：27
首先指出了北京地区夏季边界层急流的基本特征, 即北京地区边界层急流一般出现在白天高温背景下或发生局地暴雨的夜间, 强度存在明显的日变化, 垂直分布具有明显的"鼻状"结构特征, 急流核高度一般为600～900 m.从中尺度扰动方程出发, 并通过天气过程演变实例, 研究了地形热力作用、局地强降水在边界层急流形成过程中的作用, 指出: (1)夏季高温背景下, 平原与山区之间温度梯度方向、强度的变化, 是造成低空风垂直切变加速或减速, 即边界层急流形成或消失的直接原因, 因此这种边界层急流的高度一般要低于山体的高度.(2)局地暴雨与边界层急流之间存在明显的正反馈现象: 由于局地暴雨同时改变了对流层中层和近地面层气温的水平分布, 这种热力强迫作用造成了边界层气流加速; 反过来, 边界层气流的加速又加强了急流前方的风速辐合--如果急流方向水平垂直于山坡, 这种迎风坡上的辐合将更强, 造成局地降水强度进一步增强. 相似文献
14.
利用杭瑞高速公路洞庭湖大桥北岸测风塔的梯度风观测资料、三维超声风温仪资料以及岳阳气象站提供的逐小时气溶胶浓度和能见度观测资料,对湖南岳阳2017年1月28日的一次重度霾天气中的重污染过程的近地层物理量变化特征进行了分析,结果表明:（1）重污染来临前约130 min即28日01:50（北京时间,下同）,水平风速、垂直风速、高低层风切变都出现零值,大气处于静稳状态。重污染结束前180 min即28日09:00,上述物理量和高低层温度切变出现零值。（2）湍流强度在重污染来临前有强烈异常信号,其中水平纵向湍流强度异常信号最明显,于重污染发生前130 min出现异常峰值4.15,重污染结束前180 min出现异常峰值3.24。（3）湍流动能和动量通量都在重污染来临前130 min接近0.0 m2/s2,即湍流交换最弱,有利于污染物在近地面的持续堆积和重污染过程的发生。近地层的平均物理量和湍流特征量的异常信号的出现时间有较好的一致性,即出现在重污染来临前的130 min和结束前的180 min。揭示了重度霾污染天气的近地层物理量时间变化规律,着重分析了霾污染的生成、发展、消亡全过程的边界层湍流异常的前期信号,为深入认识霾污染天气进行有益的探索并为这类天气的预测预警提供科学依据。 相似文献
15.
基于相干多普勒测风激光雷达于2018年8月在山东德州获取的为期一个月的风廓线观测数据,进行了低空急流的判定、识别与统计分析。参考BONNER对低空急流的判定标准,对1 500 m高度以下的每10 min平均风廓线数据进行低空急流识别与统计,急流发生频率仅为3.6%。参考张世丰对低空急流的判定标准,统计了350 m高度以下10 min平均风廓线的低空急流风速、高度、风向及风切变等结构特征。急流发生频率为24.9%,急流速度主要介于6～10 m·s-1之间,急流高度出现3个峰值,分别位于110 m、160 m和220 m左右,急流风向主要为偏东风和偏南风。结果表明,多普勒激光雷达可以获取高时空分辨率的风廓线数据,进而可以有效检测低空急流结构的存在及其特征。 相似文献
16.
The diurnal variation of precipitation over the Dabie Mountains(DBM) in eastern China during the 2013 mei-yu season is investigated with forecasts of a regional convection-permitting model. Simulated precipitation is verified against surface rain-gauge observations. The observed morning precipitation peak on the windward(relative to the prevailing synoptic-scale wind) side of the DBM is reproduced with good spatial and temporal accuracy. The interaction between the DBM and a nocturnal boundary layer low-level jet(BLJ) due to the inertial oscillation mechanism is shown to be responsible for this precipitation peak. The BLJ is aligned with the lower-level southwesterly synoptic-scale flow that carries abundant moisture.The BLJ core is established at around 0200 LST upwind of the mountains. It moves towards the DBM and reaches maximum intensity at about 70 km ahead of the mountains. When the BLJ impinges upon the windward side of the DBM in the early morning, mechanical lifting of moist air leads to condensation and subsequent precipitation. 相似文献
17.
In this paper, the data of Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs), ERA5 reanalysis, sounding, wind profile radar, and dual-polarization radar are used to study an extreme rainfall event in the south China Coast on 11 to 12 May 2022 from the aspects of thermodynamics and microphysical characteristics under the influence of low-level jets (LLJs). Results show that: (1) The extreme rainfall event can be divided into two stages: the first stage (S1) from 0000 to 0600 LST on May 12 and the second stage (S2) from 0700 to 1700 LST on the same day. During S1, the rainfall is mainly caused by the upper-level shortwave trough and the boundary layer jet (BLJ), characterized by strong upward motion on the windward side of mountains. In S2, the combined influence of the BLJ and synoptic-system-related low-level jet (SLLJ) increases the vertical wind shear and vertical vorticity, strengthening the rainstorm. In combination with the effect of topography, a warm and humid southwest flow continuously transports water vapor to farther north, resulting in a significant increase in rainfall over the study area (on the terrain’s windward slope). From S1 to S2, the altitude of a divergence center in the upper air decreases obviously. (2) The rainfalls in the two stages are both associated with the mesoscale convergence line (MCL) on the surface, and the wind field from the mesoscale outflow boundary (MOB) in S1 is in the same direction as the environmental winds. Due to a small area of convergence that is left behind the MOB, convection moves eastward quickly and causes a short duration of heavy rainfall. In S2, the convergence along the MOB is enhanced, which strengthens the rainfall and leads to strong outflows, further enhancing the surface convergence near the MOB and forming a positive feedback mechanism. It results in a slow motion of convection and a long duration of heavy rainfall. (3) In terms of microphysics, the center of a strong echo in S1 is higher than in S2. The warm-rain process of the oceanic type characterizes both stages, but the convective intensity in S2 is significantly stronger than that in S1, featuring bigger drop sizes and lower concentrations. It is mainly due to the strengthening of LLJs, which makes small cloud droplets lift to melting levels, enhancing the ice phase process (riming process), producing large amounts of graupel particles and enhancing the melting and collision processes as they fall, resulting in the increase of liquid water content (LWC) and the formation of large raindrops near the surface. 相似文献
18.
Composite radar reflectivity data during April-September 2011-2015 are used to investigate and classify storms in south China(18-27°N; 105-120°E). The storms appear most frequently in May. They are either linear; cellular or nonlinear systems, taking up 29.45%, 24.51% and 46.04%, respectively, in terms of morphology. Linear systems are subdivided into six morphologies: trailing stratiform precipitation(TS), bow echoes(BE), leading stratiform precipitation(LS), embedded line(EL), no st... 相似文献
19.
北极低空急流和低层逆温特征观测分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用北冰洋冰表面热量平衡计划1997年10月中旬至1998年10月上旬的探空气球探测结果,分析了北极地区近地层逆温和低空急流特征.结果表明,96％的观测时次(11:15和23:15,协调世界时)出现近地层逆温,其中22％的逆温为贴地逆温,70％的逆温厚度在250～850 m之间,冬半年贴地逆温发生频率、逆温层厚度和逆温层内的温度变化都明显要大于夏半年.全年间低空急流出现频率为41％,平均高度为520 m,最大频率出现在150 m附近,70％的急流出现在600m高度以下.急流平均风速为10.6m·s-1,风速在4～13 m·s-1范围内的急流约占总数的75％,东和东南方向为全年急流的主导风向.根据对急流核和地面风速之间转换角分布的分析,惯性震荡可能是北极低空急流的主要成因. 相似文献
20.
The Thermodynamic and Dynamical Features of Double Front Structures During 21-31 July 1998 in China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
1. IntroductionDuring June and July, from the mid-lower reachesof the Yangtze River basin in China to southern Japan,a precipitation zone with intensive torrential rain ap-pears and lasts for two to three weeks. This phe-nomenon is called the "mei-yu" in … 相似文献