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1.
利用2010—2016年5—6月ERA5逐小时再分析数据集和国家气象信息中心逐小时降水量融合产品,对影响华南地区的低空急流事件进行筛选和分类,并分析天气系统相关的低空急流（Synoptic-system-related Low-Level Jet,SLLJ）和边界层急流（Boundary Layer Jet,BLJ）的日变化及其影响下的华南降水日变化的时空分布特征。结果表明,BLJ和SLLJ在白天减弱、夜间增强,并在凌晨达到峰值,其日变化主要与边界层惯性振荡引起的非地转风的顺时针旋转有关。双急流日华南地区降水量显著增加,且降水日变化有明显的区域差异,这与双急流的演变和配置密切相关。广西中北部主要为SLLJ左前方发生的夜间山区降水,且降水量仅有凌晨的单峰。广西沿海和广东地区存在早晨和午后两个峰值,BLJ出口区辐合和SLLJ入口区辐散的维持有利于降水频率的增大,从而导致午后峰值的出现,而早晨的峰值除了受双急流有利配置的影响外,主要归因于早晨降水强度的增加。 相似文献
2.
为了更全面地认识豫东南极端暴雪发生发展的机制,利用常规探空和地面观测资料以及NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对2018年1月3-4日豫东南极端暴雪过程从环流背景,高低空急流配置及水汽输送等方面进行分析。结果表明：高空低槽、中低空急流及切变线同时配合地面强冷空气南下,是形成本次极端暴雪事件最根本的天气尺度条件;豫东南位于高低空急流耦合作用形成的强烈上升区,西南急流不但为暴雪区提供源源不断的水汽条件,还起到了动力抬升及不稳定能量释放等作用,有利于暴雪发生发展与维持。豫东南地处大别山脉与桐柏山脉东北侧迎风坡处,地形较复杂,为了探究地形对本次极端暴雪的影响,本文尝试通过WRF模式模拟豫东南地形对降水的影响,通过控制试验和敏感试验对比分析表明,山体的迎风坡一侧对降水的增幅作用达4-6 mm,而背风坡一侧对降水的减幅作用约为6 mm;低层的U风分析显示,地形消减后U风风速将减小2-4 m·s-1,并且中心位置东南移1-2个纬距,强降水中心随之东南移;垂直速度沿经度及纬度剖面均显示山体迎风坡处对垂直上升运动增幅达0.1×10-2 m·s-1;地形对水汽辐合起到明显增强作用,尤其在山体上方850-700 hPa高度辐合更加显著。 相似文献
3.
亚洲夏季风区中尺度地形降水结构及分布特征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用高分辨率TRMM、AIRS卫星实测资料, 从气候态的降水微物理过程角度分析了亚洲夏季风期间中尺度山脉对不同性质降水垂直结构和水平分布的影响。研究表明, 中尺度山脉迎风、背风坡均以层云降水为主, 层云降水强度在迎风坡强于背风坡; 对流降水在迎风坡主要为浅对流, 背风坡主要为深对流, 对流降水强度在背风坡强于迎风坡。沿西南季风推进方向依次经过的中尺度山脉, 其两侧发生降水像素个数、 降水微物理特征等差异逐渐减小, 其中, 对流降水迎风坡向背风坡转变明显, 而层云降水背风坡向迎风坡转变明显。大气稳定度与对流降水在迎风、背风坡的分布相一致。另外, 对中尺度地形降水的研究为区域气候模式模拟高精度地形降水分布提供了实测依据。 相似文献
4.
利用常规观测资料、地面加密自动站资料、雷达探测资料与NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料等,对低层偏东气流影响下贵州铜仁梵净山东侧4次强降水天气过程进行了分析,重点探讨了在低层偏东气流与地形共同作用下的强降水形成机制,并归纳低层偏东气流影响下的梵净山东侧强降水概念模型。结果表明:(1)高空槽、低层切变线、地面中尺度辐合线是影响梵净山东侧强降水的主要天气系统;(2)低层浅薄偏东气流对梵净山东侧强降水起着关键作用,当低空气流u分量随高度减小时,地形迎风坡气流辐合上升,而气流v分量随高度增加时,地形迎风坡会产生与山脉垂直的水平涡管,在地形抬升作用下涡管向上凸起形成两个涡管环流圈,涡度垂直分量使山脚附近上升气流加强而有利于山脚产生强降水;(3)梵净山东侧强降水区的形成存在三种机制,即迎风坡山脚多次触发对流形成雨量叠加效应、地面中尺度辐合线自身触发组织对流、回波沿地面中尺度辐合线东移形成“列车效应”,三种机制产生的降水带与地面中尺度辐合线走向一致。 相似文献
5.
An analysis of 3 years' (1967–70) radiosonde wind data on the windward (Salt Lake City, Utah) and lee (Denver, Colorado) sides of mountains indicates that at these two stations: (1) the distributions of the kinetic energy of the mean and turbulent motions are similar above the mountain top; (2) below the mountain top, on the windward side, mountains tend to divert the component of the mean motion normal to the mountains to that parallel to the mountains; (3) the meridional eddy transport of westerly momentum is affected by the presence of the mountains to a higher level to the lee of the mountains than upwind of them; (4) the production of turbulent energy is higher below the mountain top in the vicinity of mountains than it is for the zonal average; (5) high frequencies of the motion show a more pronounced contribution in the meridional motion in the windward side, but in the zonal motion in the lee of the mountains; (6) disturbances of 1–2 day periods can be maintained deep into the valley, whereas disturbances of longer periods reduce their amplitudes rapidly with decreasing height from the mountain top; (7) the cospectra of the wind velocities show that the southward/northward transport of westerly momentum results from a southward/northward contribution from most frequencies. The main contributions come from eddies with periods longer than two days. 相似文献
6.
2008～2016年重庆地区降水时空分布特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2008~2016年国家气象信息中心提供的0.1°分辨率的中国地面与CMORPH融合逐小时降水产品,分析了重庆地区的降水时空分布特征,尤其是小时强降水的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)年均降水量总体呈西低东高分布,大值中心位于重庆东北和东南部,且存在一定的季节性差异,特别是夏季,西部降水明显增强,总降水呈两高(西部、东部)一低(中部)的分布;降水频次、降水强度与地形的相关性较高,海拔高度较高的山区(海拔高度>1000 m)降水频次多大于盆地和丘陵区(海拔高度<1000 m),降水强度与之相反,且小时强降水多发生在迎风坡前侧的过渡区域,说明高海拔区域易出现降水,但降水强度不强,而地形抬升则是触发强降水的重要原因,导致山前降水明显大于山峰。(2)重庆地区降水主要集中在5~9月,降水量、降水强度和小时强降水频次均呈单峰型分布,峰值出现在6~7月,降水频次呈双峰型分布,一个峰值出现在5~6月,另一个峰值出现在10月,7~8月为低频期,与副高控制下的连晴高温天气有关。(3)重庆地区降水存在明显的日变化特征,降水以夜雨为主,且降水峰值出现时间表现为向东延迟的特征,重庆西部日峰值出现在凌晨02:00(北京时,下同),中部出现在清晨05:00,东北部出现在早上08:00。从不同季节来看,春季、秋季和冬季降水日变化呈单峰型分布,主要集中在清晨,而夏季受午后局地对流性天气的影响,在下午17:00左右存在一个次峰值。(4)强降水的主要集中在夏季,在空间上存在三个大值中心,受西南涡及地形的相互作用,夏季在缙云山以西的盆地区域,小时强降水频次明显较高。 相似文献
7.
地形与城市环流共同作用下的β中尺度暴雨 总被引：31，自引：12，他引：19
从中尺度天气动力学理论入手, 利用尺度分析的方法, 得到了地形与城市热岛共同作用下的β中尺度暴雨的一系列理论特征。利用北京地区稠密的地面观测网资料以及分布于距暴雨中心区不同距离的两部风廓线仪观测资料, 通过分析2006年夏季发生的3次β中尺度暴雨酝酿、 发生、 发展、 维持过程中的气温、 降水、 风场的配置关系, 对β中尺度暴雨的部分理论特征进行了验证。主要结论: (1) 由城市热岛形成的水平温度梯度有可能在靠近城区的山前迎风坡强迫产生相对独立的中尺度风的垂直切变, 由此产生的低空风的垂直切变是维系中尺度对流降水发生、 发展的重要条件。另一方面, 一旦迎风坡出现强降水, 将形成吹向迎风坡的风速与降水强度之间的正反馈现象, 这种正反馈过程对β中尺度暴雨的形成过程起到了重要作用; (2) 地形越靠近城区, 山前越容易形成强的水平温度梯度, 进而越容易出现低空风的垂直切变。形成强低空风的垂直切变的响应时间取决于水平温度梯度的强度; (3) 地形坡度越大的地方, 产生的上升运动越强, 中尺度系统的水平尺度越小, 对于地形坡度较为平坦的地方, 更有利于产生水平尺度较大的中尺度系统; (4) 一般情况下, 地形与城市热力过程造成的中尺度暴雨过程多发生于傍晚前后或凌晨前后。 相似文献
8.
Summary This study examines the exceptional Alpine south foehn event of 14–16 November 2002 using routine observations and high-resolution
numerical simulations. Besides its long duration and an extremely high temperature level related to warm-air advection from
the northern Sahara, this foehn event exhibited an unusual spatial structure of the low-level wind and temperature field.
Whereas the foehn was largely restricted to the first half of 14 November in the western part of the Alps (Switzerland), it
extended over the full period in the inner-Alpine valleys in the eastern Alps. The duration and intensity of the foehn also
tended to decrease from the Alpine crest towards the northern rim of the Alps. Most surprisingly, continuous foehn even occurred
on the windward side of the Alpine crest, namely in a basin located in the southeastern Alps. The distribution of the orographic
precipitation associated with the foehn case was unusual as well. In Switzerland, intense precipitation was not restricted
to the windward (southern) side of the Alps but extended to the northern side of the Alpine crest, particularly on 16 November.
The results indicate that the spatio-temporal distribution of the foehn in the northern Alps was related to the fact that
the western Alps were within a synoptic-scale transition zone between extremely warm air advected from the south and colder
air lying over western Europe. The colder air was advected around the western Alps whereas extremely warm air descended from
the Alpine crest farther east. Moreover, a small cyclone formed on 14 November north of the Alps and generated a shallow cold
front propagating eastward along the northern Alps. Thus, the tendency towards foehn decreased from west to east and from
the Alpine crest towards the north. The occurrence of foehn on the windward side of the Alpine crest was made possible by
the extreme strength of the large-scale southerly flow, combined with the fact that the upstream precipitation field did not
reach the southeastern edge of the Alps. Finally, the pronounced spillover of precipitation to the northern side in the Swiss
part of the Alps appears to be related to the colder air present north of the crest. This prevented the formation of orographic
gravity waves and downslope air motion, which usually leads to a rapid evaporation of the precipitation on the lee side of
the Alpine crest. 相似文献
9.
In this paper, the data of Automatic Weather Stations (AWSs), ERA5 reanalysis, sounding, wind profile radar, and dual-polarization radar are used to study an extreme rainfall event in the south China Coast on 11 to 12 May 2022 from the aspects of thermodynamics and microphysical characteristics under the influence of low-level jets (LLJs). Results show that: (1) The extreme rainfall event can be divided into two stages: the first stage (S1) from 0000 to 0600 LST on May 12 and the second stage (S2) from 0700 to 1700 LST on the same day. During S1, the rainfall is mainly caused by the upper-level shortwave trough and the boundary layer jet (BLJ), characterized by strong upward motion on the windward side of mountains. In S2, the combined influence of the BLJ and synoptic-system-related low-level jet (SLLJ) increases the vertical wind shear and vertical vorticity, strengthening the rainstorm. In combination with the effect of topography, a warm and humid southwest flow continuously transports water vapor to farther north, resulting in a significant increase in rainfall over the study area (on the terrain’s windward slope). From S1 to S2, the altitude of a divergence center in the upper air decreases obviously. (2) The rainfalls in the two stages are both associated with the mesoscale convergence line (MCL) on the surface, and the wind field from the mesoscale outflow boundary (MOB) in S1 is in the same direction as the environmental winds. Due to a small area of convergence that is left behind the MOB, convection moves eastward quickly and causes a short duration of heavy rainfall. In S2, the convergence along the MOB is enhanced, which strengthens the rainfall and leads to strong outflows, further enhancing the surface convergence near the MOB and forming a positive feedback mechanism. It results in a slow motion of convection and a long duration of heavy rainfall. (3) In terms of microphysics, the center of a strong echo in S1 is higher than in S2. The warm-rain process of the oceanic type characterizes both stages, but the convective intensity in S2 is significantly stronger than that in S1, featuring bigger drop sizes and lower concentrations. It is mainly due to the strengthening of LLJs, which makes small cloud droplets lift to melting levels, enhancing the ice phase process (riming process), producing large amounts of graupel particles and enhancing the melting and collision processes as they fall, resulting in the increase of liquid water content (LWC) and the formation of large raindrops near the surface. 相似文献
10.
11.
Summary A three-dimensional non-hydrostatic numerical model and lagrangian particle model (random walk model) were used to investigate
the effects of the atmospheric circulation and boundary layer structure on the dispersion of suspended particulates in the
Seoul metropolitan area. Initially, emitted particulate matter rises from the surface of the city towards the top of the convective
boundary layer (CBL), owing to daytime thermal heating of the surface and the combined effect of an onshore wind with a westerly
synoptic-scale wind. A reinforcing sea-valley breeze directed from the coast toward the city of Seoul, which is enclosed in
a basin and bordered by mountains to its east, disperses the suspended particulate matter toward the eastern mountains. Total
suspended particulate concentration (TSP) at ground level in the city is very low and relatively high in the mountains. Radiative
cooling of the surface produces a shallow nocturnal surface inversion layer (NSIL) and the suspended particulate matter still
present near the top of the CBL from the previous day, sinks to the surface. An easterly downslope mountain wind is directed
into the metropolitan area, transporting particulate matter towards the city, thereby recycling the pollutants. The particulates
descending from the top of the NSIL and mountains, combine with particulates emitted near the surface over the city at night,
and under the shallow NSIL spread out, resulting in a maximum ground level concentration of TSP in the metropolitan area at
2300 LST. As those particles move toward the Yellow Sea through the topographically shaped outlet west of Seoul city under
the influence of the easterly land breeze, the maximum TSP concentration occurs at the coastal site. During the following
morning, onshore winds resulting from a combined synoptic-scale westerly wind and westerly sea breeze, force particulates
dispersed the previous night to move over the adjacent sea and back over the inland metropolitan area. The recycled particulates
combine with the particulates emitted from the surface in the central part of the metropolitan area, producing a high TSP
and again rise towards the top of the CBL ready to repeat the cycle. 相似文献
12.
An extreme monsoonal heavy rainfall event lasted for nine days and recurred in the interior of northern south China from June 13 to 21, 2022. Using regional meteorological stations and ERA5 reanalysis data, the causes of this extreme monsoonal rainfall event in south China were analyzed and diagnosed. The results are shown as follows. A dominant South Asian high tended to be stable near the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, providing favorable upper-level dispersion conditions for the occurrence of heavy rainfall in south China. A western Pacific subtropical high dominated the eastern part of the South China Sea, favoring stronger and more northward transport of water vapor to the northern part of south China at lower latitudes than normal. The continuous heavy precipitation event can be divided into two stages. The first stage (June 13-15) was the frontal heavy rainfall caused by cold air (brought by an East Asian trough) from the mid-latitudes that converged with a monsoonal airflow. The heavy rains occurred mostly in the area near a shear in front of the center of a synoptic-system-related low-level jet (SLLJ), and the jet stream and precipitation were strongest in the daytime. The second stage (June 16-21) was the warm-sector heavy rainfall caused by a South China Sea monsoonal low-level jet penetrating inland. The heavy rainfall occurred on the windward slope of the Nanling Mountains and in the northern part of a boundary layer jet (BLJ). The BLJ experienced five nighttime enhancements, corresponding well with the enhancement of the rainfall center, showing significant nighttime heavy rainfall characteristics. Finally, a conceptual diagram of inland-type warm-sector heavy rainfall in south China is summarized. 相似文献
13.
利用柳州市2010-2019年75个加密自动气象观测站小时降水资料,分析柳州市1h、3h、6h短时强降水时空分布特征。结果表明：短时强降水出现最多的是融安、融水一带以及鹿寨北部,山脉的迎风坡和喇叭口地形更利于短时强降水的出现;高发期在5、6月份,其次是7、8月份;短时强降水的日变化呈现单峰结构,主要出现在夜间和早晨时段。该区域短时强降水时空分布特征差异显著,与影响系统、地形的辐合抬升作用以及局地热力条件差异有关。 相似文献
14.
利用2010—2018年夏季阿勒泰地区112个自动气象站逐时降水资料,采用常规统计方法分析了阿勒泰地区夏季短时强降水时空分布特征。结果表明,2010—2018年夏季阿勒泰地区短时强降水的空间分布极不均匀,主要发生在阿尔泰山和沙吾尔山迎风坡、地形陡升区、喇叭口地形、戈壁和乌伦古湖交界区等复杂地形附近;发生次数年际变化大,2017年出现最多达95次,2010年出现最少为10次;极大值出现在2017年6月30日15:00哈巴河县合孜勒哈克村（37.5 mm/h）,极小值出现在2015年8月9日17:00福海县工业园区（22.5 mm/h）。旬、日发生频次变化均呈单峰型,旬峰值出现在7月上旬,日高峰值时段出现在午后至傍晚（19时左右）;各站短时强降水持续时间为1—2 h,区域性短时强降水最长持续时间为5 h;2017年短时强降水出现最多、持续时间最长、范围最广、强度最强。 相似文献
15.
Based on the remote sensing data, the radiosonde data and precipitation data observed by weather stations, distributions of atmospheric water-vapor and cloud motion wind over the Qilian Mountains are analyzed. Moreover, on the basis of water-vapor and cloud motion wind analyses, relations of atmospheric water-vapor distribution with precipitation~ atmospheric circulation, and terrain are investigated. The results show that distributions of atmospheric water-vapor and precipitation in the Qilian Mountains are affected by the westerly belt, the southerly monsoon （the South Asian monsoon and plateau monsoon）, and the East Asian monsoon. In the northwest Qilian Mountains, water-vapor and precipitation are entirely affected by the westerly belt, and there is no other direction water-vapor transport except westerly watervapor flux, hence, the northwest region is regarded as the westerly belt region. In the south and middle of the mountaili, water-vapor is mainly controlled by the southerly monsoon, 37.7% of the total watervapor is from the south, especially in summer, the southerly water-vapor flux accounts for 55.9% of the total, and furthermore the water-vapor content in the southerly flow is more than that in the westerly flow. The southerly monsoon water-vapor is influenced by the South Asian monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the plateau monsoon in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, thus, the south and middle region is called southerly monsoon region. But in the northeast Qilian Mountains, the East Asian monsoon is the main climate system affecting the water-vapor. Besides west and northwest water-vapor fluxes, there are a lot of easterly water-vapor fluxes in summer. The frequency of easterly cloud motion winds in summer half year accounts for 27.1% of the total, though the frequency is not high, it is the main water-vapor source of summer precipitation in this region, therefore, the northwest region is a marginal region of the East Asian monsoon. On the other hand, atmospheric water-vapor, precipitation, and conver 相似文献
16.
钟形地形动力抬升和重力波传播与地形云和降水形成关系研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
地形云和降水过程在区域水循环、水资源、生态环境及气候变化中具有十分重要的作用。本文利用中尺度数值模式WRF 数值模拟试验,以及通过引入表示大气层流速度、层结稳定度和地形特征的关系参数——湿Froude 数(Fw),研究了北京2009 年5 月1 日湿条件不稳定大气层结下,地形云和降水形成过程与地形动力抬升和地形重力波传播之间的关系及形成机理。研究表明,在地形最大高度2 km、半宽10 km 的条件下,层流速度从2.5 m/s 逐步增加到25 m/s 时,对应的湿Fw 数从0.19 增加到1.81。当Fw≤1 时,地形的阻挡起主要作用,由地形抬升形成的地形云主要产生在迎风坡一侧。地形重力波主要产生在迎风坡,并向上游传播,先形成层状云,最后演变为准稳定浅对流波状云。最大降水主要发生在紧靠山顶的迎风坡一侧,但当Fw 很小时,地形云不产生降水。当Fw>1 时,地形抬升形成的云主要发生在山顶附近,而地形重力波主要形成在背风坡,并向下游方向传播,形成准稳定波状云。最大降水主要产生在紧靠山顶的背风坡一侧。另外,在弱湿条件不稳定大气层流下,地形降水主要由地形动力抬升造成的暖云微物理过程产生,地形重力波形成的波状云几乎不产生降水。 相似文献
17.
以太行山东部3次迎风坡降水过程为例,分析了由多普勒雷达原始资料计算得到的径向辐合与迎风坡降水分布的关系:迎风坡降水大值区落在临近径向的辐合大值区的弱辐合区内,且降水中心落在正径向速度开始减小的边界同NE风急流相交的位置。连续分布的径向辐合越强,降水越强。同时以2004年7月11—12日过程为例说明单站径向辐合和降水率的关系:径向辐合越强,降水越强,且径向辐合变化超前于降水率变化1h以上;径向辐合持续减弱3h以上,降水率减小,直至结束。径向散度对迎风坡区域的降水预报有很好的指示作用:综合分析区域径向辐合分布和单站径向辐合随时间的变化,可以预测迎风坡降水的落区、发展及生消。 相似文献
18.
华北地区夏季降水日变化的时空分布特征 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
利用2008~2014年间全国自动站观测降水和CMORPH[CPC（Climate Prediction Center）morphing technique]卫星反演降水资料融合而成的0.1°×0.1°小时降水产品揭示了华北夏季降水的日变化特征,发现华北多数地区夏季降水量和降水频率日变化呈现出明显的双峰特征且存在明显的区域性差异。在太行山以西地区,降水量和降水频率的日峰值出现在傍晚18:00左右（北京时）,规律性最强;而在太行山以东的平原和沿海地区,日峰值一般出现在上午。研究不同持续时间降水对总降水的贡献发现短时降水对傍晚的降水日峰值贡献较大,而长时降水则对凌晨的峰值影响更大。分析不同强度降水对总降水量的贡献结果表明,0.1~10 mm h-1强度降水较其它强度降水对夏季华北地区总降水量贡献更大,随着降水强度的增加降水量日变化的峰值个数增加。 相似文献
19.
An extremely heavy rainfall event lasting from 17 to 22 July 2021 occurred in Henan Province of China, with accumulated precipitation of more than 1000 mm over a 6-day period that exceeded its mean annual precipitation. The present study examines the roles of persistent low-level jets(LLJs) in maintaining the precipitation using surface station observations and reanalysis datasets. The LLJs triggered strong ascending motions and carried moisture mainly from the outflow of Typhoon In-fa(2021). Th... 相似文献
20.
利用区域数值模式WRF-ARW（V3.9）开展高分辨率数值模拟试验,研究了东北地区大兴安岭和长白山地形对该地区夏季降水的单独和共同影响。结果表明,东北地区两大山脉地形可以显著影响东北及其周边区域的大气环流和降水。大兴安岭和长白山地形的阻挡作用使得夏季偏南气流在两个山脉的迎风坡一侧堆积,引起局地水汽增加并产生上升运动,因此两个山脉的迎风坡一侧降水增加;而在两个山脉的背风坡一侧,局地水汽减少并伴随下沉运动,因此两个山脉的背风坡一侧降水减少。大兴安岭地形的存在使得其东侧到松嫩平原地区夏季降水增加1.09 mm d?1（相较参照试验增幅为30%）,而使其西侧蒙古东部地区夏季降水减少0.69 mm d?1（相较参照试验减幅为24%）;长白山地形的存在使得长白山南侧到朝鲜半岛地区夏季降水增加1.76 mm d?1（相较参照试验增幅为26%）,而使其北侧三江平原地区夏季降水减少0.81 mm d?1（相较参照试验减幅为22%）。当大兴安岭与长白山同时存在时,两者的协同作用会减弱蒙古东部、松嫩平原和朝鲜半岛地区夏季降水的响应,而增强三江平原地区夏季降水的响应。该研究结果对于理解东北地区当代气候的形成具有重要的科学意义。 相似文献