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1.
通过相邻两个时间区间位移观测结果均值差分的积分描述和Harr小波基函数的小波变换方程的对比分析,得到了一个将不同时间尺度下边坡位移均值变化表示为相应尺度下小波变换系数的基本关系。根据这一关系,提出了可以采用小波变换方法确定两个相邻时间区间位移均值在不同时间尺度下变化规律的边坡位移演化的多尺度分析方法。针对卧龙寺新滑坡、三峡永久船闸边坡开挖和隔河岩水电站进水口边坡变形的观测结果,讨论了它们的位移演化多尺度特征。当边坡位移呈现较规则的变化趋势时,在一个尺度上就可以提取它们的时间演化特征。开挖剧烈扰动的影响可以通过给定时间尺度支撑区端点与位移突变点之间递增连的线进行近似。  相似文献   

2.
Time lapse chemical fertilizer monitoring in agriculture sandy soil   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
Geoelectrical resistivity, hydrogeochemical and soil properties analysis methods were used for chemical fertilizer monitoring in sandy soil at a palm oil plantation in Machang, Malaysia. The time lapse monitoring was done using these methods five times within a three-month period. The hydrogeochemical analysis was conducted over three auger holes to a depth of 1 m and sampled at 25 cm intervals. Chemical fertilizer was applied to the 21 × 21 m2 area after the first data set measurement. The areas outside of this fertilized zone are considered a nonfertilized zone. The other four data sets were acquired at about equal time intervals, thus giving a four-post fertilization data set. The hydrogeochemical measurements indicate that the cations content are relatively similar for every time lapse measurement. However, relatively higher changes of anions content occur at the surface level to a depth of 1 m. The nitrate concentration above the limit for safe human consumption as it returns to the initial value about 100 days after fertilization. The geoelectrical model prior to fertilization showed similar resistivity values at near surface to a depth of about 75 cm with no significant occurrences of low resistivity values. Lower resistivity values were obtained during the second, third, fourth and fifth measurements within the chemically fertilized zone. In the last measurement, the resistivity values in the fertilized zone are almost similar to the nonfertilized zone. This indicates that the contaminant has dissolved into the surrounding environment within this time period.  相似文献   

3.
The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.  相似文献   

4.
As a powerful tool, the wavelet transform method has been widely used in feature extraction for hyperspectral data, while few studies are focused on soil moisture retrieving. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) for soil moisture retrieving. In this study, a total of 78 measurements of soil moisture and hyperspectral data were collected through soil sampling as well as laboratory quantitative control. There were 13 different mother wavelets capable of decomposing hyperspectral data that were recommended, along with six decomposition levels from 5 to 10. The performances of two feature extraction methods namely band selection and DWT were compared, using three indexes, i.e., R 2, R adj and root mean square error (RMSE) introduced to validate soil moisture retrieving results. The experimental results indicated that the wavelet transform method could significantly reduce the dimensionality of hyperspectral data, resulting in a much more effective performance. Among the 78 estimation models using the wavelet transform, there were 42 models superior to band selection, with 24 models yielding good correlations between the predicted soil moisture and the measured ones (R 2 ≥ 0.7, RMSE ≤ 0.050, p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, when the wavelet decomposition level was 9 and the mother wavelets were Daubechies 2, Daubechies 4, Reserve Biorthogonal 3.3 and Biorthogonal 6.8, the retrieving results were optimum. Additionally, the experimental results proved that the wavelet analysis technique was capable of preserving high- and low-frequency spectral information at different decomposition scales, and could correctly reflect the variation of soil moisture. Thus, it would be helpful in further environmental monitoring.  相似文献   

5.
An adequate understanding of soil spatial variation as a function of space and scale is necessary in ecological modeling, environmental prediction, precision agriculture, soil quality assessment and natural resources management. Soil spatial variation can be partitioned into frequencies (scale) and positions (location) by the wavelet transform. This review focuses mainly on different applications of the continuous wavelet transform (CWT) for the identification of the scale and location dependence of soil attributes. We discussed both wavelet spectra and wavelet coherence in our analysis of soil spatial variation. Global wavelet spectra, being the sum of wavelet spectra over all spatial locations at a scale, can be used to examine the dominant scale of variation. Furthermore, some variations at a particular scale persist over all locations (termed global features), whereas others are present at only a few locations (localized features). Wavelet spectra can be used to identify both localized and global features. The combination of localized and global features provides a complete picture of the scale-location information of different processes in the field and may provide better guidance in designing efficient management practices. Wavelet coherency partitions the total correlation between two variables into correlations at different scales and locations, while also revealing the scale- and location-specific relationship between those two variables. This relationship may be helpful in developing predictive links between one property and another.  相似文献   

6.
Knowledge of the natural background content of metals is important, but can be difficult to establish because the concentrations of substances dissolved in ground waters vary considerably with time and space. The main objective of the paper is to assess the natural background of five selected elements: As, Al, Cd, Pb and Hg. Each of these elements, with the exception of Al, is included in the Minimum list of pollutants and their indicators for which the EU Member States should establish threshold values (Daughter Groundwater Directive). The data of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute which contains analyses obtained by regular monitoring of the quality of ground waters at intervals of 6 months has been used as the source information. This system incorporates ca. 450 monitoring sites which provide information about water in all the types of rocks penetrated by individual boreholes. Because of the low concentrations of certain elements (Hg, Pb and Cd in particular) a significant number of analytical results lie below the quantification limit of the analytical methods used. Therefore, conventional statistical methods for processing data were not applicable and alternative procedures were used. The Kaplan–Meier procedure was used within the NADA module for statistical analysis of data sets containing values below the quantification limit. The concentrations of monitored elements that can be considered natural background are suggested to be values of the third quartile, i.e. values that are less than or equal to 75% of analytical results in the assessed dataset. The remaining 25% of analytical results that exceed the proposed limit can be considered to be anomalies which may be natural or anthropogenic. Based on the statistical analysis of data specific values for the natural background content of elements in ground waters within particular types of lithology have been proposed. These can be considered the natural background values that apply within the whole of the territory of the Czech Republic.  相似文献   

7.
A Test of the Cyclicity of Earthquakes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The periodogram analysis of time intervals between successive earthquakes is used for testing the seismic gap hypothesis. Using the available data, it is shown that the existence of a periodic component can be rejected with high confidence. The test provides evidence against quasi-periodicity and regular clustering of the arrival times.  相似文献   

8.
0 cm土壤温度是冻土模型的上边界条件, 连续的、 高质量的青藏高原0 cm土壤温度数据是进行准确冻土模拟的必要条件. 然而受复杂下垫面的影响, 遥感手段无法获取可靠的0 cm土壤温度. 利用自适应网络模糊推理系统(ANFIS)结合青藏高原实测资料建立遥感地表温度产品(LST)与0 cm土壤温度的关系, 以实现通过LST估算青藏高原逐日0 cm土壤温度. 研究了ANFIS的各种参数组合, 发现筛选合适的小波函数、 小波窗口、 小波层数建立起来的Wavelet-ANFIS模型能较准确实现估算0 cm土壤温度的目的. 验证表明, 估算结果与气象站点实测0 cm土壤温度绝对误差在2 K以下, 相关系数0.98以上. 考虑到原始MODIS LST误差在0~2 K之间, 该方法可以获取较为理想的0 cm土壤温度, 为冻土模型提供准确的上边界输入.  相似文献   

9.
Guidance for petroleum prospecting is provided by authentic geochemical anomalies, obtained after interference has been eliminated in the original data from a geochemical survey for hydrocarbons. However, this elimination is a complicated process. Few working models or effective methods for interference elimination have been proposed, hampering a wider acceptance of geochemical prospecting as a viable tool for hydrocarbon exploration. This study focuses on the models for different types of interference and developing techniques for interference elimination. We first restudied the geometric nature of hydrocarbon anomalies and interference on the basis of Zhang, L., and Lia, Z. (J. China Univ. Geosci., v. 9, no. 1, p. 72–80, 1998). From this, we determined that at least two types of interference are present in the data of a surface geochemical survey for hydrocarbons. One is the superimposition type originating mainly from microorganisms and contamination, and the other is the multiplication type resulting from variations in soil mineral components. We then established digital conceptual models for both types of interference based on the geometry of anomalies and interference. Finally, we used wavelet analysis to eliminate both types of interference in the models for testing. As Morlet wavelet and symmetric border treatment fit the geometric characteristics of the anomalies and interference, they were used in this study. We found that pre-wavelet analysis treatment is different for different types of interference. For the multiplication type, log-transformation and normalization are needed before wavelet analysis whereas only normalization is needed for the superimposition type. In practice, one needs to identify the type of interference. Therefore, the criteria for determining the interference type were first established geochemically in this study. The newly developed techniques were then applied to the data of acid-extractable hydrocarbons of soils in the Eastern Anan Sag, Inner Mongolia where traditional techniques had failed to eliminate the interference in these data. Using our new techniques, we determined the interference was the multiplication type. This new approach enabled us to satisfactorily eliminate the interference in the original data. It should be noted that our study indicates that the multiplication type of interference is much more common and severe than previously thought.  相似文献   

10.
INTRODUCTIONElimination of interferences (e.g. background variation)is the base of anomaly recognition in geochemical exploration.The interference elimination was performed by using thevariables that could indicate interference factors (L iu andZhao,1992 ) . As some variables such as carbonates and p Hcontain information on both interference and hydrocarbons,some information on hydrocarbons may be lost while theinterference is eliminated. Besides,this approach is not cost-effective becau…  相似文献   

11.
Shallow landslides are common in mountainous areas after intense rainfall. Of all landslide hazard assessment methods, deterministic methods provide the best quantitative information on landslide hazard. However, they require a large amount of detailed in situ data, derived from laboratory tests and field measurements, and therefore it is difficult to apply them over large areas. One of the most important input parameters is soil depth. For large areas, it is impossible to obtain soil depth through field measurements. To overcome this difficulty, a statistics-based regression analysis is used to evaluate soil depths. All the terrain attributes that control soil depths are selected as influential factors. By using multi-linear regression, the soil depths at each location can be predicted. Slope stability analysis can then be performed using deterministic methods with the evaluated soil depths. The study area is divided into slope units. For each slope unit, Monte-Carlo simulation and a GIS-based 3D limit equilibrium model are used to locate the critical slip surface and calculate the corresponding safety factor. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been tested by applying it to a mountainous area in Japan.  相似文献   

12.
With the increasing availability of data, geo-sciences have experienced deep changes in handling and processing it. One of the presently explored research directions concerns the systematic decomposition and understanding of topographical features, without the subjective interactions of humans. This can eventually lead to fully automated algorithms for topographic analysis and understanding. This paper aims at being a contribution to this broad research area for the specific cases of stratovolcanoes, whose general geometry are very similar to a perfect cone. More specifically, this paper addresses two issues: (1) is it possible to separate erosion features (local variations) from structural features (large variations) on stratovolcanoes, through mathematical expression; (2) can information on volcanic activity??intensity, age, etc.??be retrieved from a topographic analysis? The study has been conducted from two volcanoes in Central Java (Indonesia): the Merapi and the Merbabu. The DEM of these volcanoes has been sampled using concentric circles with a radius ranging from 500 to 5,000?m (horizontal distance) to the summit. The data conversion and sampling was performed in ArcMap?, while the data analysis was carried out with Matlab?, using Discrete Meyer wavelet decomposition. Results provide an insight on large-scale topographic variations (long-wave wavelet) that have been separated from rapidly varying topographic features such as lahar channels (short-wave wavelets). Observations proved that flanks where the most recent volcanic activity occur??like at Merapi Volcano on the S-SE flank??present a very low variability of long-wave variations, whereas short-wave variations are important. The author argues that this feature is due to highly erosive lahars that dig the valleys combined with a recent production of material and volcanic growth keeping the overall structure regular. Flanks with lesser activity are characterized at the two volcanoes by important long-wave variations??most certainly due to long-term differential erosion??and different level of short-waves variations. Comparing the two volcanoes, results show that the valleys of Merapi and Merbabu volcanoes are deeply incised, indicating recent periods of high activity, with reworkable material eroded by lahars and other channels deepening processes. The topography of the summit area of Merapi Volcano is smoother than at Merbabu Volcano, where deep erosion features extend up to the summit area. This difference is most certainly due by the material production at the summit of Merapi Volcano. Developing such classification is important for automated mapping and computer recognition of volcanic past activities and their impacts on landscapes. It is the based for the development of decision trees that assist computer assisted and automated computer vision.  相似文献   

13.
在花岗岩型铀矿床上分别采集了含矿和无矿岩石样品及含矿和无矿土壤样品,用精密热释光剂量仪测量了它们的发光曲线和发光强度,并对所测结果进行了对比分析。初步研究的结果表明:含矿和无矿岩石样品及含矿和无矿土壤样品的热释光发光特征差异明显,可以用该方法找寻花岗岩型铀矿床。  相似文献   

14.
This study shows how wavelet analysis can be used on well log and drill core data to identify cyclicity in sedimentary sequences. Three possible methods for determining wavelength were investigated: the Morlet wavelet, the Fourier transform, and the semivariogram. When applied to several hypothetical signals similar to those observed in petrophysical measurements in hydrocarbon reservoirs, all three methods could identify the presence of cyclicity. Only the wavelet scalogram, however, gave a clear indication of when the cyclic element was present and where frequency changes occurred in the signal. To illustrate the wavelet analysis, we processed well log and core data from a well in the Ormskirk Sandstone and determined the wavelet coefficients for each zone and the wavelengths of the strongest cyclicities. The cyclicities observed corresponded well with sedimentary features of the formation (e.g., channels and channel sets). Also, ratios of the cyclicity wavelengths corresponded with ratios of the Milankovitch precession, obliquity, and eccentricity periods. This result is in agreement with other investigators, who have proposed that Milankovitch-driven climate changes exercised an important control on Ormskirk Sandstone deposition.  相似文献   

15.
为探究太阳黑子活动与地区降雨量的关联性,采用连续小波变换方法,分析了1980年以来郑州地区(新郑站点)降雨量和太阳黑子数的数据变化,并对不同时段两者的相关性进行研究;进一步对两者进行交叉小波变换和小波相干谱分析,并根据两者关系通过太阳黑子数观测值对降雨量进行预测。结果表明：(1)不同时段降雨量和太阳黑子数的相关性存在正负差异的现象。降雨量的第一主周期尺度是21 a,在此主周期尺度下得到14 a主周期;太阳黑子数的第一主周期尺度是16 a,在此主周期尺度下得到11 a主周期(与经验值相符)。降雨量与太阳黑子数的主周期相差了3 a,因此导致两者的相关性在不同时段存在正负差异。(2)降雨量与太阳黑子数在1992—2008年的8～12 a时间尺度上关联性显著,且降雨量比太阳黑子数存在规律性的时间滞后,两者在2～4 a和7～10 a的时间尺度上关联性较好;降雨量比太阳黑子数分别在1991—2004年和2006—2013年这两个时间段上呈现规律性的滞后,两者在其他时间段的各时间尺度上关联性不明显。(3)根据延迟年数经验公式,由太阳黑子数观测值对降雨量进行预测,最近的降雨量峰年在2022年附近,与2...  相似文献   

16.
探究黄土高填方边坡浅表层水分间的复杂关系是防治坡体浅层水土灾害的基础,本文以延安安塞某黄土高填方体为对象,开展了现场原位长时序监测,并通过交叉小波与小波相干分析方法,研究了坡面效应影响下黄土高填方边坡浅表层水分间的相关关系。结果表明:小波分析方法可用于半定量化研究黄土高填方边坡内外部水分间的相关关系,其优势是可在时域和频域上清晰表现两个时间序列的相关性与变化细节;降雨和边坡浅层土壤水之间存在两个主要的共振时间尺度0.06~1.78d和3.56~28.47d,在两时间尺度段内降雨与浅层土壤水的相关性呈增强趋势,即两者的相关性强弱存在明显时间尺度依赖;土壤水间的相关性强弱和交换转化剧烈程度可用显著相干面积百分比(PASC)表示,边坡不同位置PASC的平均值大小为坡顶(36.39%)＜上坡段(37.6%)＜中坡段(39.17%),坡面提高了垂向土壤水间的交换转化程度;边坡坡面效应的存在不利于降雨向土壤水的转化,但增强了浅表层垂向土壤水间的交换转化。  相似文献   

17.
Complementary Entropy and Wavelet Analysis of Drilling-Ability Data   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The paper combines wavelet and entropy analysis of nonstationary drilling-ability data in order to obtain optimum information on the mechanical behavior of different geological formations. Both methods are multiscale in nature, and while entropy analysis provides information on stationary subdomains, wavelet analysis identifies dominant scales or range of scales at which the entropy analysis is most useful. The combination of the techniques yields relatively simple results that can aid the drilling process by providing information on delays to be expected.  相似文献   

18.
This paper aims to provide a spatial and temporal analysis to prediction of monthly precipitation data which are measured at irregularly spaced synoptic stations at discrete time points. In the present study, the rainfall data were used which were observed at four stations over the Qara-Qum catchment, located in the northeast of Iran. Several models can be used to spatially and temporally predict the precipitation data. For temporal analysis, the wavelet transform with artificial neural network (WTANN) framework combines with the wavelet transform, and an artificial neural network (ANN) is used to analyze the nonstationary precipitation time-series. The time series of dew point, temperature, and wind speed are also considered as ancillary variables in temporal prediction. Furthermore, an artificial neural network model was used for comparing the results of the WTANN model. Therefore, four models were developed, including WTANN and ANN with and without ancillary data. Several statistical methods were used for comparing the results of the temporal analysis. It was evident that at three of the four stations, the WTANN models were more effective than the ANN models, and only at one station, the ANN model with ancillary data had better performance than the WTANN model without ancillary data. The values of correlation coefficient and RMSE for WTANN model with ancillary data for the validation period at Mashhad station which showed the best results were equal to 0.787 and 13.525 mm, respectively. Finally, an artificial neural network model was used as an alternative interpolating technique for spatial analysis.  相似文献   

19.
The multi-level dynamics of an atmosphere system exhibits temporal structures in different types of climate data. This article addresses two issues in multi-period analysis of climate data. Firstly, the advantages of the modified Morlet wavelet transform (MMWT) for analyzing multi-period structure of time series over Morlet wavelet transform (MWT) are emphasized. Secondly, the multi-period issues of temperature data are studied with MMWT through four steps: the four dominant periods of 60 year temperature data are determined with the wavelet variance; by analyzing the real part of MMWT, the warm and cold stages of the temperature data at different scales are determined, and the time intervals of the warm and cold interchange are singled out; the amplitude of each periodic component is quantitatively characterized by the amplitude of wavelet coefficients; the most intensive oscillation time intervals are computed by the squared modulus of the MMWT (MMPS).  相似文献   

20.
Geoid signals give information about the underlying density structure and can be used to locate the source depth of the mass anomalies. Wavelet analysis allows a multiresolution analysis of the signal and permits one to zoom into a specific area bounded by a particular length scale. The ability of wavelets to resolve the geoid signal into individual wavelength components without losing the spatial information makes this method superior to the more common spherical harmonic method. The wavelet analysis allows one to zoom into a specific area and look at the regional geology. We have used a wavelet transform of the geoid to study the regional geology of Japan and the Philippine Plate, South America, Europe, North America, East Africa and the Middle East, India and the Himalayas, China and Southeast Asia, and Australia. By filtering the Earth’s geoid anomalies with 2-D Gaussian wavelets at various horizontal length scales, one can detect the subduction zones along South America, the Aleutians, and the western Pacific; the Himalayas; the Zagros Mountains; the Mid-Atlantic ridge; and the island chains of the mid-Pacific. We have processed geoid data with a horizontal resolution down to approximately 200 km. Using an adjustable wavelet, one can detect structures that can only be picked up visually with much higher resolution spherical harmonic gravity data. We have also looked at the wavelength at which the maximum signal occurs over a range of scales. This method, known as E-max and k-max, is especially effective for detecting plate tectonic boundaries and ancient suture zones along with areas of strong non-isostatic gravitational potential due to high differential stress. These areas are likely to be at high risk of earthquakes. These methods will be especially useful to future studies of the geoid potentials of other planets, such as Mars and Venus, since they will allow careful studies of the regional geology variations with geoid data of the resolution available from satellites.  相似文献   

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