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1.
An infrared radiation parameterization has been applied to a detailed three-dimensional mesoscale model in order to determine whether radiative forcing significantly affects mesoscale atmospheric processes. By taking into account water vapor, liquid water, and carbon dioxide absorption, the scheme differentiates between cloud and clear air regions. The parametric model is presented, along with an overview of the associated mesoscale model.Comparisons between a control run in which only a uniform cooling rate of l K day–1 is specified, and runs with the infrared scheme are made for 12-hr simulations. The major feature of the radiative forcing is seen to be strong cloud-top cooling. This leads to enhanced destabilization of the upper cloud layer, which in turn results in faster growth of clouds (and which extend to higher levels) than in the control experiment. The deeper clouds force a more vigorous secondary circulation, in which thermodynamic feedbacks between clouds and their environment are substantially stronger than in the case with only a constant cooling rate. This confirms findings made in previous studies undertaken in small-scale numerical models. The discussion also focuses upon a simulation in which the cloud-top infrared cooling has been smoothed out over neighboring vertical levels, in order to represent a cloud-top height distribution crudely. The results indicate that although the absolute values of cloud-top cooling are reduced with respect to the unfiltered case, the fact that cooling extends even higher than previously predicted leads to the formation of thicker, more vigorous clouds. These clouds interact more intensely with their environment than in the unfiltered situation, thereby considerably modifying the mesoscale atmosphere. 相似文献
2.
Summary A set of the inhomogeneity factor for high-level clouds derived from the ISCCP D1 dataset averaged over a five-year period
has been incorporated in the UCLA atmospheric GCM to investigate the effect of cirrus cloud inhomogeneity on climate simulation.
The inclusion of this inhomogeneous factor improves the global mean planetary albedo by about 4% simulated from the model.
It also produces changes in solar fluxes and OLRs associated with changes in cloud fields, revealing that the cloud inhomogeneity
not only affects cloud albedo directly, but also modifies cloud and radiation fields. The corresponding difference in the
geographic distribution of precipitation is as large as 7 mm day−1. Using the climatology cloud inhomogeneity factor also produces a warmer troposphere related to changes in the cloudiness
and the corresponding radiative heating, which, to some extent, corrects the cold bias in the UCLA AGCM. The region around
14 km, however, is cooler associated with increase in the reflected solar flux that leads to a warmer region above. An interactive
parameterization for mean effective ice crystal size based on ice water content and temperature has also been developed and
incorporated in the UCLA AGCM. The inclusion of the new parameterization produces substantial differences in the zonal mean
temperature and the geographic distribution of precipitation, radiative fluxes, and cloud cover with respect to the control
run. The vertical distribution of ice crystal size appears to be an important factor controlling the radiative heating rate
and the consequence of circulation patterns, and hence must be included in the cloud-radiation parameterization in climate
models to account for realistic cloud processes in the atmosphere. 相似文献
3.
利用毫米波云雷达、微波辐射计联合反演方法,对2015年11月11日安徽寿县的一次层状云过程的云参数进行了反演,将所得云参数加入到SBDART辐射传输模式中,进行辐射通量计算,并将计算的地面辐射通量与观测的地面辐射通量进行了对比分析。研究表明:1)利用毫米波雷达和微波辐射计数据联合反演的云参数比较可靠;2)利用SBDART模式并结合反演的云参数,可以准确实时地计算地面及其他高度层的长短波辐射通量;3)在反演的云参数中,光学厚度对地面各种辐射通量的影响是最大的,云层的光学厚度越大,到达地面的太阳短波辐射越小,地面反射短波辐射也越小。另外云底温度越高,云体向下发射的红外长波辐射越大。地面向上的长波辐射是地面温度的普朗克函数,随地面温度而变;4)云对地面的短波辐射强迫为负值,对地面有降温的作用。云对地面的长波辐射强迫是一个正值,对地面有一个增温的作用;5)云对地面的净辐射强迫随时间变化很大,它的正负与太阳高度角和云参数有关。 相似文献
4.
中国沙漠沙尘气溶胶对沙漠源区及北太平洋地区大气辐射加热的影响 总被引：9，自引：5，他引：4
针对2001年春季中国沙漠和北太平洋上空沙尘气溶胶的空间分布情况,利用辐射传输模式,分别计算了沙尘气溶胶对沙漠和海洋大气的辐射加热（冷却）率,并讨论了低云、中云、高云对辐射加热率的影响。结果表明:春季,位于中国沙漠和太平洋上空的沙尘层对大气具有明显的加热作用。当沙漠上空光学厚度为1.0,海洋上空光学厚度为0.3时,取春季平均太阳高度角,沙尘层对应的净辐射加热率分别为2.8 K/d和0.4 K/d。由于WMO推荐的沙尘模型比东亚沙尘模型对太阳辐射吸收强,采用该模型计算得到的中国沙漠和海洋上空的加热率比采用东亚沙尘模型分别高1.5 K/d和0.2 K/d。沙尘对大气的加热率很大程度上依赖于沙尘的大气载荷。这种依赖性首先受太阳高度角的影响, 其次也受地表反照率的影响。云对沙尘层辐射加热（冷却）率的影响与云的高度和厚度有关。低云能够加热沙漠和海洋上空的沙尘大气,冷却地面和洋面。中、高云冷却沙漠上空的沙尘层。在海洋上空,中云对云层以上的沙尘层有加热作用,对云层以下的沙尘层有冷却作用。高云对海洋上空沙尘层的辐射加热（冷却）率的影响比较小,加热还是冷却,取决于云的厚度,当云层较薄时,加热沙尘层,而当云层较厚的时候,有可能冷却沙尘层。 相似文献
5.
6.
Michael Tjernström 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1988,44(3):207-230
A higher order closure mesoscale model is used to study the influence of different surface properties on stratiform boundary-layer clouds. The model is hydrostatic, has a terrain-following coordinate system and a sub-grid scale condensation scheme. It also has a radiation parameterisation for shortwave and longwave radiation in order to calculate radiative cooling/heating. The simulations show the effects on a cloud field when cool or cold air is advected over warm water, the possible influence of local circulation systems on cloud fields in situations with weak synoptic forcing and the influence on a cloud field by growing internal boundary layers. Some of the results are compared with simpler physical models, and limitations in those are demonstrated. 相似文献
7.
一维辐射-对流模式对云辐射强迫的数值模拟研究 总被引：10，自引：9，他引：1
利用一维辐射－对流气候模式, 详细研究了云量、云光学厚度以及云高等要素的变化对大气顶和地面太阳短波辐射和红外长波辐射通量以及云的辐射强迫的影响, 给出了计算这些物理量的经验拟合公式。结果表明, 云具有极为重要的辐射－气候效应。云量、云光学厚度以及云高即使只有百分之几的变化, 所带来的辐射强迫也可以与大气二氧化碳浓度加倍所产生的辐射强迫（3.75 W/m2）相比拟。例如, 当分别给它们+3%的扰动时, 即取云量变化0.015, 云光学厚度变化0.27, 以及云高变化0.15 km时（在实际的地球大气中, 这种尺度的变化是完全可能发生的）, 那么,可以得到地气系统的太阳短波辐射强迫-3.10 W/m2以及红外长波辐射强迫-1.77 W/m2, 二者之和为-4.78 W/m2, 已经完全可以抵消大气二氧化碳浓度加倍所产生的辐射强迫。但是, 当云量、云光学厚度以及云高向相反方向产生类似扰动时, 所产生的辐射强迫可能极大地放大二氧化碳浓度增加所产生的增强温室效应。因此, 研究结果揭示出, 不管是为了解释过去的气候变化, 还是预测未来的气候变化, 亟待加强在一个变化了的气候环境（例如地面温度升高）下, 云将发生何种变化的研究。 相似文献
8.
云和辐射 （I）:云气候学和云的辐射作用 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
本文介绍与气候变化研究有密切关系的云的辐射作用的有关工作。这一部分从云微物理特性和云粒子光学性质入手，介绍了水云、冰云的太阳和红外辐射特性的理论和实测工作以及云的不均匀性对云辐射特性的影响。此外，还介绍了云气候学及云对辐射收支影响方面的工作。 相似文献
9.
在MM5非静力稳定中尺度气象模式中引进了建立在δ-4流近似和相关-k分布基础上的对云水、雨水、冰晶和霰的辐射特性进行详细描述的辐射传输方案。新建立的辐射传输方案和MM5中原有的辐射传输方案在华南暴雨中的模拟结果相互比较，并与天气实况的对比表明:辐射在中尺度暴雨中起着重要的作用；辐射传输方案对云辐射特性描述的准确程度对于地面降水影响是明显的；不同的辐射传输方案对地面降水的影响存在较大的差异，并且这些差异在白天比在夜间明显；辐射传输过程对地面降水影响的差异主要表现在降水中心上，而对降水的地理分布改变很小；相对而言，不同的辐射传输方案之间对短波描述的差异对地面降水的影响明显，而对长波描述差异的影响不大；新辐射传输方案能够在一定程度上改进MM5对中尺度降水的模拟能力。 相似文献
10.
11.
12.
冰云和水云对短波辐射性质(消光系数、单次散射反照率及不对称因子)的影响很不相同,应分别计算。Fu-Liou短波辐射方案(以下称Fu-Liou code)就是对冰云和水云分别采用了不同的参数化方案,云的短波辐射性质直接由云的物理性质来确定。因此,Fu-Liou code在云的处理方面物理意义更清晰且很合理。作者将Fu-Liou code引入IAP AGCM-II中,称为Version 2。对当代气候场的模拟结果表明,Version 2的各个物理过程是协调匹配的,且其对气候场的模拟性能是好的,从而为进一步改进IAP AGCM的短波辐射方案提供了很好的模式基础。 相似文献
13.
A Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics Coupled with a Mesoscale Model WRF: Model Description and First Results 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS) two-moment bulk microphysics scheme was adopted in this study to investigate the representation of cloud and precipitation processes under different environmental conditions.The scheme predicts the mixing ratio of water vapor as well as the mixing ratios and number concentrations of cloud droplets,rain,ice,snow,and graupel.A new parameterization approach to simulate heterogeneous droplet activation was developed in this scheme.Furthermore,the improved CAMS scheme was coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF v3.1),which made it possible to simulate the microphysics of clouds and precipitation as well as the cloud-aerosol interactions in selected atmospheric condition.The rain event occurring on 27-28 December 2008 in eastern China was simulated using the CAMS scheme and three sophisticated microphysics schemes in the WRF model.Results showed that the simulated 36-h accumulated precipitations were generally agreed with observation data,and the CAMS scheme performed well in the southern area of the nested domain.The radar reflectivity,the averaged precipitation intensity,and the hydrometeor mixing ratios simulated by the CAMS scheme were generally consistent with those from other microphysics schemes.The hydrometeor number concentrations simulated by the CAMS scheme were also close to the experiential values in stratus clouds.The model results suggest that the CAMS scheme performs reasonably well in describing the microphysics of clouds and precipitation in the mesoscale WRF model. 相似文献
14.
Summary Cloud parameters and surface radiative fluxes predicted by regional atmospheric models are directly compared with observations
for a 10-day period in late summer 1995 characterized by predominantly large-scale synoptic conditions. Observations of total
cloud cover and vertical cloud structure are inferred from measurements with a ground-based network of Lidar ceilometers and
IR-radiometers and from satellite observations on a 100 kilometer scale. Ground-based observations show that at altitudes
below 3 km, implying liquid water clouds, there is a considerable portion of optically non-opaque clouds. Vertical distributions
of cloud temperatures simultaneously inferred from the ground-based infrared radiometer network and from satellite can only
be reconciled if the occurrence of optically thin cloud structures at mid- and high tropospheric levels is assumed to be frequent.
Results of three regional atmospheric models, i.e. the GKSS-REMO, SMHI-HIRLAM, and KNMI-RACMO, are quantitatively compared
with the observations. The main finding is that all models predict too much cloud amount at low altitude below 900 hPa, which
is then compensated by an underestimation of cloud amount around 800 hPa. This is likely to be related with the finding that
all models tend to underestimate the planetary boundary layer height. All models overpredict the high-level cloud amount albeit
it is difficult to quantify to what extent due to the frequent presence of optically thin clouds. Whereas reasonably alike
in cloud parameters, the models differ considerably in radiative fluxes. One model links a well matching incoming solar radiation
to a radiatively transparent atmosphere over a too cool surface, another model underpredicts incoming solar radiation at the
surface due to a too strong cloud feedback to radiation, the last model represents all surface radiative fluxes quite well
on average, but underestimates the sensitivity of atmospheric transmissivity to cloud amount.
Received August 31, 2000 Revised March 15, 2001 相似文献
15.
文章提出了一种简单且适用于大气环流模式（GCM）的冰云辐射参数化。利用该参数化和UGAMP大气环流模式研究了混合云在GCM气候模拟中的重要性。结果表明，云的相态变化及其所产生的反馈作用对模拟的气候状态有显著的影响。在高纬地区，云的相态变化可使地气系统净辐射增加。而在热带则使净辐射减少。 相似文献
16.
南半球中高纬度区域不同类型云的辐射特性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用CloudSat的2B-CLDCLASS-LIDAR云分类产品和2B-FLXHR-LIDAR辐射产品4 a（2007-2010年）的数据,定量分析了单层云（高云、中云、低云）和3种双层云（如:高云与中云共存、高云与低云共存以及中云与低云共存）在南半球中高纬度（40°-65°S）的云量、云辐射强迫和云辐射加热率。其中云辐射加热率定义为有云时的大气加热率廓线与晴空大气加热率廓线的差值。结果表明:研究区域盛行单层低云和单层中云,其云量分别为44.1%和10.3%。并且,中云重叠低云在双层云中云量也是最大（8.7%）。不同类型云的云量也显著影响着其云辐射强迫。单层低云在大气层顶、地表以及大气中的净云辐射强迫分别是-64.8、-56.5和-8.4 W/m2,其绝对值大于其他类型云。虽然单层的中云在大气层顶和地表的净辐射强迫也为负值,但其在大气中的净云辐射强迫为正值（2.3 W/m2）。最后,讨论了不同类型云对大气中辐射能量垂直分布的影响。所有类型云的短波（或长波）云辐射加热率都随高度升高表现为由负值转为正值（或由正值转为负值）。对于大部分云,其净云辐射加热率主要由长波云辐射加热率决定。这些研究结果旨在为模式中云重叠参数化方案在区域的适用性评估及改进提供观测依据。 相似文献
17.
AGCM中云的不均匀性作用的初步研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
利用ISCCP的云不均匀性资料,探讨了云不均匀性在AGCM中的作用,分别考查了不均匀云光学厚度的贡献、单次散射反照率和不对称因子的贡献,以及3个因子的总贡献.研究表明,考虑云不均匀性效应后,AGCM模拟的气候场有着较为明显的变化.由于不均匀云光学厚度对短波辐射场的贡献与不均匀云单次散射反照率和不对称因子这两个因子对短波辐射场的作用基本上是相反的,从而造成同时考虑3个因子作用时,云的不均匀性效应对辐射场的直接作用很小,但可通过云水场的改变来间接影响辐射场.研究清楚地显示了云-辐射相互作用的复杂性,云的全面正确处理对模式模拟能力的提高非常重要.
相似文献
18.
云辐射效应在华北持续性大雾维持和发展中的作用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
观测研究发现华北地区的持续性大雾天气通常伴随高层云的存在,具有云-雾共存结构特征,为揭示云在持续性大雾维持和发展中的作用,利用中尺度数值模式WRF,结合华北雾霾观测试验期间的卫星、探空、地面观测、系留气艇、微波辐射计等观测资料,研究了2011年12月3—6日和2013年1月28—31日两次华北持续性大雾天气形成和发展演变过程。在模拟与观测对比检验研究的基础上,重点开展了云辐射效应在大雾维持和发展中作用的探讨。研究结果表明:两次大雾过程持续时间超过48 h,近地面具有偏南暖湿平流,在持续性大雾发展过程中,均出现了由单层雾发展为云-雾共存结构,一般是雾形成24 h以后有中高云移到雾层之上,云底高度在3 km以上,云厚超过3.5 km,云中以冰晶和雪晶为主。白天云-雾共存结构出现后,云-雾的反照率效应使地表接收的短波辐射减少71%—84%,地面增温效应显著减小,从而阻碍了大雾的消散过程,使大雾天气得以维持,同时由于云-雾产生的温室效应,湍流过程加强,使地面雾向上扩展,雾在稳定层内维持;夜晚云-雾共存时,由于云-雾温室效应使地表净长波辐射增大超过70 W/m2,导致地面长波辐射冷却过程减弱,并不利于雾的加强,但云对雾的增温效应有利于混合层内的湍流扩散过程,促使雾在更高的空间内得以维持。可见,在云-雾共存结构中,云辐射效应有利于低层大雾的长时间维持,对持续性大雾的形成和发展产生了重要作用。 相似文献
19.
The effects of sea surface temperature (SST), radiation, cloud microphysics, and diurnal variations on the vertical structure of tropical tropospheric temperature are investigated by analyzing 10 two-dimensional equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulation data. The increase of SST, exclusion of diurnal variation of SST, and inclusion of diurnal variation of solar zenith angle, radiative effects of ice clouds, and ice microphysics could lead to tropical tropospheric warming and increase of tropopause height. The increase of SST and the suppression of its diurnal variation enhance the warming in the lower and upper troposphere, respectively, through increasing latent heat and decreasing IR cooling. The inclusion of diurnal variation of solar zenith angle increases the tropospheric warming through increasing solar heating. The inclusion of cloud radiative effects increases tropospheric warming through suppressing IR cooling in the mid and lower troposphere and enhancing solar heating in the upper troposphere. The inclusion of ice microphysics barely increases warming in the mid and lower troposphere because the warming from ice radiative effects is nearly offset by the cooling from ice microphysical effects, whereas it causes the large warming enhancement in the upper troposphere due to the dominance of ice radiative effects. The tropopause height is increased mainly through the large enhancement of IR cooling. 相似文献
20.
利用NCEP FNL再分析资料为初始场,通过WRF中尺度数值模式(V3.9.1版本)对2015年8月26~27日青藏高原那曲地区一次对流云降水过程进行了模拟,分析了不同积云对流参数化方案和云微物理参数化方案组合对本次降水过程中降水量、环流场、雷达反射率以及云微物理特征模拟效果的影响。结果表明:WRF模式能较好地模拟出本次降水的时空变化特征,但不同参数化方案组合各有优势,总体而言,Grell-Devenyi+SUBYLIN和Grell-Freitas+SUBYLIN组合模拟性能最优。本次对流云降水以冰相过程为主,雪粒子贡献最大,暖云粒子对降水的影响并不明显。从云微物理过程的时间演变可看出,性能最好的SUBYLIN方案能合理模拟降水过程中雪粒子与冰晶粒子间的转换过程,雪粒子可在凝结过程中释放潜热促使对流运动发展,也可通过融化过程促进降水发生,对流层高层冰晶粒子凝华产生的潜热释放亦为深对流的发展创造了有利条件。 相似文献