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1.
利用1961—1990年江淮流域逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和HadCM3 SRES A1B情景下模式预估资料,采用典型相关分析统计降尺度方法,评估降尺度模型对当前极端降水指数的模拟能力,并对21世纪中期和末期的极端降水变化进行预估。结果表明：通过降尺度能够有效改善HadCM3对区域气候特征的模拟能力,极端降水指数气候平均态相对误差降低了30%～100%,但降尺度结果仍然在冬季存在湿偏差、夏季存在干偏差;在SRES A1B排放情景下,该区域大部分站点的极端强降水事件将增多,强度增大,极端强降水指数的变化幅度高于平均降水指数,且夏季增幅高于冬季;冬季极端降水贡献率（R95t）在21世纪中期和末期的平均增幅分别为14%和25%,夏季则分别增加24%和32%。 相似文献
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基于RCP4.5（中等温室气体排放）情景下5个全球模式模拟结果的降尺度数据,及SSP2社会经济路径下的GDP和人口密度数据,对21世纪京津冀地区（北京、天津和河北的统称）未来2021—2040年（近期)、2046—2065年（中期)、2080—2099年（末期）的高温GDP和人口暴露度进行多模式集合预估。结果表明：未来京津冀地区热事件将增加,21世纪末期京津冀东南部平原和沿海地区的闷热事件、中部平原地区的高温事件出现频率明显增加。GDP和人口暴露度大值区主要分布在北京、天津、保定、石家庄和邯郸等经济发达、交通便利、人口聚集的城市及其周边地区。21世纪京津冀地区的GDP暴露度区域平均值持续增加,21世纪末期多年平均值约为参照时段的58.9倍;各城市的区域平均值也表现出一致增加。京津冀地区人口暴露度区域平均值在21世纪中期达到最大,为参照时段的2.3倍;北京、秦皇岛、张家口、承德和唐山人口暴露度区域平均值将持续增长,其他城市人口暴露度区域平均值在21世纪中期达到最大。GDP暴露度的变化主要取决于非线性因子,且其贡献率随时间逐渐增加,到21世纪末期可达70.9%。21世纪近期和中期人口暴露度的变化主要取决于非线性因子,气候因子在末期占主导地位。 相似文献
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本文利用WRF模式,以25 km分辨率数值模拟结果作为驱动场,对江苏省现代和未来15 a的气候进行5 km高分辨率降尺度模拟及预估。结果显示,高分辨率降尺度模拟对其驱动场具有显著的提高,降水的负偏差和气温冷偏差均有所降低,其模拟的降水与气温概率分布与观测更为接近;对于极端指数,WRF模式能够模拟出其基本分布,除连续湿润日数CWD和极端高温TXx之外,高分辨率模拟对其他指数的模拟均有显著的提升。在RCP8.5排放情景下对未来气候变化的预估表明,江苏降水在夏季以减少为主,在春季则以增加为主,全年平均降水存在减少趋势;未来0~1 mm·d^(-1)的微弱降水发生概率将增加,小雨、中到大雨以及暴雨发生的概率均降低,而暴雨强度的增强导致极端强降水R95显著增加;气温25℃以上高温发生的概率在未来有所增加,而0℃以下的低温发生概率减小,从而导致暖持续日数显著增加,而冷持续日数减小,另外,极端高温和极端低温都有显著的升高。 相似文献
4.
基于BCC-CSM11模式降尺度预估结果,通过构建极端天气气候事件的危险性指数,考察和分析了中国东部极端降水和气温未来气候情景下可能的变化趋势和危险性分布格局。结果表明: 1）在中等排放情景（RCP4.5）下,近期（2021—2050年）极端降水和极端高温危险性呈现增强趋势,危险性指数增幅分别约为2%和10%,而极端低温危险性则呈减弱趋势,危险性指数降幅约为4%。21世纪末期（2070—2099年）,极端降水和气温危险性均基本保持现有水平,未有明显趋势。在高等排放情景（RCP8.5）下,极端降水和极端高温危险性将持续增强,至21世纪末危险性指数增幅分别约为5%和60%;极端低温危险性持续减弱,危险性指数降幅约为5%。2）在未来气候情景下,中国东部极端高温的危险性以全域持续增强为主要特征,特别是西南地区、长江以南地区和东南沿海危险性增强最为显著。至21世纪末,在高排放情景下的危险性指数增幅为30%—60%。极端降水危险性在黄河上游、长江上游和下游以及东北地区中南部等地区呈增强趋势,危险性指数增幅为3%—5%。极端低温危险性全域呈减弱趋势,至21世纪末期高等排放情景下的危险性指数最高降幅为7%—9%。 相似文献
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借助第五阶段国际耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)多模式集合数据、欧洲中期预报中心再分析资料及黑河流域站点观测记录等,检验了模式降水估计偏差,设计了3种降尺度方法,对2011~2100年模式集合预估降水做了降尺度偏差订正。结果表明,即使去掉模式气候飘移,在黑河流域的模拟或估计降水偏差依然较大。本文选用15个CMIP5模式集合做降水预估。依据贝叶斯模式平均(BMA)和多元线性回归(MLR)构造降尺度模型,其因子有700 hPa位势高度场、经向风和比湿等。检验表明,两种降尺度模型各有优缺点,BMA降尺度降水平均值精度较高,但方差和相关系数较低;MLR的方差和相关系数均较高,但在黑河下游极端干旱区或少雨季节易出现“负降水”偏差。在降尺度模型中加入模式降水因子后,BMA的降水方差和相关系数均有明显提高,MLR的负降水问题得到一定程度抑制。BMA模型在黑河上游最优,MLR在中、下游及整个流域最优。因此,选用BMA和MLR对RCP4.5情景下2011~2100年的降水预估做降尺度偏差订正,结果表明,经BMA和MLR降尺度后预估的整个黑河流域降水呈下降趋势,相对于1971~2000年参考期,流域前期(2011~2040年)、中期(2041~2070年)、后期(2071~2100年)降水下降率依次为−9.7%、−12.5、−12.1%,即前、中期降水明显减少,后期变化不大。其中上游降水有一个弱的增加趋势,其变化率依次为1.4%、1.6%、2.3%;中游降水呈明显减少趋势,其变化率依次为−16.3%、−21.4%、−22.6%;下游降水前期减少,中、后期明显增加,其变化率依次为−13.0%、4.2%、21.4%。该预估结果表明,随着全球气候暖化,黑河上游祁连山区降水会缓慢增加,但中游农耕区降水明显减少,流域水资源供需矛盾可能会进一步加剧。因此,黑河流域未来的分水方案及相关的生态、农业、经济等发展规划需要据此做一些调整,以适应未来气候和黑河流域水资源的可能变化。 相似文献
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基于CN05.1观测数据和一套经过降尺度偏差校正处理的模式(NEX-GDDP-CMIP6)数据,结合泰勒图、GEV极值拟合等方法,综合评估了模式对西南地区极端降水变化的模拟性能,并系统分析了未来西南地区不同重现期的极端降水演变趋势及其人口暴露度变化。结果表明,NEX-GDDP-CMIP6模式及其集合(N-CMIP6-MME)能够较好地再现观测极端降水的时空变化特征,且多模式集合结果优于大多数单个模式。未来西南地区绝大多数区域的降水和极端降水将持续增加,十年一遇、二十年一遇极端降水事件也呈增加趋势,使得未来西南地区人口暴露于不同重现期极端降水的风险进一步增加。相比十年一遇,重现期为20 a的极端降水事件增加速度更快,增加范围更广,模式一致性也更高,对应的人口暴露度增加幅度更大。到2050年左右,在SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP3-7.0和SSP5-8.5情景下二十年一遇的RX1day(RX5day)分别增加了175.2％(148.9％)、216.0％(162.4％)、210.9％(156.8％)和274.3％(207.1％),对应人口暴露度分别增加了129.1％(118.8％)、177.7％(135.1％)、182.4％(143.2％)和237.5％(161.5％)。进一步分析指出,在未来极端降水人口暴露度的变化中,气候变化占主导作用,其次是人口变化和人口-气候协同作用的影响。 相似文献
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1986年以来，长江流域的极端强降水出现了显著增加的趋势，突出表现在中下游地区。长江中下游地区极端降水量的增加，既是极端降水强度增强，也是极端降水事件显著增加的结果。长江流域极端降水变化主要发生在东南部和西南部。趋势分析表明，自20世纪80年代中期以来，长江流域上游极端降水事件峰值提前到6月份出现，与长江中下游极端降水峰值出现的时间几乎同步，这必将加大遭遇性洪水发生的机率。20世纪90年代以来长江洪水的频繁发生，与长江流域极端降水时空分布的变化密切相关。 相似文献
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1986年以来，长江流域的极端强降水出现了显著增加的趋势，突出表现在中下游地区。长江中下游地区极端降水量的增加，既是极端降水强度增强，也是极端降水事件显著增加的结果。长江流域极端降水变化主要发生在东南部和西南部。趋势分析表明，自20世纪80年代中期以来，长江流域上游极端降水事件峰值提前到6月份出现，与长江中下游极端降水峰值出现的时间几乎同步，这必将加大遭遇性洪水发生的机率。20世纪90年代以来长江洪水的频繁发生，与长江流域极端降水时空分布的变化密切相关。 相似文献
9.
21世纪前期长江中下游流域极端降水预估及不确定性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在全球变暖背景下,极端降水的频率、强度以及持续时间均在显著增加,尤其是对于气候变化敏感的长江中下游流域。由于模式本身、温室气体排放情景以及自然变率存在较大的不确定性,因此未来预估变化的不确定性一直备受关注。为了能够得到对于未来极端降水更为准确的预估结果,使用NEX-GDDP（NASA Earth Exchange Global Daily Downscaled Projections）提供的19个CMIP5降尺度高分辨率数据（0.25°×0.25°）,给出21世纪前期（2016—2035年）长江中下游流域极端降水的可能变化。根据长江中下游流域178个气象站1981—2005年的逐日降水量数据,计算了能够代表极端降水不同特征的指数,在评估模拟能力的基础上给出了21世纪前期RCP4.5情景下极端降水的变化。结果表明,降尺度结果对长江中下游流域极端降水有很好的模拟能力,除R90N外,所有模式模拟其余指数的空间结构与观测的相关系数均超过了0.6。其中所有模式模拟PRCPTOT和R10的相关系数均超过0.95。21世纪前期,长江中下游地区降水趋于极端化,尤其是在流域的西部地区。极端降水日数的变化在减少,表明对于极端降水的贡献主要来自于极端降水日的较大日降水量,而非极端降水日数。未来预估不确定性的大值区主要位于流域的南部地区,流域的西部地区不确定性较低,西部地区极端降水的增加应该受到更多的重视。 相似文献
10.
Increased population exposure to precipitation extremes in China under global warming scenarios 
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下载免费PDF全文 《大气和海洋科学快报》2020,(1)
极端降水(暴雨)是我国最为主要的自然灾害之一,每年均造成巨大经济损失和人员伤亡。现有预估研究表明,未来全球持续增暖使得我国极端降水发生频次显著增加,强度增强。那么,未来极端降水增加会对社会,尤其是人们生活造成多大影响?围绕这个问题,本研究基于多个高分辨率区域气候模式模拟和人口数据,分析了未来我国极端降水人口暴露度的可能变化。结果指出,在RCP4.5-SSP2情景下,到了21世纪末,虽然预估的我国人口数量大幅减少,但极端降水人口暴露度却显著增加,相对当前气候增加了约21.6%,其中东部地区是增加最为显著的区域。进一步研究发现,人口暴露度的增加不依赖于情景的选择,但高排放情景增加幅度更大,而且增加主要是由于气候变化的贡献。 相似文献
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基于统计降尺度模型的江淮流域极端气候的模拟与预估 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用江淮流域29个代表站点1961--2000年逐日最高温度、最低温度和逐日降水资料,以及NCEP逐日大尺度环流场资料,引入基于多元线性回归与随机天气发生器相结合的统计降尺度模型SDSM（statistical downscalingmodel）,通过对每个站点建模,确立SDSM参数,并将该模型应用于SRESA2排放情景下HadCM3和cGcM3模式,得到了江淮流域各代表台站21世纪的逐日最高、最低温度和降水序列以及热浪、霜冻、强降水等极端气候指数。结果表明,当前气候下,统计降尺度方法模拟的极端温度指数与观测值有很好的一致性,能有效纠正耦合模式的“冷偏差”,如SDSM对江淮平均的冬季最高、最低温度的模拟偏差较CGCM3模式分别减少3℃和4．5℃。对于极端降水则能显著纠正耦合模式模拟的降水强度偏低的问题,如CGCM3对江淮流域夏季降水强度的模拟偏差为-60．6％,但降尺度后SDSM—CGCM3的偏差仅为-6％,说明降尺度模型SDSM的确有“增加值”的作用。21世纪末期在未来SRESA2情景下,对于极端温度,无论Had．CM3还是CGCM3模式驱动统计模型,江淮流域所有代表台站,各个季节的最高、最低温度都显著增加,且以夏季最为显著,增幅在2—4℃;与之相应霜冻天数将大幅减少,热浪天数大幅增多,各站点冬季霜冻天数减少幅度为5—25d,夏季热浪天数增加幅度为4～14d;对于极端降水指数,在两个不同耦合模式HadCM3和CGCM3驱动下的变化尤其是变化幅度的一致性比温度差,但大部分站点各个季节极端强降水事件将增多,强度增强,SDSM—HadCM3和SDSM-CGCM3预估的夏季极端降水贡献率将分别增加26％和27％。 相似文献
12.
The possible changes in the frequency of extreme rainfall events in Hong Kong in the 21st century wereinvestigated by statistically downscaling 30 sets of the daily global climate model projections (involvinga combination of 12 models and 3 greenhouse gas emission scenarios,namely,A2,A1B,and B1) of theFourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.To cater for the intermittentand skewed character of the daily rainfall,multiple stepwise logistic regression and multiple stepwise linearregression were employed to develop the downscaling models for predicting rainfall occurrence and rainfallamount,respectively.Verification of the simulation of the 1971-2000 climate reveals that the models ingeneral have an acceptable skill in reproducing past statistics of extreme rainfall events in Hong Kong.Theprojection results suggest that,in the 21st century,the annual number of rain days in Hong Kong is expectedto decrease while the daily rainfall intensity will increase,concurrent with the expected increase in annualrainfall.Based on the multi-model scenario ensemble mean,the annual number of rain day is expected todrop from 104 days in 1980-1999 to about 77 days in 2090-2099.For extreme rainfall events,about 90% ofthe model-scenario combinations indicate an increase in the annual number of days with daily rainfall 100mm (R100) towards the end of the 21st century.The mean number of R100 is expected to increase from 3.5days in 1980-1999 to about 5.3 days in 2090-2099.The projected changes in other extreme rainfall indicesalso suggest that the rainfall in Hong Kong in the 21st century may also become more extreme with moreuneven distributions of wet and dry periods.While most of the model-emission scenarios in general projectconsistent trends in the change of rainfall extremes in the 21st century,there is a large divergence in theprojections among different model/emission scenarios.This reflects that there are still large uncertainties inmodel simulations of future extreme rainfall events. 相似文献
13.
基于RCP4.5情景下6.25 km高分辨率统计降尺度数据,使用国际上通用的极端气候事件指数,分析雄安新区及整个京津冀地区未来极端气候事件的可能变化。首先对当代模拟结果进行评估,结果表明,集合平均模拟可以较好地再现大部分极端气候事件指数的分布,且对与气温有关的极端气候事件指数模拟效果较好。但也存在一定偏差,特别是对连续干旱日数(CDD)的模拟效果相对较差。集合平均的预估结果表明,未来在全球变暖背景下,雄安新区及整个京津冀地区均表现为极端暖事件增多,极端冷事件减少,连续干旱日数减少,极端强降水事件增多。具体来看,到21世纪末期,日最高气温最高值(TXx)和日最低气温最低值(TNn)在整个区域上都是增加的,大部分地区增加值分别超过2.4℃和3.2℃;夏季日数(SU)和热带夜数(TR)也都表现为增加,但两者的变化分布基本相反,其中SU在山区增加幅度较大,平原地区增加幅度较小,而TR在平原地区的增加值较山区更显著,两个指数未来增加值分别为20~40 d和5~40 d;霜冻日数(FD)和冰冻日数(ID)都表现为减少,减少值分别超过10 d和5 d;与降水有关的极端气候事件指数,CDD、降雨日数(R1mm)和中雨日数(R10mm)的变化均以减少为主,但数值较小,一般都在?10%~0之间;最大5 d降水量(RX5day)、降水强度(SDII)和大雨日数(R20mm)主要表现为增加,增加值一般在0~25%之间。从区域平均的变化来看,与气温有关的极端气候事件指数的变化趋势较为显著,与降水有关的极端气候事件指数变化趋势较小。两个区域对比来看,雄安新区模式间的不确定性更大,反映出模式对较小区域模拟的不足。 相似文献
14.
Assessment of future climate change over East Asia due to the RCP scenarios downscaled by GRIMs-RMP 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Ji-Woo Lee Song-You Hong Eun-Chul Chang Myoung-Seok Suh Hyun-Suk Kang 《Climate Dynamics》2014,42(3-4):733-747
This study assesses future climate change over East Asia using the Global/Regional Integrated Model system—Regional Model Program (RMP). The RMP is forced by two types of future climate scenarios produced by the Hadley Center Global Environmental Model version 2 (HG2); the representative concentration pathways (RCP) 4.5 and 8.5 scenarios for the intergovernmental panel on climate change fifth assessment report (AR5). Analyses for the current (1980–2005) climate are performed to evaluate the RMP’s ability to reproduce precipitation and temperature. Two different future (2006–2050) simulations are compared with the current climatology to investigate the climatic change over East Asia centered in Korea. The RMP satisfactorily reproduces the observed seasonal mean and variation of precipitation and temperature. The spatial distribution of the simulated large-scale features and precipitation by the RMP is generally less reflective of current climatic conditions than that is given by the HG2, but their inter-annual variations in East Asia are better captured by the RMP. Furthermore, the RMP shows higher reproducibility of climate extremes including excessive heat wave and precipitation events over South Korea. In the future, strong warming is distinctly coupled with intensified monsoonal precipitation over East Asia. In particular, extreme weather conditions are increased and intensified over South Korea as follows: (1) The frequency of heat wave events with temperature greater than 30 °C is projected to increase by 131 and 111 % in the RCP 8.5 and 4.5 downscaling, relative to the current climate. (2) The RCP 8.5 downscaling shows the frequency and variability of heavy rainfall to increase by 24 and 31.5 %, respectively, while the statistics given by the RCP 4.5 downscaling are similar to those of the current climate. 相似文献
15.
Simulation of extreme precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin using Wakeby distribution 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Based on the daily observational precipitation data at 147 stations in the Yangtze River Basin during 1960–2005 and projected daily data of 79 grid cells from the ECHAM5/ MPI-OM model in the 20th and 21st century, time series of precipitation extremes which contain AM (Annual Maximum) and MI (Munger Index) are constructed. The distribution feature of precipitation extremes is analyzed based on the two index series. Three principal results were obtained, as stated in the sequel. (i) In the past half century, the intensity of extreme heavy precipitation and drought events was higher in the mid-lower Yangtze than in the upper Yangtze reaches. Although the ECHAM5 model still can’t capture the precipitation extremes over the Yangtze River Basin satisfactorily, spatial pattern of the observed and the simulated precipitation extremes are much similar to each other. (ii) For quantifying the characteristics of extremely high and extremely low precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin, four probability distributions are used, namely: General Extreme Value (GEV), General Pareto (GPA), General Logistic (GLO), and Wakeby (WAK). It was found that WAK can adequately describe the probability distribution of precipitation extremes calculated from both observational and projected data. (iii) Return period of precipitation extremes show spatially different changes under three greenhouse gas emission scenarios. The 50-year heavy precipitation and drought events from simulated data during 1951–2000 will become more frequent, with return period below 25 years, for the most mid-lower Yangtze region in 2001–2050. The changing character of return periods of precipitation extremes should be taken into account for the hydrological design and future water resources management. 相似文献
16.
Recent trends in observed temperature and precipitation extremes in the Yangtze River basin,China 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：14
Summary The present study is an analysis of the observed extreme temperature and precipitation trends over Yangtze from 1960 to 2002
on the basis of the daily data from 108 meteorological stations. The intention is to identify whether or not the frequency
or intensity of extreme events has increased with climate warming over Yangtze River basin in the last 40 years. Both the
Mann-Kendall (MK) trend test and simple linear regression were utilized to detect monotonic trends in annual and seasonal
extremes.
Trend tests reveal that the annual and seasonal mean maximum and minimum temperature trend is characterized by a positive
trend and that the strongest trend is found in the winter mean minimum in the Yangtze. However, the observed significant trend
on the upper Yangtze reaches is less than that found on the middle and lower Yangtze reaches and for the mean maximum is much
less than that of the mean minimum. From the basin-wide point of view, significant increasing trends are observed in 1-day
extreme temperature in summer and winter minimum, but there is no significant trend for 1-day maximum temperature. Moreover,
the number of cold days ≤0 °C and ≤10 °C shows significant decrease, while the number of hot days (daily value ≥35 °C) shows
only a minor decrease. The upward trends found in the winter minimum temperature in both the mean and the extreme value provide
evidence of the warming-up of winter and of the weakening of temperature extremes in the Yangtze in last few decades.
The monsoon climate implies that precipitation amount peaks in summer as does the occurrence of heavy rainfall events. While
the trend test has revealed a significant trend in summer rainfall, no statistically significant change was observed in heavy
rain intensity. The 1-day, 3-day and 7-day extremes show only a minor increase from a basin-wide point of view. However, a
significant positive trend was found for the number of rainstorm days (daily rainfall ≥50 mm). The increase of rainstorm frequency,
rather than intensity, on the middle and lower reaches contributes most to the positive trend in summer precipitation in the
Yangtze. 相似文献
17.
Potential for added value to downscaled climate extremes over Korea by increased resolution of a regional climate model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study estimates the potential for added value in dynamical downscaling by increasing the spatial resolution of the regional climate model (RCM) over Korea. The Global/Regional Integrated Model System—Regional Model Program with two different resolutions is employed as the RCM. Large-scale forcing is given by a historical simulation of a global climate model, namely the Hadley Center Global Environmental Model version 2. As a standard procedure, the reproducibility of the RCM results for the present climate is evaluated against the reanalysis and observation datasets. It is confirmed that the RCM adequately reproduces the major characteristics of the observed atmospheric conditions and the increased resolution of the RCM contributes to the improvement of simulated surface variables including precipitation and temperature. For the added-value assessment, the interannual and daily variabilities of precipitation, temperature are compared between the different resolution RCM experiments. It is distinctly shown that variabilities are additionally described as the spatial resolution becomes higher. The increased resolution also contributes to capture the extreme weather conditions, such as heavy rainfall events and sweltering days. The enhanced added value is more evident for the precipitation than for the temperature, which stands for a usefulness of the high-resolution RCM especially for diagnosing potential hazard related to heavy rainfall. The results of this study assure the effectiveness of increasing spatial resolution of the RCM for detecting climate extremes and also provide credibility to the current climate simulation for future projection studies. 相似文献
18.
Over the years, the Hong Kong Observatory has carried out scientific studies to evaluate the observed climate trends and project the future climate in Hong Kong. Analysis of the meteorological observations at the observatory's headquarters in Tsim Sha Tsui since 1885 reveals that the temperature rise in Hong Kong during the past 124 years is in accord with the global rising trend. The accelerated rising trend in the mean temperature in last few decades may be attributed to the anthropogenic influences, especially urbanization. A similar increasing trend is also observed for rainfall. Other observations such as increasing cloud amount and decreasing total global solar radiation are all consistent with the global trend. Studies of past occurrences of extreme temperature and rainfall have also been carried out. The results indicate that cold episodes have become rarer while very hot days and heavy rain events are becoming more frequent. The observatory also makes use of the data from the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and employs statistical downscaling techniques to carry out projections of temperature and precipitation in the 21st century. It is found that the rise in temperature in Hong Kong will be slightly higher than the global mean in the 21st century. The annual rainfall in Hong Kong is also expected to rise by the end of the 21st century, so is its year-to-year variability. 相似文献