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1.
The potential for reuse of iron-rich sludge from waterworks as a replacement for commercial iron salts in wastewater treatment was investigated using acidic and anaerobic dissolution. The acidic dissolution of waterworks sludge both in sulphuric acid and acidic products such as flue gas washing water and commercial iron solution was successful in dissolving the iron from waterworks sludge. The anaerobic dissolution of waterworks sludge due to co-digestion with biological sludge (primary and biological activated sludge) resulted in reduction of iron, increase in dissolved iron(II), increase in pH due to the produced alkalinity from dissolution of iron(III)hydroxides from waterworks sludge, lower internal recirculation of phosphate concentration in the reject water and reduced sulphide in the digested liquid. However, recirculation of the produced soluble iron(II) as an iron source for removal of phosphate in the wastewater treatment was limited, because the dissolved iron in the digester liquid was limited by siderite (FeCO3) precipitation. It is concluded that both acidic and anaerobic dissolution of iron-rich waterworks sludge can be achieved at the wastewater treatment plant, and are economically and environmentally more favourable compared to deposition of the waterworks sludge in controlled landfills.  相似文献   

2.
Health hazards from heavy metal pollution in water systems are a global environmental problem. Of similar concern is sludge that results from wastewater treatment due to unsatisfactory sludge management technology. Therefore, the effectiveness of using Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide in the removal of heavy metals from mine wastewater was tested and compared with that of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], which is a common treatment method for heavy metal removal. Initially, the mine wastewater contained cations of the heavy metals iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb). The Mg–Al-layered double hydroxides were able to remove 371, 7.2, 121, and 0.4 mg/L of these pollutants, respectively, using the co-precipitation method. The removal of these metals is most effective using 0.5 g Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide (Mg/Al molar ratio 4) and 20 min of shaking. Zn was removed by the formation of Zn(NO3)(OH)·H2O and Zn5(NO3)2(OH)8 when LDH, Mg/Al molar ratios of 4 and 2, respectively, were used. Similarly, Fe, Cu, and Pb were removed by the formation of Fe–Al-layered double hydroxide, Cu2(OH)3·NO3 and Pb4(OH)4(NO3)4, respectively. While Ca(OH)2 is also capable of reducing the heavy metal concentrations below the Japanese recommended values, this analysis shows that using 0.5 g Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide is a better treatment condition for mine wastewater, because it generates lower sludge volumes than 0.1 g of Ca(OH)2. The measured sludge volume was 1.5 mL for Mg–Al-layered double hydroxide and 2.5 mL for Ca(OH)2, a nearly twofold further reduction.  相似文献   

3.
主要研究了磷酸铝(Al PO4)的加入量对氧化亚铁硫杆菌HX3培养液中铁矿物形成的影响,并对相应沉淀产物进行了结构表征分析。结果表明,Al PO4的加入对细菌培养过程中Fe2+的氧化无明显影响,但可促进Fe3+的水解和初始铁矿物相的形成,也可加速黄钾铁矾的转化形成。Al/Fe(摩尔比)为0. 04～1的培养液中主要形成产物为施威特曼石和黄钾铁矾; Al/Fe为0. 4和1时另有磷酸铁矿形成。较高的Al/Fe比值和磷酸根含量有利于磷酸铁矿的形成。  相似文献   

4.
 Acid mine drainage (AMD) occurs when sulfide minerals are exposed to an oxidizing environment. Most of the methods for preventing AMD are either short-term or high cost solutions. Coating with iron phosphate is a new technology for the abatement of AMD. It involves treating the sulfide with a coating solution composed of H2O2, KH2PO4, and sodium acetate as a buffer agent. The H2O2 oxidizes the sulfide surface and produces Fe3+ so that iron phosphate precipitates as a coating on the sulfide surface. Experiments performed under laboratory conditions prove that an iron phosphate coating can be established on pyrrhotite surfaces with optimal concentrations of the coating solution in the range of: 0.2M/0.01M H2O2, 0.2M KH2PO4, and 0.2M sodium acetate NaAc, depending on the experimental scale. Iron phosphate coating may be a long-term solution to the problem of AMD. The method would be easy to implement; the reagent cost, however, is not low enough, although it is lower than the conventional treatment with lime. Received: 30 March 1995 · Accepted: 6 September 1995  相似文献   

5.
Drying sewage sludge using flue gas from power plants in China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A lot of energy is required for drying the sewage sludge produced during the wastewater treatment process in China; however, on the other hand, the thermal energy in flue gas from power plants is usually wasted as it discharges into the atmosphere. In this study, a new technique for sludge drying is introduced. The key component of the new technique is equipment of a two-stage drying and granulation that utilizes thermal energy contained in the flue gas from power plants and extends sludge contact time with flue gas during the constant-rate evaporation stage. The primary results of the implementation in the Kangshun sludge treatment plant (daily treatment capacity of 100 tons of wet sludge) show that the new drying technique is very effective economically and environmentally. The water content in the sludge was reduced from 78% to less than 30%. The resulted sludge could be used either to co-incinerate with coal in a circulating fluidized bed or to mix with clay to make better bricks. Besides the saving in the direct heating cost in the sludge drying processes by 80%, the saving in fossil fuel consumption due to reuse of the dried sludge is also significant. As a result of the implementation of the new technique in a sludge treatment plant at the scale of the Kangshun plant, about 16,440 tons of CO2 emission could also be reduced every year.  相似文献   

6.
The thermochemical study of natural hydrous calcium and iron phosphate, anapaite Ca2Fe(PO4)2 · 4H2O (Kerch iron ore deposit, Crimea, Russia), was carried out using high-temperature melt solution calorimetry with a Tian-Kalvet microcalorimeter. The enthalpy of formation of the mineral from elements was obtained to be Δ f Hel°(298.15 K) =–4812 ± 16 kJ/mol. The values of the standard entropy and the Gibbs energy of anapaite formation are S°(298.15 K) = 404.2 J/K mol and Δ f Gel°(298.15 K) =–4352 ± 16 kJ/mol, respectively.  相似文献   

7.
This study aims to compare the impact of oyster cultures on diagenetic processes and the phosphorus cycle in the sediments of the Aber Benoît and the Rivière d’Auray, estuary of Brittany, France. Our results showed clear evidence of the seasonal impact of oyster cultures on sediment characteristics (grain size and organic matter parameters) and the phosphorus cycle, especially in the Aber Benoît. At this site, seasonal variations in sulfide and Fe concentrations in pore waters, as well as Fe–P concentrations in the solid phase, highlighted a shift from a system governed by iron reduction (Reference) to a system governed by sulfate reduction (beneath oyster). This could be partly explained by the increase in labile organic matter (i.e., biodeposits) beneath oysters, whose mineralization by sulfate led to high sulfide concentrations in pore waters (up to 4,475 µmol l?1). In turn, sulfide caused an enhanced release of phosphate in the summer, as adsorption sites for phosphate decreased through the formation of iron–sulfide compounds (FeS and FeS2). In the Aber Benoît, dissolved Fe/PO4 ratios could be used as an indicator of phosphate release into oxic water. Low Fe/PO4 ratios in the summer indicated higher effluxes of phosphate toward the water column (up to 47 µmol m?2 h?1). At other periods, Fe/PO4 ratios higher than 2 mol/mol indicated very low phosphate fluxes. In contrast, in the Rivière d’Auray, the occurrence of macroalgae, stranding regularly all over the site, clearly masked the impact of oyster cultures on sediment properties and the phosphorus cycle and made the use of Fe/PO4 ratios more difficult in terms of indicators of phosphate release.  相似文献   

8.
This paper reports on the flocculation of iron, aluminium and humates from Scottish river water by the three major salts in sea water. The molarities of the salts required to precipitate the maximum amounts of Fe, Al and humates decrease in the order: NaCl, MgCl2, CaCl2. The maximum amounts of a species precipitated by the salts are shown to increase in the same order. Chemical and electrostatic interactions are both involved in the flocculation process.  相似文献   

9.
The concentrations of uranium, iron and the major constituents were determined in groundwater samples from aquifer containing uranyl phosphate minerals (meta-autunite, meta-torbernite and torbernite) in the Köprüba?? area. Groundwater samples from wells located at shallow depths (0.5–6 m) show usually near neutral pH values (6.2–7.1) and oxidizing conditions (Eh = 119–275 mV). Electrical conductivity (EC) values of samples are between 87 and 329 μS/cm?1. They are mostly characterized by mixed cationic Ca dominating bicarbonate types. The main hydrogeochemical process is weathering of the silicates in the shallow groundwater system. All groundwater in the study area are considered undersaturated with respect to torbernite and autunite. PHREEQC predicted UO2(HPO4) 2 2? as the unique species. The excellent positive correlation coefficient (r = 0.99) between U and PO4 indicates the dissolved uranium in groundwater would be associated with the dissolution of uranyl phosphate minerals. The groundwater show U content in the range 1.71–70.45 μg/l but they are mostly lower than US EPA (2003) maximum contaminant level of 30 μg/l. This low U concentrations in oxic groundwater samples is attributed to the low solubility of U(VI) phosphate minerals under near neutral pH and low bicarbonate conditions. Iron closely associated with studied sediments, were also detected in groundwater. The maximum concentration of Fe in groundwater samples was 2837 μg/l, while the drinking water guidelines of Turkish (TSE 1997) and US EPA (2003) were suggested 200 and 300 μg/l, respectively. Furthermore, iron and uranium showed a significant correlation to each other with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.94. This high correlation is probably related to the iron-rich sediments which contain also significant amounts of uranium mineralization. In addition to pH and bicarbonate controlling dissolution of uranyl phosphates, association of uranyl phosphates with iron (hydr) oxides seems to play important role in the amount of dissolved U in shallow groundwater.  相似文献   

10.
Aqueous phosphate removal by three geomaterials from Ivory Coast was evaluated to determine their potential application as low-cost phosphate adsorbents in wastewater treatment. Batch experiments showed that phosphate uptake strongly depended on pH. Laterite and sandstone dissolution was less pronounced compared to shale. A correlation between concentrations of aqueous cation species released from shale and phosphate uptake was observed. The kinetics were well described using the pseudo-second-order model. Isotherms displayed a saturation level on shale, while phosphate uptake continuously increased for laterite and sandstone. The removal efficiency decreased in the following ranking order: laterite > sandstone > shale. Laterite was also the most efficient adsorbent in column experiments. The high phosphate removal efficiency of laterite (8.3 mg PO4 g?1) was attributed to the presence of superparamagnetic low grain sizes of goethite. Laterite is a particularly promising material for further investigation in wastewater treatment technology such as constructed wetlands.  相似文献   

11.
In this study, fluidized-bed Fenton process (FBF) was used to degrade dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), one of the most widely used solvents. Oxidation by Fenton’s reagent, Fe+2 and H2O2, is one of the cheapest advanced oxidation processes due to the high availability of the reagents. FBF is a modified approach that reduces the large amount of iron oxide sludge formed in conventional Fenton process. The optimal treatment efficiencies by FBF with 2 h of reaction were 95.22 % of DMSO degradation and 34.38 % of COD removal at the conditions of 5 mM DMSO, 68.97 g/L SiO2 carrier, pHinitial 3.0, 5 mM Fe2+, and 32.5 mM H2O2. The kinetic study was also done to investigate the two stages involved in the oxidation. The first stage fitted the zero reaction order with overall initial rate’s apparent rate constant, k 1, of ?0.099. The second stage fitted the first order of DMSO degradation, with rate constant, k 2, of ?0.0005.  相似文献   

12.
Sludge samples taken from different sources and times may have different characteristics that could affect dewatering performance. In this study, 20 sludge samples from five wastewater treatment plants and different seasons in 1 year were characterized. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that solid content (SC), total suspended solid (TSS), polysaccharides and proteins contents had positive correlations with the capillary suction time (CST), whereas volatile suspended–solid/total suspended solid (VSS/TSS) exhibited negative correlations with CST. Moreover, no correlations between CST and specific resistance to filtration were found among these different sludge samples. The principal component analysis confirmed that only two group variables could represent most of the sludge characteristic parameters. The first set of variables represents the particulate nature of the biotic factors (SC, VSS/TSS, SCOD, TSS, polysaccharides and proteins), and the second set is the pH. CST could not be a reasonable indicator of dewaterability in sludge deep dewatering by Fe2+/S2O8 2?-phosphogypsum composite conditioning. Furthermore, the results of diaphragm filter press dewatering showed that initial SC and VSS/TSS were the most dominant sludge characteristics affecting the solid content of dewatered cake (R p = 0.610, p = 0.016; R p = ?0.838, p = 0.000, respectively) with Fe2+/S2O8 2?-phosphogypsum composite conditioning. Results from this study suggest that dewatering performance is predictable by sludge characteristics parameters for Fe2+/S2O8 2?-phosphogypsum conditioning.  相似文献   

13.
A yellowish brown precipitate in samples of Red Sea hot brine has been identified as β-FeOOH · Cln (akaganéite) by Guinier-Hägg X-ray diffraction techniques, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction and electron excited X-ray fluorescence. Microcrystals of Fe1-xO (wüstite) were also identified by electron diffraction. Synthetic β-FeOOH · Cln characterized by the same techniques was identical with the brine precipitate.Bonding between β-FeOOH · Cln and 14C labeled amino acids is pH dependent: between pH 3 and pH 7.6 amino acids were bound to the extent of 40 to 60% or 0.6 to 0.9 mmol per kg of iron oxide hydroxide. Some selectivity in affinity for different amino acids was observed, however, the effect is insufficient to explain the unusual distribution in the Atlantis II Deep brine reported in the literature.  相似文献   

14.
To investigate the applicability of equilibrium modeling for the estimation of the chemical changes of acid mine waters, the phases predicted to precipitate by equilibrium calculation were compared with what actually precipitates from the stream and acid mine waters in the Dogyae area, Korea. The computer program MINTEQA2 was used for the equilibrium calculations based on the chemical compositional data of the water samples collected in the study area. XRD, IR, thermal and chemical analyses of the collected precipitates were performed to identify their phases.The results of the identification of the collected precipitates are inconsistent with what the equilibrium calculations predict. The equilibrium calculations indicate that ferrihydrite, FeOHSO4, gibbsite, and AlOHSO4 should precipitate from the stream and acid mine waters in the study area. However, the experimental analyses show that only ferrihydrite and Al4(OH)10SO4 are the recognizable precipitates on the bottom of the stream and mine drainage channels. Comparing the stability relations among the possible precipitates with the field occurrence of the precipitates in the study area suggests that FeOHSO4 and AIOHSO4 are kinetically inhibited to precipitate and metastable ferrihydrite and Al4(OH)10SO4 appear in their stability field instead. It indicates that the chemical compositional change of the waters due to the solid phase precipitation in the study area must be interpreted and predicted in terms of the precipitation of not the phases predicted by the equilibrium calculation but the actually identified ones.Assuming that the dissolved species in the aqueous phase are in equilibrium with respect to the currently precipitating solid phases in the study area, the water chemistries are attempted to interpret based on the plot of the theoretically calculated activities of the dissolved species on the stability diagram for the identified precipitates and gibbsite. The plot reveals a few evolution paths of the chemical composition of the acid mine water as the acid generation and neutralization progress. The evolution path producing ferrihydrite and then Al4(OH)10SO4 precipitation suggests that the system including acid producing pyrite has lost significant amounts of its neutralizing capacity and thus, become intolerable to the impacts from acid mine water.  相似文献   

15.
The rate of crystal growth of Mn3O4 (hausmannite) and βMnOOH (feitknechtite) in aerated aqueous manganous perchlorate systems, near 0.01 M in total manganese, was determined at pH levels ranging from 7.00 to 9.00 and at temperatures from 0.5 to 37.4°C. The process is autocatalytic, but becomes psuedo first-order in dissolved Mn2+ activity when the amount of precipitate surface is large compared to the amount of unreacted manganese. Reaction rates determined by titrations using an automated pH-stat were fitted to an equation for precipitate growth. The rates are proportional to surface area of oxide and degree of supersaturation with respect to Mn2+. The oxide obtained at the higher temperature was Mn3O4, but at 0.5° C only βMnOOH was formed. At intermediate temperatures, mixtures of these solids were formed. The rate of precipitation of hausmannite is strongly influenced by temperature, and that of feitknechtite much less so. The difference in activation energy may be related to differences in crystal structure of the oxides and the geometry of polymeric hydroxy ion precursors.  相似文献   

16.
Axenic culture of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris ATCC® 13482 and Scenedesmus obliquus FACHB 417 was used for phycoremediation of primary municipal wastewater. The main aim of this study was to measure the effects of normal air and CO2-augmented air on the removal efficacy of nutrients (ammonia N and phosphate P) from municipal wastewater by the two microalgae. Batch experiments were carried out in cylindrical glass bottles of 1 L working volume at 25 °C and cool fluorescent light of 6500 lux maintaining 14/10 h of light/dark cycle with normal air supplied at 0.2 L min?1 per liter of the liquid for both algal strains for the experimental period. In the next set of experiments, the treatment process was enhanced by using 1, 2 and 5% CO2/air (vol./vol.) supply into microalgal cultures. The enrichment of inlet air with CO2 was found to be beneficial. The maximum removal of 76.3 and 76% COD, 94.2 and 92.6% ammonia, and 94.8 and 93.1% phosphate after a period of 10 days was reported for C. vulgaris and S. obliquus, respectively, with 5% CO2/air supply. Comparing the two microalgae, maximum removal rates of ammonia and phosphate by C. vulgaris were 4.12 and 1.75 mg L?1 day?1, respectively, at 5% CO2/air supply. From kinetic study data, it was found that the specific rates of phosphate utilization (q phsophate) by C. vulgaris and S. obliquus at 5% CO2/air supply were 1.98 and 2.11 day?1, respectively. Scale-up estimation of a reactor removing phosphate (the criteria pollutant) from 50 MLD wastewater influent was also done.  相似文献   

17.
The generation of huge amount of liquid waste known as palm oil mill effluent is a major problem in oil palm industry. Meanwhile, anaerobic biodegradation of such organic effluent at thermophilic condition is a promising treatment technology due to its high efficiency. However, storage and transportation of thermophilic mixed culture sludge are challenging due to constant biogas generation and heating requirement. Hence, drying of thermophilic sludge was conducted to obtain dormant thermophiles and thus enables easier handling. In this study, thermophilic sludge was dried using heat pump at 22 and 32 °C as well as hot air oven at 40, 50, 60, and 70 °C. Subsequently, quality of dried sludge was examined based on most probable number enumeration, chemical oxygen demand, and methane yield. Average drying rate was found to increase from 3.21 to 17.84 g H2O/m2 min as drying temperatures increases while average moisture diffusivity values ranges from 5.07 × 10?9 to 4.34 × 10?8 m2/s. Oven drying of thermophilic mixed culture resulted in highest chemical oxygen demand removal and lowest log reduction of anaerobes at 53.41% and 2.16, respectively, while heat pump drying resulted in the highest methane yield and lowest log reduction of methanogens at 53.4 ml CH4/g COD and 2.09, respectively. To conclude, heat pump at 22 °C was most suitable drying technique for thermophilic mixed culture as the original methane-producing capability was largely retained after drying, at a slightly lower yet still comparable chemical oxygen demand removal when palm oil mill effluent was treated with the rehydrated culture.  相似文献   

18.
In studying the conditions of formation of stony meteorites, we assume that 1) they are fragments of asteroids fallen to the surface of the earth. During their flight through the atmosphere, the meteorites develop a melted surface layer but their texture and mineralogic composition remain unchanged. 2) According to V. M. Goldschmidt, stone meteorites crystallize in a lesser gravity field than that of the earth, which is the reason for their chondritic texture and high porosity (about 4%). 3) Meteorites were formed in a medium with a deficiency of free oxygen. As a result, part of their iron and nickel was segregated as native metal; in addition, lawrencite and oldhamite, sulfides typical of meteorites, were formed.

We identify three stages of meteorite formation: magmatic, pneumatolytic, and hydrothermal. The interval 1450-850°C. corresponds to the magmatic stage at which a silicate phase and native iron with nickel were formed. As a result of thermal dissociation of water and because of the deficiency of oxygen required for a complete oxidation of metals and carbon, in the gaseous phase, free oxygen and H2O were absent and the phase consisted probably of H2, CH4, CO2, and CO.

The temperature interval 750-500°C. corresponds to the pneumatolytic phase. Here, H2S, CH4, CO2, and CO were the principal agents of the gaseous phase. CH4 was formed in a high temperature reaction between hydrogen and elementary carbon. As the temperature dropped to 750°C., electrolytic dissociation of H2O rendered possible the formation of sulfides, especially of troilite.

Mineralization at the hydrothermal stage with a temperature interval of 400 to 300°C. has been observed only in carbon meteorites with a considerable graphitic carbon content. Here, a small portion of the ferrous iron is oxidized to the ferric, in the presence of CO2 and at a temperature of 450° to 500°C.; the iron sulfide so formed is represented by pyrrhotite. Simultaneously, colored silicates are chloritized, with a separation of CaCO3.—Auth. English summ.  相似文献   

19.
Two types of phosphorite recovered from the continental slope off western India are described. The first type, phosphorite 1, comprises a hard, grey nodule composed of carbonate fluorapatite (CFA) and calcite as major minerals. The phosphorite consists of light‐brown microcrystalline apatite containing a few skeletal fragments and planktonic foraminifera. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies show evidence of dissolution of skeletal calcite and filling of the resulting cavities by phosphate composed of ovoid to rod‐shaped apatite microparticles. Apatite also occurs as coatings on these particles. The P2O5 content of the phosphorite is 29%, and the CO2 content of the CFA is about 4·5%. The rare‐earth element (REE) abundance (ΣREE=2·02 μg g–1) is lower than in other modern phosphorites. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio and ?Nd value of this sample are 0·70921 and –9·9 respectively. The 14C age found through accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating (18 720 ± 120 years BP) is much younger than that determined by the U‐series method (100 ka). The second type, phosphorite 2, comprises a friable, light‐brown nodule consisting of CFA as the only major mineral, with a CO2 content of the CFA of 4·5%. In thin section, the phosphate is light brown and homogeneous, and a few bone fragments are present. The P2O5 content is 33%, and REE contents (ΣREE = 0·18 μg g–1) are lower than in phosphorite 1. The age of phosphorite 2 is >300 ka. Phosphorite 1 appears to have formed during the late Pleistocene through replacement of carbonate by phosphate; phosphorite 2 is also of Pleistocene age but is much older than phosphorite 1. The initial substrate for phosphorite 2 was a fish coprolite, which was subsequently phosphatized during slow sedimentation under low‐energy conditions. Microbial mediation is evident in both phosphorites. The colour, density and P2O5 content of the phosphorites are found to be dependent on the nature of the initial substrates and physico‐chemical conditions during phosphatization. The CO2 content of the CFA is not related to the precursor carbonate phase. The nature of sediments, rates of sedimentation and the time spent undergoing phosphogenesis at the sediment–water interface may control REE concentrations in phosphorites.  相似文献   

20.
The purpose of this study was to examine structural alterations of finely ground phlogopite, a trioctahedral mica, when exposed to acid, iron- and sulfate-rich solutions typical of bioleaching systems. Phlogopite suspensions were supplemented with ferrous sulfate and incubated with iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) at 22 °C. As bacteria oxidized ferrous iron, ferric iron thus formed partially precipitated as K-jarosite. K-jarosite precipitation was contingent on the preceding ferrous iron oxidation by bacteria and the release of interlayer-K from phlogopite. This chemically and microbially induced weathering involved alteration of phlogopite to a mixed layer structure that included expansible vermiculite. The extent of phlogopite weathering and structure expansion varied with duration of the contact, concentration of ferrous iron and phlogopite, and the presence of monovalent cations (NH4+, K+, or Na+) in the culture solution. NH4+ and K+ ions (100 mM) added to culture suspensions precipitated as jarosite and thereby effectively prevented the loss of interlayer-K and structural alteration of phlogopite. Additional Na+ (100 mM) was insufficient to precipitate ferric iron as natrojarosite and therefore the precipitation was coupled with interlayer-K released from phlogopite. When ferrous iron was replaced with elemental sulfur as the substrate for A. ferrooxidans, the weathering of phlogopite was based on chemical dissolution without structural interstratification. The results demonstrate that iron oxidation and the concentration and composition of monovalent ions can have an effect on mineral weathering in leaching systems that involve contact of phlogopite and other mica minerals with acid leach solutions.  相似文献   

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