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震源激发是影响地震勘探效果的一个重要因素,在油气勘探中需要选择合适的震源参数以获取较好的地震记录。本文以数值模拟方法为基础,通过使用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件,对单井条件下不同岩土介质中柱状炸药震源激发进行了对比研究,计算得到相应的地震子波。通过对比分析各组参数对应的地震子波振幅和频谱,选择合适的激发参数。研究结果表明,在纵波速度较低的介质中,中低爆速、细长药柱炸药激发产生的地震子波频率高、能量大,而在纵波速度较高的介质中,高爆速、短粗药柱炸药激发产生的地震子波频率高、能量大。该研究结果与实际勘探结果比较符合,可为实际勘探中激发参数的选择提供参考。 相似文献
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震源药柱激发因素选择是影响地震资料品质的一个重要环节,在南方复杂山区高分辨率地震采集中合理选择激发岩性、井深、药量等激发因素尤为重要.本文根据复杂山区地震地质条件多样性、复杂性等特点,从理论上分析了地震激发机理、井深、药量、虚反射效应、岩性与药柱长度等对激发子波的影响,开展了基于适应近地表结构特征的动态井深设计、双微测井和综合表层结构调查（微测井和高密度电法联合）等,结合四川盆地及周缘等地区不同地震地质条件下进行了采集试验研究,获得了高品质单炮记录. 相似文献
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复杂构造条件下碳酸盐岩裸露地区油气地震勘探是世界性难题.本文针对中国南方碳酸盐岩裸露区的特点，用岩石力学、岩石物理学理论分析了该条件下进行地震勘探涉及的难题，提出了在地震勘探数据采集方面解决问题的方案、对策与建议.主要包括：1）合理选择激发井深，采用单深井/组合井激发（必须打穿风化层5~7m，药包应尽可能在均匀介质中激发）；2）采用饱和激发；采用泥浆闷井，提高激发的弹性性质与纵波的激发效果；3）在激发上选用炸热高、爆容大、做功力大的炸药；饱和激发满足最大能量准则，最佳药量激发满足最大信噪比准则.地质任务实现要求符合最大信噪比准则；4）采用高覆盖次数、中间放炮；5）应用面向目标的动态观测系统设计技术，小道距施工技术，因地制宜选择炮点；6）采用多种手段提高检波器的耦合效果（贴泥饼、水泥/石膏固结、挖坑埋置等）.文中给出各种实例，并结合实例就几个关键问题进行了探讨. 相似文献
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利用绿色、环保的人工震源，主动向地下发射地震波，构建地震雷达，实现大范围的地下探测，是地球科学的一个前沿课题.最早，探测地球内部利用的是天然地震产生的地震波，这是因为天然地震释放的能量大，一次天然地震释放的能量相当于万吨级炸药.几千公里远处仍可以接收到信噪比大于1的地震波信号，但天然地震发生频度低和震源位置定位精度低限制了利用天然地震进行地下探测的精度；后来，利用人工源的地震勘探得到迅速的发展，探测精度明显提高，但受到人工源能量的限制，探测的空间尺度有限；今天，以小当量激发实现大尺度探测是发展地震雷达的一个关键问题，是将地震波理论和现代信息科学相结合的一个新的领域.发展人工震源的编码和接收信号的解码等理论和技术，可以从电磁波雷达在过去半个世纪所经过的道路得到许多借鉴和启发.可以预期，地震雷达的发展将会对观测地震学带来全面的影响. 相似文献
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《地球物理学进展》2015,(6)
利用可控震源进行地震勘探时,通常都需要进行相关滤波,相关滤波结果的好坏取决于所选取的子波与有效反射波的相关性.海洋地震勘探常用的电火花震源激发能量通常可以调控,理论上,同一激发能量产生的震源子波应当是一致的,因此可以仿效可控震源资料的处理手段,对单道地震资料进行相关处理.但在复杂多变的海洋环境下,震源参数也要随勘探条件的变化而改变,采用理论计算或实验环境下获得的子波模型进行相关滤波往往难以达到预期的效果,需要寻找与实际勘探中激发的地震波相似度更高的地震子波.单道地震记录中直达波的能量较强,波形畸变较小,与震源子波较为接近.本文建立了一种利用直达波提取地震子波的方法,并应用到实际资料.实际资料的地震子波提取和相关滤波处理结果显示,利用直达波提取地震子波进行相关滤波能够有效地压制干扰波、突出有效波,提高了地震记录的信噪比.需要注意的是:1)提取子波的过程中要降低环境因素的影响,可利用统计平均的方法来实现;2)相关滤波时要根据实际处理效果的改善程度选择相关子波长度. 相似文献
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为了研究二氧化碳物理相变技术应用于新型震源研发的可行性,在地下成层性较好的某煤田地震测区,开展了利用二氧化碳相变技术激发地震波的野外人工震源激发-接收实验．并与传统炸药震源进行了对比．地震数据利用Aries2.66型垂直分量反射地震仪和PDS-2型三分量地震仪接收．根据实测地震数据,从野外地震记录震相识别,初至波传播距离分析,震源近场地震信号时频分析,CO_2相变激发震源子波提取和基于CO_2震源子波的地震初至波波形反演实验等多个方面,进行了关于CO_2相变激发技术能否产生地震波信号以及能否将其应用于新型震源研发的可行性研究．研究结果表明CO_2物理相变膨胀能够产生能量集中的地震波信号;在实验区地质条件和激发参量下地震记录中初至波的可识别的传播距离约为1km;震源近场地震信号的主频集中在8～13Hz;利用震源近场数据提取了CO_2震源子波;通过地震初至波波形反演实验认为这种震源子波能够应用于波形反演等方面的研究．因为CO_2相变激发具有绿色、环保、安全等方面的优点,若能进一步在激发能量、激发—延迟时间一致性等方面加以改进,该技术有望在城市隐伏活动断层探测、城市地下空间探测、煤矿高瓦斯环境人工地震勘探等领域发挥重要的作用． 相似文献
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介绍了井间地震数据采集方面取得的最新进展．为了使我国井间地震技术实用化,开展了大井间距井间地震数据采集试验．通过地面浅井激发深井接收、深井激发深井接收、不同炸药量、不同传播距离试验,确定了井间地震观测参数．应用改进后的井中安全炸药震源、一个三分量井中检波器和常规数据记录系统,在陕北顺宁油田的顺3井、顺4井和顺5井3口生产井中成功采集到两对大井间距、深井、油井中的井间地震资料,两对井的井距分别为307．92m和470．36m,采集井段为904．31-1272．32m．共设计了4种观测方式,采集到800多炮井间地震记录,对油井无损害．改进型井中安全炸药震源在使用效率和寿命方面有显著提高,可用于商业性并间地震数据采集． 相似文献
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BEN F. GILES 《Geophysical Prospecting》1968,16(1):21-53
In recent years considerable work has been done to devise a satisfactory non-dynamite seismic system that would replace dynamite in offshore areas. Prior to the advent of digital recording and processing, the non-dynamite sources have generally not provided the depth of penetration or the resolution required for satisfactory seismic interpretation. More recent developments in non-dynamite offshore marine sources include adaptation of the Vibroseis from a land unit to a marine unit, and adaptation of the Dinoseis unit from a land to a marine unit. The SUE (Seismic Underwater Explorer) system is a thermodynamic non-dynamite source utilizing a mixture of propane and oxygen detonated in a special chamber approximately 15 feet below the water surface. This source gives penetration to more than 4 sec in areas typified by Gulf of Mexico type geology and shows deeper penetration than had previously been obtained by dynamite along the western United States in areas with 20 lb charge limitations. A pneumatic source, the airgun, has been in production use in the United States since June 1966. This non-dynamite source provides an intriguing amount of versatility and can be expanded to provide additional energy as necessary to obtain the penetration desired. Tests using systems comprised of from eight to twenty-three airguns show penetration in excess of 5 seconds in many areas. Power spectra comparisons both in amplitude and frequency content demonstrate that this is a controlled source generating a controlled seismic wavelet and a controlled frequency spectrum that can be tailored to fit requirements of particular areas. Sample sections obtained in the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean offshore California show adequate penetration to 5.0 seconds reflection time. Quantitative measurements with the airguns demonstrate the effect of:
- 1 Variation of the number of guns in the system;
- 2 Shaping the frequency spectrum by using different sizes of airguns in the system;
- 3 Effects on signal-to-noise ratios as a result of stacking several small energy sources together;
- 4 Reproducibility of the initial pulse wavelet from shot to shot.
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G. S. Steinberg 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1976,40(2):116-120
The determination of the energy and depth of powerful volcanic explosions using direct geophysical and geological methods is rarely successful. In most of cases investigators have to solve the problem of estimating the energy of an explosion, its depth, the mass and the amount of thrown-out materials from the dimensions of the funnel (crater, maar) and from geological data. Experiments with big throw-out blasts have allowed us to determine the energy and depth of explosions by giving us relations which determine the radius of the explosion funnel as a function of the energy of explosion and of the depth of its center (1) $$R_o = F(E,W)$$ whereR o is the radius of the funnel,E is the energy,W is the depth of the explosion center. The inverse problem — to determineE andW from a knownR o — has an ambiguous solution and it is solved parametrically relative toE andW. In order to obtain an unambiguous solution, some more or less arbitrary conditions must be assumed. When the problem of volcanic explosions is examined from the outer ballistic point of view the following equation is obtained whereR t is the throw-out distance of explosion fragments. (2) $$R_1 = F(E,W)$$ Equations (1) and (2) give us an unambiguous determination of the energy of explosionE and of the depth of the centerW. There is a good correlation between these results and the data from direct geophysical observations. 相似文献
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组合震源技术通过调节延迟激发时间和震源埋藏深度能够实现地震波场的定向传播,提高地震波的照明能量和地震数据信噪比.然而,目前国内外对基于特定目标的组合震源最佳聚焦方向的选取以及起伏地表组合震源定向理论的研究相对较少.在聚焦方向选取方面,目前基本是利用多种不同延时参数的组合震源分别进行试验,从而确定较好的组合震源延时参数.本文则利用爆炸反射面原理,在目的层界面上均匀布置震源同时激发地震波,能够产生垂直于地层界面传播的平面波,当初至波传播至地表时进行地表方向统计.根据互易性原理,以初至波传播方向的反方向为聚焦方向,激发产生的地震波主波束方向将垂直入射到目的层界面上,从而精确的计算出组合震源的最佳聚焦方向.在组合震源定向方面,目前主要是利用组合震源方向因子公式进行计算,但该方法要求震源布置在同一条直线上,并不能满足起伏地表的应用要求.本文以惠更斯-菲涅尔原理为理论基础,提出通过炮点向量在聚焦方向上的投影来确定组合震源传播至虚拟波前的走时,从而确定任意起伏地表组合震源的延迟激发时间.该方法不仅能够计算出沿给定地质模型的目的层界面垂直入射的组合震源聚焦方向,也能够确定任意起伏地表情况下形成沿该聚焦方向定向传播地震波场的组合震源延迟激发时间.因此,本文提出的面向目标的起伏地表组合震源延时参数计算方法对组合震源数据采集具有理论与实践意义. 相似文献
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选取首都圈地区2008年8月——2009年9月ML在2.0——2.2范围内的爆破、矿塌和天然地震数据资料,从时间域和频率域进行分析对比,总结出识别爆破、矿塌和天然地震的依据．在时域方面,爆破的初动方向向上,矿塌向下,天然地震的初动方向依赖于台站的分布情况;爆破和矿塌的面波比较发育;天然地震的S波与P波最大振幅比(AS/AP)大于爆破和矿塌,同时,爆破和矿塌的能量衰减比天然地震快．在频域方面,高频成分的能量衰减快于低频;天然地震的拐角频率较高,爆破次之,矿塌的最小;在震中距200 km范围内,爆破的顶峰频率主要分布在5——7 Hz,矿塌分布在2——4 Hz,天然地震的顶峰频率较大,在10——18 Hz范围内.另外,天然地震的频率域较宽,其次为爆破、矿塌． 相似文献
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We present high-resolution reflection seismic data from four lines (total 1.9 km) that cross a quick-clay landslide scar located close to the shore of the Göta River in southwest Sweden, and compare the results with geotechnical data from boreholes. The seismic data allow the imaging of bedrock topography and normally to weakly consolidated sediments to a subsurface depth of about 100 m. Different types of seismic sources, including sledgehammer, accelerated weight-drop and dynamite were utilized and compared with each other. Analysis of their power spectra suggests that weight-drop and dynamite have higher frequency content and energy than the sledgehammer, which makes these two sources suitable also for waveform tomography and surface-wave data analysis. The shallowest non-bedrock reflector is observed at about 10–20 m below the surface, it overlays the bedrock, and is interpreted to originate from the contact between clay formations above and a coarse-grained layer below. The coarse-grained layer appears to be spatially linked to the presence of quick-clays. It is a regional scale formation, laterally heterogeneous, which deepens to the west of the study area and correlates well with the available geotechnical data. Continuity of the coarse-grained layer becomes obscured by the landslide scar. There may be a link between the coarse-grained layer and landslides in the study area, although this possibility requires further hydrogeological and geotechnical investigations. Reflectors from the top of the bedrock suggest a depression zone with its deepest point below the landslide scar and a bowl-shaped structure in the northern portion of one of the seismic lines. 相似文献