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1.
《地球化学》2017,(2)
沽源铀矿田位于开源-赤峰断裂带以南的华北古板块北缘,燕辽Mo-U-Ag-Pb-Zn多金属成矿带西段和沽源-红山子铀成矿带西南段,铀矿赋存在粗面岩-流纹岩组合中。2个粗面岩样品(样号分别为GY101和GY108)的锆石均具有明显的环带结构,Th/U比值高,属典型的岩浆成因锆石。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果表明:GY101粗面岩13个分析点的206Pb/238U年龄范围为142~136 Ma,加权平均值为(138.4±1.3)Ma,MSWD=0.47;GY108粗面岩12个分析点的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄范围为143~137 Ma,加权平均值为(139.5±1.3)Ma,MSWD=0.49,指示地质时代属早白垩世早期。粗面岩具有较高的SiO_2、K_2O+Na_2O含量和K_2O/Na_2O、Fe_2O_3/FeO比值,在SiO_2-(K_2O+Na_2O)图解中落在碱性系列粗面岩或粗面英安岩范围,在SiO_2-K_2O图解中落在橄榄玄粗岩系列范围,结合标准矿物Q含量小于20%,属典型的高钾碱性粗面岩。稀土元素含量高,富集轻稀土,Eu负异常不明显,稀土分布模式为右倾轻稀土富集型,具高压型粗面岩的稀土元素特征;富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、Pb和高场强元素Zr、Y,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti元素,具高Sr-Ba英安岩-流纹岩的微量元素特征。较低的Ti/Zr、Nb/Ta比值和较高的Rb/Sr比值,具有壳源火山岩的特征;具有较高的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i(0.707781~0.708156)、εNd(t)(–5.31~–5.83)和δ~(18)OVSMOW(7.08‰~8.05‰),较小的tDM2(1361~1376 Ma),较低的(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i(16.97~17.00)、(~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i(15.06~15.62)和(~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i(36.73~36.80),在ε_(Nd)(t)-(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i图解中落在EMⅠ富集地幔与亏损地幔的联线附近,在(~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb)t-(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_t图解中落在靠近EMⅠ富集地幔的下地壳和地幔之间,在(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i-(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_t和(~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd)_i-(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_t图解中均落在EMⅠ富集地幔端元附近,在Zr/Al_2O_3-TiO_2/Al_2O_3和Y-Zr判别图解中都落在板内构造环境内。可见,沽源铀矿田粗面岩的成因可用两阶段模式进行解释:中元古代源于EMⅠ富集地幔和亏损地幔的岩浆混合并在底侵于下地壳的过程中受到少量古老下地壳物质混染后形成年轻下地壳;中侏罗世晚期-晚侏罗世发生的挤压构造事件导致地壳加厚,早白垩世早期在拉张构造环境下加厚地壳的年轻下地壳发生部分熔融形成的粗面质岩浆喷出地表形成粗面岩。 相似文献
2.
新疆谢米斯台中段火山岩岩石地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义 总被引：9，自引：6，他引：3
谢米斯台中段地区发育的火山岩主要为安山岩、英安岩和流纹岩。岩石地球化学研究表明,岩石的K2O、Na2O含量高(K2O=3.42%～9.85%;Na2O=0.48%～5.30%),大离子亲石元素(LILE)相对富集,高场强元素(HFSE)相对亏损,其中Nb、P、Ti强烈亏损,轻稀土元素(LREE)和重稀土元素(HREE)分馏较强;Pb同位素比值为206Pb/204Pb=18.435～19.409、207Pb/204Pb=15.535～15.602、208Pb/204Pb=38.36～39.213;火山岩具有高的初始εNd(t)值(+4.43～+6.65)和低的初始87Sr/86Sr值(0.700953～0.704435)。该地区流纹岩SIMS锆石U-Pb测年结果为422.5±1.9Ma。综合研究认为,谢米斯台中段地区火山岩是晚志留世准噶尔洋壳俯冲,在地幔楔形区,经过洋壳与富集地幔的局部熔融,经历了一定程度的分离结晶作用形成的中酸性岩浆喷发而成,在岩浆上升过程中有少量地壳物质的混染。 相似文献
3.
芝瑞盆地位于内蒙古东南缘克什克腾旗境内,处于西拉木伦河-长春缝合带以南、华北克拉通北缘断裂带以北的辽源地块上,属沽源—红山子铀成矿带北东段,流纹斑岩侵位于晚侏罗世早期长英质火山岩中,由南店、上柜、水泉沟等岩体组成。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄表明,南店和上柜流纹斑岩锆石的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄分别为155.5±1.5 Ma(n=14,MSWD=0.70)和154.7±1.9 Ma(n=11,MSWD=1.11),属于晚侏罗世早期岩浆活动的产物,与芝瑞盆地流纹岩的形成时代一致。流纹斑岩具有较高的SiO_2含量,A/CNK1.0,标准矿物刚玉含量1%,源区具岩浆岩的特征;在SiO_2-(Na_2O+K2O-CaO)和SiO_2-FeO~T/MgO图解中落于A型花岗岩区;∑REE含量较高,铕负异常明显,具右倾轻稀土富集型稀土配分曲线特征;富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U、Ga和高场强元素Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf,亏损大离子亲石元素Ba与Sr,10000Ga/Al=3.52~4.58,(Zr+Nb+Ce+Y)=987×10~(-6)~1339×10~(-6),在Nb-Y-3Ga和Y/Nb-Rb/Nb图解中落入A_2型花岗岩区,在Zr-Sr-Ba图解中落入低Sr-Ba流纹岩区;具有较高的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i=0.707084~0.709303、较低的ε_(Nd)(t)=-7.11~-6.21、较年轻的T_(DM2)=1448~1521 Ma、较低的(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_t=17.13~17.30、(~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb)_t=15.41~15.45、(~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb)_t=37.41~37.50和低的δ~(18)O_(V-SMOW)值=4.0‰~5.1‰,在ε_(Nd)(t)-(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i图解中位于下地壳和亏损地幔之间,在(~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb)_t-(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_t和(~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb)_t-(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_t图解中位于下地壳和地幔之间,说明流纹斑岩可能是源于DMM型、EMⅠ型地幔和少量古老下地壳混合形成的年轻下地壳部分熔融的产物,而且与俯冲的经历了高温热液蚀变的洋壳有关。 相似文献
4.
长塘流纹岩为"大量流纹岩-少量玄武岩"构成的不对称双峰式火山岩组合的酸性端元,前人对年代学研究认为是目前华南识别的燕山期最年轻的流纹岩(SHRIMP年龄96.8 Ma),但在岩石地球化学特征及成因方面尚未深入研究。本文通过全岩主微量元素、Sr-Nd-Pb-O和锆石Hf同位素研究得到:流纹岩为亚碱性弱过铝质岩石,稀土元素富集,轻重稀土分馏明显,Eu负异常;具有较小的(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i、较高的εNd(t)和较低的(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i、(~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i、(~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb)_i值;锆石的εHf(t)值较高且Hf模式年龄和全岩基本一致,均显示为新生下地壳岩浆;全岩的δ18O值较高。结合区域地质资料,本文认为长塘流纹岩是在晚白垩世早期拉张环境下,源于EMⅡ富集地幔的岩浆混染少量下地壳物质形成新元古代新生下地壳,发生熔融产生的岩浆在上升过程中经历结晶分异演化后喷出地表的产物。晚白垩世早期流纹岩成因对华南陆壳拉张减薄到正常厚度时间节点提供了证据。 相似文献
5.
丰宁大滩盆地位于西拉木伦河断裂带以南的华北古板块北缘,燕辽Mo-U-Ag-Pb-Zn多金属成矿带西段和沽源-红山
子铀成矿带西南段,空间上与赋存张麻井大型铀钼矿床的沽源盆地毗邻。大滩盆地张家口组粗面岩-流纹岩组合构成盆地
的主体,是热液型铀矿的主要围岩。粗面岩SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄为140.3 ± 1.4 Ma（2σ, MSWD=1.09）,地质时代属于早
白垩世早期。具有较高的SiO2、K2O+Na2O含量,SiO2=61.6%~63.1%,K2O+ Na2O=9.28%~10.2%,在K2O-SiO2图解中投影点落在橄榄玄粗岩系列范围,TAS图解上都落在碱性系列粗面岩或粗面英安岩范围,结合标准矿物Q含量为12.9%~18.4%
（小于20%）,属典型的粗面岩。稀土元素含量高,富集轻稀土,铕负异常不明显,ΣREE=（279~318） ×10-6,δEu=0.77~
0.88,稀土配分曲线图表现为右倾的轻稀土富集型,具高压型粗面岩的稀土元素特征;富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、
Pb和高场强元素Zr、Y,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti元素。较低的Ti/Zr（8.40~14.72）、Nb/Ta（14.07~15.26） 比值,较高的Rb/Sr
（0.95~1.60）,具有高Sr-Ba 英安岩-流纹岩的微量元素的特征;具有较高的（87Sr/86Sr）i （0.7077~0.7096）、较低的εNd(t)（-12.09~ -10.67）,较大的TDM2 （1911~1796 Ma）,较低的（206Pb/204Pb）t （16.92~17.04）、（207Pb/204Pb）t （15.39~15.42） 和（208Pb/204Pb）t （37.58~37.67）,在（87Sr/86Sr）i -t/Ga和（208Pb/204Pb） t-（206Pb/204Pb）t 图解上投影点位于下地壳和地幔之间,并靠近EMⅠ富集地幔,在εNd(t)-（87Sr/86Sr）i 图解上投影点位于EMⅠ富集地幔演化线上,与汉诺坝二辉麻粒岩包体的区域一致。可见,大滩盆地粗面岩的成因可用两阶段模式进行解释：古元古代源于EMⅠ富集地幔的岩浆与少量古老下地壳物质部分熔融产物混合形成年轻下地壳,早白垩世早期在加厚地壳背景下年轻下地壳部分熔融形成的岩浆喷出地表形成粗面岩。 相似文献
6.
《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
拉布达林盆地位于内蒙古自治区东北部,西部与俄罗斯毗邻,属大兴安岭北西部,北邻根河盆地,南接海拉尔盆地北部边界。本文对拉布达林盆地南部哈达图牧场南头站旅店和奈吉镇特泥河村一带的粗面岩和流纹岩的岩相学,年代学和地球化学特征进行了研究,探讨了岩浆源区的性质。研究区的中酸性火山岩主要为粗面岩和流纹岩。头站旅店附近主要出露流纹岩,粗面岩呈脉状充填在流纹岩中,特泥河村附近出露大面积的粗面岩。粗面岩为斑状结构,斑晶主要为斜长石、普通辉石、角闪石以及少量黑云母和碱性长石;流纹岩发育有球粒结构,球粒呈扇状或者束状,由长英质和火山玻璃组成的放射状纤维构成。地球化学特征显示,粗面岩和流纹岩均属于亚碱性系列,处于高钾钙碱性系列和钾玄岩系列的过渡区域,粗面岩为准铝质和过铝质的过度类型,流纹岩为过铝质。锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb定年结果显示粗面岩和流纹岩分别形成于(125±3)Ma和(127±4)Ma,表明它们形成于早白垩世中期。粗面岩和流纹岩都具有高硅(w(Si O2)分别为62.05%~68.38%和75.02%~77.55%)的特点,说明它们均为酸性岩浆的产物。高硅,富钾和贫镁、铁,完全不同于幔源岩浆的地球化学属性,而粗面岩比流纹岩更富钠,且更贫镁(Mg#平均值分别为28和46),暗示它们可能来源于地壳不同的部位。稀土元素总量都较高(w(∑REE)=183.21×10-6~226.51×10-6、112.28×10-6~153.64×10-6),稀土元素分馏明显(∑LREE/∑HREE=3.20~4.89、2.10~4.69),有轻稀土元素富集右倾的特征,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、K、Sr以及LREE,而亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、U、Zr、HREE以及Ti等,均显示出壳源岩浆的特征;而粗面岩的Rb/Sr(0.23~0.34)比流纹岩的Rb/Sr(2.15~7.75)低,粗面岩的Ba/Rb(4.20~6.13)比流纹岩的Ba/Rb(1.76~2.35)高,均反映出粗面岩岩浆的分异程度比流纹岩岩浆低。同时,低的(87Sr/86Sr)i(0.705 3,0.704 9),中等的Rb/Sr值以及U的略微亏损,暗示其岩浆源区可能来自下部地壳,而流纹岩中等的Rb/Sr及U的不亏损,则显示其岩浆源区应比粗面岩浆的下部地壳更靠上的层位。粗面岩和流纹岩均有非常高的143Nd/144Nd(0.512 8)、中等206Pb/204Pb(18.439 1)、低的207Pb/204Pb(15.540 6)和208Pb/204Pb(38.394 4),εNd(t)值为+4.15,二阶段模式年龄(TDM2)为579 Ma,表明它们的源区岩石应为新元古代从亏损地幔增生的年轻陆壳物质。 相似文献
7.
赤峰托河火山盆地位于大兴安岭南端内蒙古赤峰市克什克腾旗境内,处于西拉木伦河-长春缝合带以南、康宝-围场-赤
峰-开源断裂带以北的辽源地块,盆地中的长英质火山岩系角度不整合于下二叠统额里图组、于家北沟组之上,并被新近系汉诺
坝组玄武岩不整合覆盖。SHRIMP 锆石U-Pb年龄表明,盆地火山岩系中流纹岩锆石的206Pb/238U年龄为158.5±1.3 Ma,属晚侏罗
世早期岩浆活动的产物,应归入新民组。托河流纹岩具有较高的SiO2含量（68.6%~72.6%）,A/CNK值<1.1,标准矿物刚玉的含量<
1%;ΣREE含量较高,轻稀土富集,负铕异常显著;(87Sr/86Sr)i= 0.709244~0.713168,εNd(t)=-8.76~-8.42,TDM2=1656~1629Ma,(206Pb/
204Pb)i=17.271~17.326,(207Pb/204Pb)i=15.401~15.413,(208Pb/204Pb)i=37.614~37.696,δ18OV-SMOW=4.1‰~4.5‰。经对比托河盆地流纹岩与
红山子盆地、芝瑞盆地流纹岩、流纹斑岩,它们主量元素、微量元素和Sr-Nd-Pb-O同位素地球化学特征基本一致,指示各盆地的
物质来源相同。文章证实赞同前人提出的物质来源既与地壳（特别是下地壳）有关,也与地幔特别是EMI型地幔有关的观点。在
(Yb+Ta)-Rb和Y-Nb图解上,托河盆地流纹岩均显示板內拉张的构造环境。类比红山子盆地的岩石组合、地质时代、同位素组
成、铀矿化特征等,提出托河盆地条件更优越,认为今后盆地内的铀矿勘查工作可参照红山子铀钼矿床的模式开展。 相似文献
8.
《地球化学》2016,(3)
芝瑞火山盆地位于大兴安岭南端内蒙古克什克腾旗境内,处于西拉木伦河-长春缝合带以南、赤峰-开源断裂带以北的辽源地块,盆地中的长英质火山岩系不整合于下二叠统大石寨组之上、新近系汉诺坝组玄武岩之下,并见有多处花岗斑岩侵入其中。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb年龄表明,盆地火山岩系中流纹岩锆石的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄为(156.9±1.7)Ma,属于晚侏罗世早期岩浆活动的产物。岩石地球化学资料表明,流纹岩具富SiO_2、K_2O和高FeO_T/MgO值,低Al_2O_3、CaO和MgO的特征,属于高钾钙碱性系列岩石,∑REE含量较高,轻重稀土分馏明显,具右倾的稀土分布模式,负Eu异常明显,具有Ga、Zr、Nb、Y含量高和Ba、Sr含量低的微量元素特征,相对富集Rb、Th、U、Pb、Zr、Hf,相对亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti及Nb、Ta等元素,具有A型流纹岩和低Sr-Ba流纹岩的微量元素特征;在Nb-Y-3Ga和Rb/Nb-Y/Nb图解上显示拉张构造环境的A2型花岗岩的特征;具有较高的Sr初始比值((~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i=0.706510~0.709821),较低的Nd初始比值(ε_(Nd)(t)=-6.32~-4.44)和相对较年轻的Nd模式年龄(1304~1457 Ma)及较低的Pb同位素组成((~(206)pb/~(204)pb)_t=17.15~17.80、(~(207)pb/~(204)pb)_t=15.41~15.48、(~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb)_t=37.38~37.63),在Sr-Nd同位素示踪图解和Pb同位素构造演化图解上流纹岩同时具有下地壳和富集地幔印记。元素、同位素地球化学示踪指示芝瑞流纹岩可能由起源于富集地幔的中元古代年轻下地壳的部分熔融形成,且在岩浆上升过程中经历了结晶分异作用。在(Yb+Ta)-Rb和(Y+Nb)-Rb图解上,芝瑞流纹岩均显示板内拉张构造环境,结合区域上分布的同时代火山岩及A型花岗岩类可以限定流纹岩形成于伸展构造背景,并可能与北部的蒙古-鄂霍茨克缝合带的演化有关。 相似文献
9.
东坑盆地位于南岭构造带东段,其中的流纹岩为该带燕山期最早的“流纹岩—玄武岩”双峰式火山岩组合的酸性端元.主量元素、微量元素、Sr-Nd-Pb-O-Hf同位素研究表明,流纹岩富硅、钾,贫镁、钙、钛,属亚碱性弱过铝质岩石;稀土元素富集,轻重稀土分异和铕负异常明显,表现典型的M型稀土元素4分组效应,富集高场强元素Ta、Hf、Zr、Nb、Ce、Y和大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U、Ba、Ga,亏损大离子亲石元素Sr,具有A型流纹岩和高Sr-Ba流纹岩的微量元素特征;(87Sr/86Sr)i较高,(206Pb/204Pb)i、(207Pb/204Pb)i和(208Pb/204Pb)i较低,εNd(t)、εHf(t)和δ18OV-SMOW较高,TDM2(Nd)和TDM2(Hf)较小.这些特征表明,东坑盆地流纹岩是拉张构造环境下源于新元古代亏损地幔和少量古老下地壳物质混合而成年轻下地壳部分熔融的产物,为早侏罗世早期南岭构造带东段处于拉张构造环境、地壳属正常厚度提供了岩石学证据. 相似文献
10.
为深入了解中北部拉萨地块构造背景,利用LA-ICP-MS技术对洛布勒铁矿床成矿花岗闪长岩锆石进行了U-Th-Pb同位素测定,分析了隆格尔、洛布勒铁矿床侵入岩岩石地球化学和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成.获得洛布勒花岗闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄为111.3±1.6 Ma(MSWD=0.61,n=9).隆格尔和洛布勒铁矿床侵入岩高硅(66.63%~69.02%和64.33%~64.82%)、富碱(全碱为5.91%~6.40%和5.81%~6.05%)、低A/CNK(0.91~0.97和0.94~0.95)、SiO2与P2O5含量负相关;稀土元素总量较低(∑REE为123.11×10^-6~148.83×10^-6和96.17×10^-6~101.92×10^-6),球粒陨石标准化配分模式图右倾,弱Eu负异常(0.70~0.82和0.79~0.81),富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U、K、Pb等,亏损Ba和高场强元素Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti等.隆格尔花岗岩全岩和斜长石(206Pb/204Pb)t为18.474和18.626,(207Pb/204Pb)t为15.657和15.722,(208Pb/204Pb)t为38.592和39.145,(87Sr/86Sr)i为0.704 757 6和0.707 047 3,(143Nd/144Nd)i为0.512 281和0.512 339,εNd(t)为-4.13和-2.99,tDM2为1.15 Ga和1.24 Ga;洛布勒花岗闪长岩(206Pb/204Pb)t比值为18.281,(207Pb/204Pb)t比值为15.616,(208Pb/204Pb)t比值为38.369,(87Sr/86Sr)i为0.706 551 4;(143Nd/144Nd)i为0.512 309,εNd(t)为-3.62,tDM2为1.20 Ga.结果表明,措勤-隆格尔铁矿床成矿侵入岩为中钾-高钾钙碱性岩I型花岗岩,为早白垩世晚期岛弧岩浆活动产物,岩浆源于地壳物质部分熔融,岩浆演化过程经历了壳幔岩浆混合和围岩混染.结合前人研究成果,通过对比白垩纪中北部拉萨地块和南部羌塘地块成矿事件的差异,提出中北部拉萨地块113±3 Ma岩浆活动和Fe(-Cu)成矿事件与向南俯冲的班公湖-怒江洋壳发生断离有关. 相似文献
11.
Humboldt, Arago, and the temperature of groundwater 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Stanley N. Davis 《Hydrogeology Journal》1999,7(5):501-503
12.
13.
14.
Text, talk, things, and the subpolitics of performing place 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This article tells the story of how a group of Dutch and Belgian citizens organized themselves to promote an area that they valued, to put it on the map, to raise awareness about its qualities, and to protect it from urban and industrial development. Our theoretical perspective focuses on the performative and political aspects of this place-making process and the discursive and material practices involved. We connect this to Beck’s concept of subpolitics.Our findings show how the group performed this place not only through text and talk - giving the area a name, using their knowledge and expertise to raise awareness about its values, lobbying and cooperating with decision-makers -, but also through things - installing art objects and information signs that articulate certain characteristics and values of the area. Our findings demonstrate the struggles involved in these performances. The group involved multiple perspectives on what the important values and characteristics of the area are and on what strategies would work best in trying to influence decision-making and protect the area. However, the use of expertise as the main strategy to gain influence excluded the more critical and activist strategies and privileging archaeological and historical values and characteristics came at the expense of attention on agricultural and natural values.Our findings make clear that performing place cannot be taken to be homogeneous and that it inevitably involves multiple perspectives and demands. The struggles, power relations and dynamics of inclusion and exclusion that this multiplicity implicates reveal a form of sub-politics that involves both politicization and depoliticization. Also, it is a form of subpolitics that is more diverse and ambiguous than Beck’s conceptualization presupposes by its emphasis on the role of outsiders as a homogeneous group. 相似文献
15.
Yuriy Sokolov 《GeoJournal》1992,26(4):497-502
The discovery of a new continent that was later called America by Christopher Columbus some five hundred years ago, has in
one way or another, influenced people the World over. The extraordinary significance of this event for mankind is displayed
by the dimension of the consequences and the variety of reactions among nations and communities of the “Old World”. 相似文献
16.
Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations. 相似文献
17.
The dielectric constants and dielectric loss values of 4 Ca-containing minerals were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: vesuvianitel κ′ a=9.93 tan δ=0.006 κ′ c=9.79 tan δ=0.005 vesuvianitel κ′ a=10.02 tan δ=0.002 κ′ c=9.85 tan δ=0.003 zoisite1 κ′ a =10.49 tan δ=0.0006 κ′ b =15.31 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ c=9.51 tan δ=0.0008 zoisite2 κ′ a =10.55 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ b =15.45 tan δ=0.0013 κ′ c=9.39 tan δ=0.0008 epidote κ′ 11= 9.52 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ 22=17.1 tan δ=0.0009 κ′ 33= 9.37 tan δ=0.0006 fluorapatite1 κ′ a =10.48 tan δ=0.0008 κ′ c = 8.72 tan δ=0.0114 fluorapatite2 κ′ a =10.40 tan δ=0.0010 κ′ c=8.26 tan δ=0.0178 The deviation (δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of oxide polarizabilities according to α D (mineral)=∑ α D (oxides) for vesuvianite is ～ 0.5%. The large deviations of epidote and zoisite from the additivity rule with Δ=+ 10.1 and + 11.7%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” Ca ions. The combined effects of both a large F thermal parameter and possible F-ion conductivity in fluorapatite are believed to be responsible for Δ=+2–3%. Although variation of oxygen polarizability with oxygen molar volume (Vo) is believed to affect the total polarizabilities, the variation of Vo in these Ca minerals is too small to observe the effect. 相似文献
18.
山西五台山区滹沱群变质玄武岩岩石学、地球化学特征及其成因意义 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
在野外地质调查的基础上,选取滹沱群豆村亚群底部四集庄组玄武岩、顶部青石村组玄武岩和东冶亚群中下部河边村组玄武岩,进行岩石学和地球化学研究。分析结果表明：玄武岩主量元素高TiO2、TFeO,低MgO,具有演化的基性岩浆的特征。稀土元素含量相对较高,具有弱—中等程度的轻稀土元素富集,中等程度的轻重稀土元素分异,轻微的Eu异常;玄武岩中Cr、Ni含量变化较大,但与Mg#具有很好的正相关性。微量元素配分图解中具有明显的Sr负异常,部分样品具有Nb、Ta和Ti负异常,无Zr、Hf负异常,与岛弧火山岩不同;同时Nb、Ta无分异,Zr/Hf值较高,具有板内玄武岩浆的特征。综合分析认为,滹沱群玄武岩可能形成于板内裂谷环境。在岩浆上升过程中发生橄榄石与尖晶石的分离结晶作用,同时不同程度地受到地壳的混染。 相似文献
19.
Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns. 相似文献
20.
Based on the historical records of natural disasters and human wars of the final 35 years in the late Ming Dynasty (1610–1644 AD) obtained using different spatial scales, a set of grading systems were established to classify, grade and present these records and their spatiotemporal characteristics. From natural and human perspectives to quantitative analyses of the direct causes of the collapse of the Ming Dynasty, the author draws conclusion regarding a total of six immediate factors, which were, according to the rate of contribution from high to low, internal rebellions, drought, inter-ethnic conflicts, locust, flood and external wars. Among these causes, human factors accounted for approximately 47%, while natural factors accounted for approximately 53%. Attribution analysis indicated that the basin areas in east China were sensitive to climate change during the Ming Dynasty. Severe drought and locusts in a cooling environment were the main natural causes, while frequent internal rebellions and inter-ethnic conflicts influenced by financial crisis were the major human factors. Although natural factors accounted for a greater percentage than human factors in the rate of contribution to the collapse of the Ming Dynasty, they were the only external factors impacting social development and changes. 相似文献