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1.
Understanding a quarry in terms of its potential for breakwater construction materials presents a special challenge for the engineering geologist. Unlike blasting in aggregates and mining operations, optimisation of the extraction process has a focus on the potential for production of large blocks for armourstone. These blocks weighing many tonnes are used for cover layers to resist wave action. The quarry-run is used for breakwater core. If the quarry has been developed as a source of materials dedicated to a breakwater construction project, the success of the project depends greatly on the blasting and production of rock sizes that are required and the avoidance of leaving a massive quantity of unused materials behind in the quarry after project completion. Prediction of in-situ block sizes such as from joint spacing data, provides the most critical input for the prediction of the blast pile block size distribution (BBSD), which in turn is a vital early design input if the constructed breakwater is to be economical as well as effective.This paper is part of a series of papers that introduces the coastal engineering motivation for this work on engineering geology, giving reasons why the prediction of the fragmentation curve of the blast products in a dedicated quarry is of such economic importance for breakwater projects. The first step towards blasted block size distribution (BBSD) prediction is the prediction of the in-situ block sized distribution (IBSD), the main subject of this paper. Drawing together research methods from the 1990s and the rock mechanics principles of discontinuity analysis, a practical step by step methodology for IBSD assessment that includes approaches that are not reliant on specialised computer software is presented. Continuing on the practical theme, a new extension of the volumetric joint count approach is suggested for IBSD prediction for the case when sparse borehole data is all that is available. A case study of IBSD assessment and the associated BBSD and blast assessment is presented from a Carboniferous limestone quarry. For clarity, details of blast design and yield curve prediction that are recommended for use in the context of armourstone production, have been presented in a companion paper. The Rosin-Rammler equation is used as an example form for the BBSD prediction of a dedicated quarry and the potential for breakwater project optimisation is illustrated. The final section sets out a method for directly comparing yield curves together with the demand for materials set by the breakwater design. On the same plot, sizes where there is a relative shortfall in production can be identified. The dependence of effective breakwater design on accurate quarry yield prediction and quarry blasting performance is discussed. 相似文献
2.
A fractal fragmentation model for rockfalls 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The impact-induced rock mass fragmentation in a rockfall is analyzed by comparing the in situ block size distribution (IBSD) of the rock mass detached from the cliff face and the resultant rockfall block size distribution (RBSD) of the rockfall fragments on the slope. The analysis of several inventoried rockfall events suggests that the volumes of the rockfall fragments can be characterized by a power law distribution. We propose the application of a three-parameter rockfall fractal fragmentation model (RFFM) for the transformation of the IBSD into the RBSD. A discrete fracture network model is used to simulate the discontinuity pattern of the detached rock mass and to generate the IBSD. Each block of the IBSD of the detached rock mass is an initiator. A survival rate is included to express the proportion of the unbroken blocks after the impact on the ground surface. The model was calibrated using the volume distribution of a rockfall event in Vilanova de Banat in the Cadí Sierra, Eastern Pyrenees, Spain. The RBSD was obtained directly in the field, by measuring the rock block fragments deposited on the slope. The IBSD and the RBSD were fitted by exponential and power law functions, respectively. The results show that the proposed fractal model can successfully generate the RBSD from the IBSD and indicate the model parameter values for the case study. 相似文献
3.
The strength and deformability of rock mass primarily depend on the condition of joints and their spacing and partially on
the engineering properties of rock matrix. Till today, numerical analysis of discontinuities e.g. joint, fault, shear plane
and others is conducted placing an interface element in between two adjacent rock matrix elements. However, the applicability
of interface elements is limited in rock mechanics problems having multiple discontinuities due to its inherent numerical
difficulties often leading to non-convergent solution. Recent developments in extended finite element method (XFEM) having
strong discontinuity imbedded within a regular element provide an opportunity to analyze discrete discontinuities in rock
masses without any numerical difficulties. This concept is based on partition of unity principle and can be used for cohesive
rock joints. This paper summarizes the mathematical frameworks for the implementation of strong discontinuities in 3 and 6
nodded triangular elements and also provides numerical examples of the application of XFEM in one and two dimensional problems
with single and multiple discontinuities. 相似文献
4.
结构面对工程岩体的强度及其稳定性起着关键作用。在工程选址时常会首先考虑花岗岩作为其地基或围岩,而钻孔揭露的是目标深度岩体最直接的数据。以广东深圳的大亚湾花岗岩体为例,结合地质背景,研究钻孔方向上结构面的分布规律。钻孔方向上花岗岩结构面主要为构造结构面和表生结构面。首先,对比沿钻孔方向花岗岩体中结构面与地表结构面的倾向与倾角,在同一场址区,受到同一构造作用影响,钻孔中与地表节理的产状分布类似。其次,研究沿钻孔方向结构面的间距（直接影响岩体的RQD值）,通过间距分组和回归分析,发现结构面间距与其频数具有明显的幂函数关系,且该关系式与RQD值相关。 相似文献
5.
6.
Statistical analysis of some main geomechanical formulations evaluated with the Kaniadakis exponential law 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Pierpaolo Oreste 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2018,13(2):139-145
The following paper reviews four well-known geomechanical equations, i.e. the elastic modulus of the rock mass as function of the Rock Mass Rating (RMR) system, the relation between Rock Quality Designation (RQD) and spacing distribution of the natural discontinuities in the rock mass, the distribution of the discontinuity spacing along a straight line for a rock mass and the intact rock strength in function of the specimen diameter by using a power-law flat tails equation based on the theory of Kaniadakis. The results show that by using novel formulations, the experimental data are better approximated by the power-law flat tails statistical approach, which shows a trend similar to ordinary exponential for a certain part of the interval of variability of x; the tails, however, follow the power law for extreme values of x. It was, therefore, possible to obtain new formulations able to better represent some fundamental aspects of geomechanics. 相似文献
7.
《Journal of Structural Geology》2004,26(6-7):1317-1339
Classifying and assessing geotechnical aspects of rock masses involves combining parameters in various ways, guided by empirical considerations, to derive quantitative geotechnical parameters. Geological structures and the deformation history of rocks underpin the nature of rock masses. The kinematics of a deforming rock mass may occur as sliding along throughgoing discontinuities or as distributed sliding on block faces. Distributed sliding will tend to disrupt the continuity of planar structures such that data on the size and shape of blocks is needed, rather than relying on discontinuity orientation data alone. Orientation and spacing data can be combined to provide a geometric analysis of block systems from linear samples, such as drill core. Dihedral angles and spacing of sequential pairs of discontinuities provides a sample of the size and shape of blocks that can be interpreted stereologically. Further detail can be derived by combining neighbouring intersections that enclose or partially enclose individual blocks. The shape and size of a block can be represented on a stereograph with the enclosing faces shown as poles and their perpendicular distance from an arbitrary point inside the block shown as a number. Identifying the size and shape of specific blocks rather than relying on statistical methods is beneficial to critical aspects of design such as analysing keyblocks that would be exposed during excavations. The detailed characterization of block size and shape is also a step toward interpreting the kinematics of rock mass deformation and the analysis of rock masses as ultra-close packed dilatant granular systems. 相似文献
8.
不连续间距对岩体性质具有十分重要的意义。基于无限长测量线得到的岩体不连续间距的负幂指数分布是最重要的一种概率分布密度, 为纠正因用有限长测量线而带来的不连续间距的分布误差, 本文提出了一个封闭形式的修正函数。结果表明, 该法可显著减少不连续间距的相对误差, 从而可以采用较短的测量线来测量岩体的不连续间距。 相似文献
9.
钻孔摄像技术能够采集到大量地下岩体内的结构面数据,分析其数据有助于进一步揭示结构面的空间分布规律和组合关系。针对钻孔内获得的结构面几何参数的特殊性,提出了综合倾角、倾向和位置深度等参数的特征点描述方法,在局部坐标系下对结构面特征点的描述方法及计算过程进行了阐述,推导出了结构面几何参数与特征点坐标之间的转换公式,在全局坐标系下对特征点坐标进行了归一化处理,最后对空间坐标系下特征点的分布规律进行了探索。研究结果表明,（1）空间坐标系下的结构面特征点是结构面几何参数和空间位置的综合反映;（2）特征点在空间的分布反映了结构面的空间组合关系。为结构面的统计分析提供新的思路和方法,有助于开展结构面的空间分布规律和交切关系研究,对钻孔摄像技术的发展和以结构面几何特征为基础的岩体稳定性评价起到积极的推动作用。 相似文献
10.
11.
岩体结构要素分形几何研究 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
本文研究了岩体结构诸要素, 包括结构面形态、结构面厚度、结构面分布、产状分布、孔隙分布颗粒表面形态等的分形表征, 目的是提高岩体结构的定量描述程度, 为岩体工程的定量评价提供新的途径。 相似文献
12.
基于现有结构面剪切力学特性研究中对简单几何形态结构面研究多,天然形态结构面研究少,力学性质演化研究多,几何形态演化研究少的研究现状,通过巴西劈裂试验制备近天然形态岩石结构面,并采用模拟材料批量复制劈裂结构面试样的方法,开展循环荷载作用下岩石劈裂结构面的剪切力学特性演化规律与影响因素研究,分析法向应力、循环剪切次数、岩壁强度以及结构面粗糙度对循环剪切作用下岩体结构面力学特性和形貌特征的影响。最终通过在黏着摩擦理论-Barton经验公式中引入与循环剪切次数Nd有关的负指数假定劣化参数,提出了岩体结构面循环剪切强度公式。研究结果表明：法向应力、岩壁强度、结构面粗糙度越大,结构面的最大剪应力越大;法向应力、循环剪切次数、结构面粗糙度越大,岩壁强度越小,则归一化粗糙度参数越小。提出的循环剪切强度公式较好地验证了试验结果,可为工程安全设计提供理论参考。 相似文献
13.
基于岩体结构面分布分形维的岩体质量评价 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
尽管岩体结构面具有空间上的不规则性和结构网络上的复杂性,但由于它又具有自相似的特征,可以运用分形理论来对其进行研究。运用盒计维数法对某矿山巷道围岩体结构面分布的分维数进行计算,验证了岩体结构面分布的分形特征。通过对岩体结构面分布分形维值分布规律的分析发现,分形维数越大、结构面分布越密集,结构面迹线越长,岩体质量越差,表明可将岩体结构面分布的分形维作为岩体质量评价的指标。将计算所得的岩体结构面分布的分维数与按工程岩体分级标准对相应岩体分级所得的岩体质量等级进行对比,提出了一个以岩体结构面分布的分形维作为分级指标的岩体质量评价方案。 相似文献
14.
Evaluating rock mass geometry from photographic images 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
G. Crosta 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》1997,30(1):35-58
Summary The importance of discontinuities in controlling rock mass behaviour in any engineering project involving excavations calls for a sound and spatial characterization of the discontinuity structure present. Such a characterization necessitates field work that requires sufficient rock exposures in order to obtain an adequate number of data, time and considerable cost. Photoanalysis techniques can help in overcoming the above difficulties equally well or better than other techniques. This paper refers to simple photographic techniques and their implementation for computer aided analyses for the characterization of the rock mass fracturing features. In particular attention is focused on scale problems and on reconstruction of fracture density stereoplots on the basis of data collected from one or two images according to different lithologies and outcropping conditions. The methodology for evaluating the volumetric fracture intensity follows in a slightly modified way a technique previously suggested in the literature. Certain reported examples allow to validate the photoanalytical technique used and the proposed method of analysis. Furthermore, analyses on planar density, spacing, frequency, terminations in solid rock or against other discontinuities and spatial correlation have been implemented in a software to yield a more complete rock mass characterization. At the same time input data and analysis results are produced in data files available as input for numerical analyses. 相似文献
15.
Indirect determination of weighted joint density (wJd) by empirical and fuzzy models: Supren (Eskisehir, Turkey) marbles 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Correct block size assessment is the most important stage for rock quarry management. Although volumetric joint count (Jv) and weighted joint density (wJd) were proposed for this purpose, simple prediction method for these indices is not encountered in literature. Due to the fact that some rock masses such as marbles contain less discontinuity, collection of representative amount of data from in situ line surveys for statistical assessments is highly difficult. For this reason, the main targets of the present paper are to apply photoanalysis approach for collecting additional discontinuity data and to obtain some simple statistical and fuzzy models for predicting weighted joint density to evaluate block size in engineering practice for marbles around Supren (Eskisehir, Turkey). In addition, a new and simple approach to predict volumetric decrease caused by chemical weathering is introduced. For these purposes, extensive field and photoanalysis studies were performed and the data obtained from both field and photoanalysis studies were assessed by regression and fuzzy approaches. The results revealed that the prediction performance of the fuzzy inference system is higher than that of the regression equation. 相似文献
16.
岩体不连续面迹长、产状、空间组合形态等的不确定性和复杂性,使结构面整体几何形态研究存在困难。利用岩体内大量随机展布的不连续面所具有的统计相似性,结合具有统计意义的数学方法进行结构面参数描述,是岩体随机不连续面三维网络模拟的基础,也为岩体稳定性评价提供可靠依据。本文基于数字近景摄影测量技术对长春市净月开发区东升采石场坡面进行调查研究,获取高精度的大量岩体结构面迹长、产状、间距、张开度等几何参数。利用Matlab编制Kolmogorov-Smirnov（K-S）检验程序,实现结构面参数的K-S法概率分布检验,分析了结构面参数所服从的概率分布类型;同时用SPSS软件检验程序正确性,并引入最优拟合度,选取符合多种概率分布参数的最优拟合概率模型。结果表明：研究区内结构面迹长、间距服从对数正态分布规律,产状服从伽马分布规律。 相似文献
17.
三峡库区岩体天然结构面抗剪性能试验研究 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
采用自制的试验装置对取自三峡库区的含天然结构面的岩块试件进行压剪试验,通过对4组试件进行不同正压力及不同含水量(天然状态与饱水状态)下的剪切试验,绘制出其相应的变形和强度曲线,并对这几组曲线进行了对比分析。试验结果表明：岩块中结构面的抗剪强度不仅与岩块所受法向应力的大小有关,而且与岩块含水量的大小有关,即结构面抗剪强度的大小随着法向应力的增大而增大,又随着含水量的增大而减小;最后,运用最小二乘法对该结构面的抗剪参数进行了求解,且与推荐值进行了比较,对比发现二者基本吻合,说明该试验装置与试验方法在实际工程应用中是可行、有效的。 相似文献
18.
A methodology is developed in SPH framework to analyze the behavior of preexisting multiple intersecting discontinuities or joints in rock material. The procedure does not require any additional unknowns to represent discontinuities and to capture velocity jump across them. Instead, a discontinuity is represented by a set of joint particles placed along the discontinuity plane, in which relative velocity and traction vector is evaluated, obeying the Mohr–Coulomb friction law with zero tension constrain. For failure of continuous rock material, the Drucker–Prager yield criterion with tensile cracking is employed in the elastic‐plastic constitutive model. Free‐sip, no‐slip, and symmetric boundary conditions are also implemented in SPH framework for proper representation of physical system. The paper analyzes behavior of a rock sample having a discontinuity plane under uniaxial loading and compares velocity and stress with a theoretical solution derived considering effective vertical stiffness of the joint planes. The efficacy of the proposed method is successfully demonstrated by solving another two problems of jointed rock mass under uniaxial and gravitational loading conditions.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
A Method to Estimate In Situ Block Size Distribution 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
This paper presents a new technique for estimating the in situ block size distribution in a jointed rock mass. The technique
is based on Monte Carlo simulations using more realistic fracture geometry as its input compared to other block size estimation
methods described in the literature. This geometry represents fractures as either polygons or triangulated surfaces and therefore
models persistence and truncation of fractures accurately. Persistence has been shown to be critically important for the accurate
prediction of block size and shape. We show that for rock masses with relatively small discontinuities, the results of our
predictions differ markedly from previous methods which over-predict fragmentation. 相似文献
20.
Influence of Stochastic Discontinuity Network Parameters on the Formation of Removable Blocks in Rock Slopes 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
Summary We study the effects of discontinuity network parameters on the formation of removable wedges in rock slopes. Discontinuities
are simulated using the Poisson disk model, and removable wedges are identified using block theory. The formation of removable
wedges of different sizes is assumed to follow a Poisson process. Poisson regression and Monte Carlo simulation are then used
to identify statistically relevant parameters of the model, and to study the effects that variations in their values have
on formation of removable blocks. The sensitivity of the results as a function of the mean orientations of the discontinuity
sets forming the blocks is also studied by means of a parametric study. The volumetric intensity of discontinuities in the
rock mass is found to have a significant impact on the computed estimates of removable block formation. As predicted by theory,
our results indicate that, everything else being equal, the expected rate of formation of removable wedges is proportional
to the square of the intensity measure. Estimates are also sensitive to changes in discontinuity size, especially in cases
in which discontinuities are smaller than one to two times the height of the slope. The interaction between the mean size
of discontinuities and the coefficient of variation of discontinuity sizes is found to be significant as well. Finally, results
of our sensitivity analysis suggest that the orientation of discontinuity sets significantly affects the rate of formation
of removable blocks in rock slopes.
Author’s address: Dr. Rafael Jimenez-Rodriguez, ETS Ing. de Caminos, Canales y Puertos. Universidad Politecnica de Madrid,
Spain 相似文献