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对地观测卫星遥感能够提供广泛可靠的空间信息,是洪水风险识别与动态模拟的重要支撑技术之一。为阐明卫星遥感技术对洪水研究的推动作用,回顾了洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究的发展历程及技术需求,以对地观测卫星遥感三大阶段的发展轨迹为主线,分析了遥感空间信息在洪水研究中的历史性贡献和阶段性效用,讨论总结了危险分区法、水文模型和微波遥感监测等3种洪水研究典型方法的应用进展。提出未来洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究的重点:遥感空间信息与模型算法的深度结合,遥感反演算法与系统的开发及应用,典型洪水研究方法集成系统的开发与应用,大数据方法与手段的应用。以期为提升洪水应急响应能力与灾害风险管理水平提供有效参考。 相似文献
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对地观测卫星遥感能够提供广泛可靠的空间信息，是洪水风险识别与动态模拟的重要支撑技术之一。为阐明卫星遥感技术对洪水研究的推动作用，回顾了洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究的发展历程及技术需求，以对地观测卫星遥感三大阶段的发展轨迹为主线，分析了遥感空间信息在洪水研究中的历史性贡献和阶段性效用，讨论总结了危险分区法、水文模型和微波遥感监测等3种洪水研究典型方法的应用进展。提出未来洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究的重点：遥感空间信息与模型算法的深度结合，遥感反演算法与系统的开发及应用，典型洪水研究方法集成系统的开发与应用，大数据方法与手段的应用。以期为提升洪水应急响应能力与灾害风险管理水平提供有效参考。 相似文献
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为了在黄河发生洪水时,使国家防汛指挥部门和黄河水利委员会能在百里千里之外观察到洪水的现场情况,迅速地了解洪水水位及其变化,及时掌握洪水的淹没范围和造成的损失,为防汛救灾指挥决策提供科学依据,在国家科委的统一组织和领导下,经多个单位的共同努力,综合应用遥感、通信和地理信息系统的技术方法,试验成功了实时监测黄河洪水险情与 相似文献
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极端洪水灾害具有频率低、影响范围大、损失高等特点,一般常遇洪水的灾害损失评估方法难以适用。分析了极端洪水灾害的自然属性与社会属性,认为极端洪水灾害损失具有时空分布的特性,因此借鉴空间信息格网技术,分别形成了极端洪水水文特性格网与社会经济特性格网,并将其叠加得到具有空间拓扑关系和属性信息的基于GIS的极端洪水损失空间信息格网模型,从而有效地反映了极端洪水灾害的时空特性。结合极端洪水损失率数据库,可评估极端洪水灾害损失。利用该方法评估了1998年特大洪水造成哈尔滨市江南主城区的直接经济损失,实证说明该方法可用于极端洪水灾害损失的评估。 相似文献
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3S(RS,GIS和GPS)集成技术为城市规划提供了有力工具,3S不仅可高精度快速、实时地采集各种地质信息,而且能够利用GIS强大的空间数据综合分析功能,将各种信息进行叠加、对比、综合与复合,从而为城市规划提供更丰富的图件等资料.这是以汶川、映秀震区重建为例,应用2008年、2009年和2010年该区的航空遥感影像图进... 相似文献
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无人机遥感图像及其三维可视化在汶川地震救灾中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在分析了无人机低空遥感影像几何变形原理,对无人机遥感数据进行图像拼接与几何校正,正射精校正等处理后与高精度DEM融合,制作出了研究区景观的三维遥感虚拟动态模型。通过分析三维可视化图像,结合地形资料,对汶川地震重灾区安县荼坪河流域由山体滑坡和崩塌等地貌变化造成的堰塞湖和相关灾害,进行了高分辨率、低空遥感的灾害信息获取和灾情评估。实践表明,在灾害应急和复杂地形条件下,使用无人机低空遥感及其三维可视化技术,进行实地数据采集和信息提取,能够对震后各种实时情景进行精确描述,为决策者提供了准确、详细、及时的第一手资料,从而最大限度地减少损失。 相似文献
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滑坡监测的指标体系与技术方法 总被引：17，自引：1，他引：16
滑坡监测目的:了解和掌握滑坡体的演变过程,及时捕捉崩滑灾害的特征信息,为崩塌滑坡的正确分析、评价、预测、预报及治理工程等提供可靠资料和科学依据。滑坡监测指标包括地质宏观形迹监测、地面位移监测、深部位移监测、诱发因素监测、水压力监测和滑坡地球物理、地球化学场监测等。滑坡监测技术方法通常有地面宏观形迹的简易观测、地面仪器监测、空间遥测和遥感监测、综合的实时监测预报系统等。论文还介绍了宝塔滑坡监测系统实例。 相似文献
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文章分析了近年突发性灾害遥感监测存在的主要问题,并根据突发性灾害遥感应急调查的实际需求,确立了湖南省突发性地质灾害遥感应急监测数据库的内容,包括遥感影像、基础地理、地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、土地覆被、人类工程活动、地质灾害8个方面。详细阐述了每种类型数据的来源、采集方法及数据组织方式等,首次建立了湖南省突发性地质灾害遥感应急监测数据库,为地质灾害应急调查提供了基础资料,初步形成了突发性灾害遥感应急调查体系。 相似文献
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Application of Remote Sensing in Flood Management with Special Reference to Monsoon Asia: A Review 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
The conventional means to record hydrological parameters of aflood often fail to record an extreme event. Remote sensingtechnology along with geographic information system (GIS)has become the key tool for flood monitoring in recent years.Development in this field has evolved from optical to radarremote sensing, which has provided all weather capabilitycompared to the optical sensors for the purpose of flood mapping.The central focus in this field revolves around delineation of floodzones and preparation of flood hazard maps for the vulnerable areas.In this exercise flood depth is considered crucial for flood hazardmapping and a digital elevation model (DEM) is considered to bethe most effective means to estimate flood depth from remotelysensed or hydrological data. In a flat terrain accuracy of floodestimation depends primarily on the resolution of the DEM. Riverflooding in the developing countries of monsoon Asia is very acutebecause of their heavy dependence on agriculture but any floodestimation or hazard mapping attempt in this region is handicappedby poor availability of high resolution DEMs. This paper presents areview of application of remote sensing and GIS in flood managementwith particular focus on the developing countries of Asia. 相似文献
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A. Zischg S. Schober N. Sereinig M. Rauter C. Seymann F. Goldschmidt R. Bäk E. Schleicher 《Natural Hazards》2013,67(3):1045-1058
The potential effects of climatic changes on natural risks are widely discussed. But the formulation of strategies for adapting risk management practice to climate changes requires knowledge of the related risks for people and economic values. The main goals of this work were (1) the development of a method for analysing and comparing risks induced by different natural hazard types, (2) highlighting the most relevant natural hazard processes and related damages, (3) the development of an information system for the monitoring of the temporal development of natural hazard risk and (4) the visualisation of the resulting information for the wider public. A comparative exposure analysis provides the basis for pointing out the hot spots of natural hazard risks in the province of Carinthia, Austria. An analysis of flood risks in all municipalities provides the basis for setting the priorities in the planning of flood protection measures. The methods form the basis for a monitoring system that periodically observes the temporal development of natural hazard risks. This makes it possible firstly to identify situations in which natural hazard risks are rising and secondly to differentiate between the most relevant factors responsible for the increasing risks. The factors that most influence the natural risks could be made evident and eventual climate signals could be pointed out. Only with this information can the discussion about potential increases in natural risks due to climate change be separated from other influencing factors and be made at an objective level. 相似文献
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贵州普定后寨河流域土壤侵蚀模型与应用研究 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
在典型岩溶区，由于喀斯特的强烈发育，自然条件差，加上人为因素的不良影响（毁林开荒、乱砍滥伐等），水土流失问题十分严重。随着遥感（Remote Sensing)技术的飞跃发展，计算机技术有普遍应用，特别是近年来地理信息系统（GIS）研究的迅速发展与应用，使土壤侵蚀研究从土壤侵蚀类型、分类、侵蚀地貌、侵蚀模数等定性、定量研究深入到潜在危害的研究阶段。本文是前人研究工作的基础上，以普定后寨河岩溶流域（普定岩溶野外试验场）为研究区，利用遥感（RS）和地理信息系统（GIS）技术建立起适合于岩溶流域使用的土壤侵蚀定量模型，并在PAMAP GIS的支持下，探讨了利用遥感信息、GIS自动提取土壤侵蚀因子，最后得到流域实际的土壤侵蚀图、潜在的土壤侵蚀图等一系列图件，为岩溶流域的综合治理提供有效的理论研究依据。 相似文献
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地质灾害的监测及监测系统 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
概要介绍地质灾害的监测与监测系统的总体构思。即:地质灾害监测系统应具有数字化、自动化和网络功能;将灾害发生前的特征信息通过传感器转化为数字化信息、数字化传输、数据库存储并提供使用。文中还介绍了位移传感器的实验研究和在长江三峡链子崖危岩体监测中的应用情况。 相似文献
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基于洪水灾害风险管理的背景分析,提出用广义分布函数及其广义熵理论统一描述、物理解析洪水灾害风险管理系统的各种不确定性信息。基于洪水灾害风险形成机制和风险管理理论与水利科学、信息科学、智能科学综合集成途径,提出由洪水灾害孕灾环境和致灾因子危险性广义熵智能分析、承灾体易损性广义熵智能分析、承灾体灾情广义熵智能分析和风险决策广义熵智能分析组成的洪水灾害风险管理广义熵智能分析的初步理论框架及其主要研究内容,在其它灾害风险管理中具有一定的参考应用价值。 相似文献
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金属矿山地质灾害信息管理系统的开发 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
文章总结了目前我国金属矿山普遍采用人工记录、档案管理的灾害信息管理模式中存在的问题。在对我国金属矿山地质灾害全面调查和分类基础上,构建金属矿山地质灾害数据库,并建立灾害信息管理局域网,开发了金属矿山地质灾害信息管理系统(Geological Hazard Information Managment System for Metal Mine,GHIMSMM)。该系统实现了对灾害发生时间、地点、灾情、灾害诱因、经济损失、灾害分类等查询功能,并可根据该系统分析各类灾害的发展趋势。系统集成了MAPGIS地理信息系统平台部分功能,成功地将GIS技术应用到金属矿山地质灾害防治、监测工作中。 相似文献
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Historical responses to flood hazards have stimulated development in hazardous areas. Scholars recommend an alternative approach to reducing flood losses that combines flood hazard mapping with land use planning to identify and direct development away from flood-prone areas. Creating flood hazard maps to inform municipal land use planning is an expensive and complex process that can require resources not always available at the municipal government level. Senior levels of government in some countries have addressed deficiencies in municipal capacity by assuming an active role in producing municipal flood hazard maps. In other countries, however, senior governments do not contribute to municipal flood hazard mapping. Despite a large body of research on the importance of municipal land use planning for addressing flood hazards, little is known about the extent of flood hazard information that is available to municipalities that do not receive outside assistance from senior governments for flood hazard mapping. We assess the status of flood hazard maps in British Columbia, where municipalities do not receive outside assistance in creating the maps. Our analysis shows that these maps are generally outdated and/or lacking a variety of features that are critical for supporting effective land use planning. We recommend that senior levels of government play an active role in providing municipalities with (1) detailed and current information regarding flood hazards in their jurisdiction and (2) compelling incentives to utilize this information. 相似文献
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Thanks to modelling advances and the increase in computational resources in recent years, it is now feasible to perform 2-D urban flood simulations at very high spatial resolutions and to conduct flood risk assessments at the scale of single buildings. In this study, we explore the sensitivity of flood loss estimates obtained in such micro-scale analyses to the spatial representation of the buildings in the 2D flood inundation model and to the hazard attribution methods in the flood loss model. The results show that building representation has a limited effect on the exposure values (i.e. the number of elements at risk), but can have a significant impact on the hazard values attributed to the buildings. On the other hand, the two methods for hazard attribution tested in this work result in remarkably different flood loss estimates. The sensitivity of the predicted flood losses to the attribution method is comparable to the one associated with the vulnerability curve. The findings highlight the need for incorporating these sources of uncertainty into micro-scale flood risk prediction methodologies. 相似文献
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Floods in Malaysia have been increasing in frequency and magnitude as reflected in the Kelantan Flood event in 2014 that resulted in a huge loss of lives and properties. Whereas remote sensing (RS) and geographical information system (GIS) tools have been extensively applied in flood disaster management, there are few reports and studies on the impact of floods on the land use/land cover environment in a post-disaster assessment. In this study, an integrated modelling approach was developed that used Landsat 8 OLI TIRS (Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor) data, flood indexing and classification processes to estimate the impact of flood on the environment. The Normalized Difference Flood Index-3 (NDFI3) is an improvement on NDFI2 that takes into account the effects of cloud shadow in the images when extracting flood index areas. The flood model developed showed good agreement when compared with flooded areas shown in SAR (synthetic-aperture radar) image. The results of the flood extent as a proxy for damage estimation showed that the total flooded area was 502.34 km2 for the Kelantan Flood event in 2014, with plantation and built-up area accounting for 43 and 34.6% respectively. The least affected land uses/land covers were deforested area and forest, which accounted for 12.2 and 10.2% respectively. The RS and GIS technique developed in this post-disaster damage assessment is effective, relatively inexpensive and simple to implement by local authorities in support of post-flood disaster planning and decision-making. 相似文献