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为支撑《全国海洋捕捞准用渔具目录》的实施与管理,本文利用套网法在黄海区海州湾海域开展了黄海双船变水层疏目拖网网囊选择性研究。在分析渔获的基础上,运用相对重要性指数(IRI)、Logistic模型等分析方法,获得了双船变水层疏目拖网渔获物种类组成、优势种和主要渔获物竹荚鱼(Trachurus japonicus)、小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)和带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)的选择性曲线。研究显示,随着网囊网目尺寸的增加,渔获物质量和逃逸率均逐渐增加;竹荚鱼、小黄鱼和带鱼的50%选择体长(L_(0.5))逐渐增大,且L_(0.5)与网囊网目尺寸呈线性关系;双船变水层疏目拖网网囊最小网目尺寸按照底拖网54 mm网目尺寸标准执行偏小。根据试验结果,结合小黄鱼、竹荚鱼和带鱼最小可捕规格,变水层疏目拖网网囊最佳网目尺寸分别为65.78、78.82和67.36 mm。在目前渔业资源状况下,为保护小黄鱼等中小型经济鱼类,建议将双船变水层疏目拖网网囊最小网目尺寸(网目内径)设定为66 mm。研究结果可为我国近海捕捞渔具管理以及渔业资源的可持续发展提供理论支撑。 相似文献
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《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2016,(8)
本文根据2014年秋季青岛斋堂岛海域双桩竖杆张网的网囊网目选择性试验数据,运用PRIMER软件中的相似性分析、非参数多维标度分析和相似性百分比分析模块分析了张网渔具种类选择性。试验采用平行作业法,以传统网具(2a=16mm的菱形目网囊)作为对照网,设计了网目尺寸(2a)为30和35mm的菱形目网囊(以30D和35D表示)和网目尺寸(2a)为20、30和35mm的方形目网囊(以20S、30S和35S表示),进行选择性实验。研究显示:(1)35D、30S和35S渔获组成与对照网存在显著性差异,其余各网之间差异不显著。(2)改良后的试验网具能有效释放舒氏海龙;除20S组外,其余各试验网对方氏云鳚亦有较好的释放效果。(3)方形目网囊较相同尺寸的菱形目网囊具有更好的种类选择性;对相同网目形状的试验网囊进行比较,种类选择性随网目尺寸的增大而增大。(4)综合分析不同网具的渔获物组成和规格,在斋堂岛海域秋季小黄鱼、带鱼渔汛期,推荐使用30mm方形目网囊;方氏云鳚渔汛期,推荐使用20mm方形目网囊进行捕捞作业。研究结果表明,运用多元统计软件PRIMER进行张网渔具种类选择性分析虽然存在待完善之处,但该方法为本领域研究提供了有益参考。 相似文献
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在世界虾渔业中,捕捞效率最高的是虾拖网。因此国外不断改进虾拖网渔具渔法或设计新型虾拖网。在我国南海,现有的虾渔具为拖网、流刺网、张网、敷网等,也以拖网渔获量占居优势。长期以来,鱼虾混获成为世界虾拖网渔业者迫切希望解决的一个重大问题。在我国南海虾拖网渔业中,鱼虾混获问题也十分突出。 (1)南海现用的虾拖网主要是扒罟网,这些网的网目尺寸比鱼拖网小得多,尤其是 相似文献
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黄渤海区捕捞结构的研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
根据2010年对黄渤海沿海32个主要渔港、渔村和5家网具生产厂家的实地调查和现场测量资料,结合2009年度三省一市(河北、辽宁、山东、天津)的渔具渔法调查报告以及1983~2009年中国渔业年鉴中记载的捕捞产量分类统计资料,对黄渤海区捕捞结构进行了研究.研究结果表明,黄渤海区主要捕捞品种有30种之多,其中年渔获量超过万吨的有14种鱼类、5种甲壳类、4种头足类、2种海蜇和6种贝类.渔业资源品种的多样性决定了黄渤海区捕捞结构的多样化和多层次的特点,现有9大类19型23式130种网型或作业方式,同时受渔业资源变动的影响,捕捞网具也在变化,不断有旧的渔具消失和新的网具出现.其中,拖网是主要作业方式,贡献率为38.47%~51.79%,且近几年还有上升的趋势;其次为刺网,贡献率从1983年最低时的7.66%逐步上升到目前的30.14%;第三为张网,贡献率从1985年最高时的34.31%下降到目前的10.49%;围网和钓具的贡献率一直较低,均不足4%,其他渔具的贡献率为5.98%~13.30%.目前黄渤海区渔业结构的调整方向应当是减少拖网作业,控制刺网总量,限制张网、陷阱类渔具和地笼,鼓励发展钓渔业 相似文献
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我国渔业历史悠久。据考证:早在6000多年前,内地就出现了原始的钓具和网具;约在4000年前的夏代,便有人开始在沿海捕鱼。到了2000多年前的春秋战国时代,沿海诸国曾以渔业作为富强的重要手段之一,其中以地处山东半岛的齐国较为著名。唐代的《渔具诗序》和宋代的《渔樵答问》,是罕见的记述渔具、渔法的专著。明、清两代,记述渔具、渔法的史料较多。以上这些都表明了我国渔业捕捞技术和渔业管理,在世界渔业史上是居于前列的。 相似文献
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在国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的背景下,渔业发展更应注重捕捞、养殖、加工制造及销售等环节的规范化、制度化、程序化,进而加速渔业治理体系和治理能力进程。但是渔业治理体系趋于现代化的进程中存在水产养殖业、捕捞业忽视可持续发展等问题,在渔业执法过程中也存在程序瑕疵。文章针对上述问题,提出水产养殖应当合理运用生态养殖技术,相关部门严厉规制捕捞行为以促进渔业可持续发展。建立完备的渔业监管体系以促使渔业执法过程更加科学化、合理化,维护渔民合法权益,有利于我国渔业长期稳定发展。 相似文献
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为了评价和改善坛子网的作业性能,本文在网囊前端安装由方形网目网片(网目尺寸分别为35、40、45和50mm)和刚性框架(长80cm,宽60cm)所组成的方形网目逃逸窗装置来释放幼鱼,并利用套网法在海州湾海域开展海上试验。在分析渔获的基础上,运用相对重要性指数、logistic模型等分析方法,获得了坛子网渔获物种类组成、优势种和主要经济渔获物小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)和鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)的选择性曲线。研究显示,随着逃逸窗网目尺寸增大,小黄鱼、鹰爪虾的50%选择体长(L50)逐渐增大,且L50的值与逃逸窗网目尺寸呈线性关系;逃逸窗网目尺寸为35、40、45和50mm时,小黄鱼的L50分别为9.27、12.54、13.46和15.94cm,鹰爪虾的L50分别为5.31、6.35、7.73和8.66cm。根据试验结果,结合小黄鱼的最小可捕体长及鹰爪虾第一次性成熟体长,推算小黄鱼和鹰爪虾坛子网方形网目逃逸窗网目尺寸分别为47.7和36.3mm。研究结果可为我国海州湾海区渔具管理以及渔业资源的可持续发展与管理提供技术依据。 相似文献
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过洋性渔业是我国远洋渔业的重要组成部分，伊朗阿曼湾渔场是我国新开发的过洋性渔场，单船底拖网是主要的作业方式。文章从过洋性渔业生产的推力、阻力以及过洋性拖网渔具存在的问题出发，分析目前单船底拖网油耗偏高的问题，并针对阿曼湾渔场的特点，在网型、网衣尺寸、网板以及拖网的自动化和智能化等方面进行改进与探讨。同时提出4点建议:提高网口高度，增加侧身力纲；增大网目尺寸和网口周长，确定合理的身周比；采用柔性网板；采用瞄准捕捞技术以及网囊实时监测、自动脱落和提网技术。拖网性能的提高对我国远洋渔业的发展至关重要，对实现海洋强国目标具有重要的战略意义。 相似文献
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《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):851-862
Harders were fished commercially in the Western Cape even prior to the settlement of Dutch colonialists in 1652. The principal means of exploitation has remained the beach seine, but gill (drift and set) nets and purse-seines have also been used. Yields have increased from about 37 000 fish in 1652 to mostly between 5,5 and 9,1 million fish in recent years. Population biology and ecology of the resource are largely unknown, but the existing information about stock identity and structure, distribution, feeding, growth, reproduction and seasonal availability is synthesized. Provisional data are presented on mesh selectivity of gill nets for harders. Management of the resource has been aimed at protecting juveniles, monitoring catches, limiting and phasing out of large-scale purse-seine fishing, limitation of excessive participation in the fishery, enforcement of human presence during fishing operations, and encouragement to diversify fishing effort. Despite the limited scientific knowledge of the resource, appropriate management action and such fortunate resource characteristics as seasonal fluctuation in availability, natural distribution over much of the coastline and a failure of the species to shoal along with other commercially exploited pelagic species have resulted in harvests remaining within the production capacity of the stock and in prevention of growth overfishing. 相似文献
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Matt K. Broadhurst Russell B. Millar Damian J. Young Michael E. L. Wooden Stuart Rowland 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(5):755-766
Three manipulative experiments were done to estimate the selectivity of conventional and new sizes and configurations of mesh for school prawns, Metapenaeus macleayi, in three south‐eastern Australian recreational fishing gears (haul, push, and scoop nets). The treatment meshes examined were: (1) conventional‐sized, diamond‐shaped mesh used in all gears (20 mm in scoop nets and 30 mm in push and haul nets); (2) 30 mm in scoop nets; and (3) 40‐mm diamond‐ and (4) 23‐mm square‐shaped mesh in all gears. In all experiments, known quantities of school prawns (6–24 mm carapace length (CL)) were placed in purpose‐built enclosures, monitored to ensure no experimental‐induced stress (as measured by changes in L‐lactate in their haemolymph) and the replicate treatments of the various gear configurations deployed. Escapees from the various treatment nets were collected from the enclosures using fine‐meshed nets. Logistic selection curves were derived for all treatment nets and specific comparisons made within and among gears. All nets had 50% retention lengths (L50) comparable to other penaeid‐catching gears with similar mesh sizes, but most had selection ranges (SRs) that were atypically inflated. The large SRs were attributed to a combination of factors that included the mesh geometry and towing speed of the gears and the behaviour of school prawns. The 20‐mm scoop net had the smallest selection parameters, retaining >99% of individuals larger than 13 mm CL. Mesh size in this gear would need to be increased to at least 30 mm to allow some maturing prawns (>18 mm CL) to escape. 相似文献
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Information coming from fishery monitoring, surveys and experimental fishing with participation of fishers was employed to determine the impact of an artisanal gear, ‘boliche’, on the biodiversity of the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta (CGSM), an estuarine lagoon on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Fishery monitoring (catch data) included landings before (1968 and 1978) and after (1994–1996) the introduction of the boliche in the CGSM (1985), whereas surveys were conducted seasonally during 1993–1994. Fishing experiments involved evaluating different mesh sizes and the short-term effect of physical disturbance by the boliche. Monitoring suggested potential trophic effects of this fishing gear: the catch of large, long-lived, carnivorous species declined after the introduction of the boliche in the CGSM, whereas catch rates of smaller, shorter-lived, and lower trophic level species increased. Surveys revealed that the boliche retained 41 species. The by-catch made up 62% of the total catch and the remaining 38% involved the three target species Eugerres plumieri, Mugil incilis and Cathorops spixii. Selectivity experiments showed that 2.5 in. stretched mesh size gill nets caught more species than the 3.0-in. mesh. The smaller mesh also increased the risk of a critical reduction in the spawning stock of target species (notably E. plumieri); a situation that could affect the fish community if mesh sizes lower than 2.5 in. were intensively used. Suspended particulate matter significantly increased after fishing activity, with higher resuspension on mud-shells and mud substrata, whereas dissolved oxygen showed no appreciable changes after fishing operations. Notwithstanding, the activity of the boliche would generate sediment resuspension between 382 and 470 t day−1, which could lead to potential cascade impacts on water quality. We propose a framework of redundancy in management measures in order to simultaneously reach management and conservation goals. 相似文献
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E.V. Radhakrishnan V.D. Deshmukh Mary K. Manisseri M. Rajamani Joe K. Kizhakudan R. Thangaraja 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(3):723-732
Commercial exploitation of lobsters from the Indian seas began in the 1950s. Annual landings have been declining from a peak of 4075 t in 1985 to 1364 t in 2002. Major fisheries were located on the north‐west, south‐west, and south‐east coasts. Among the 12 species recorded, only four species of spiny lobsters (three littoral and one deep sea) and one species of slipper lobster are commercially important. At Kayalpattinam and Tharuvaikulam, on the south‐east coast, lobster landings sharply declined for the gill‐net fishery. Of the two species that contributed to the fishery, Panulirus ornatus and Panulirus homarus, the latter has been more affected owing to high vulnerability to fishing activities. Catch composition analysis of the trammel‐net fishery showed that 35% of the landings consisted of P. homarus in the size range of 23–50 mm carapace length. On the north‐west coast, the spiny lobster Panulirus polyphagus and the slipper lobster Thenus orientalis are incidentally caught in trawl nets. However, the fishery for T. orientalis in the waters off Mumbai lasted only up to 1994. Large‐scale exploitation of spawning females, which formed 60% of the total catch, might have been detrimental to the recruitment process resulting in rapid decline and total collapse of the fishery. Abundance of P. polyphagus reached its maximum during September, constituting 23% of the average annual landing during 1988–2002. A high exploitation ratio (>0.7) indicated over‐fishing of the stock. Repeated spawning and high annual egg production are probably responsible for sustaining the stock, despite over‐exploitation. Major problems confronting the resource management of the multi‐gear and multi‐species lobster fisheries in India are discussed. An operational project, involving fisher community, has been taken up for creating awareness of the need for sustainable exploitation of the resource. Regulatory measures, such as closure of the fishery during the peak of the breeding season, ban on trammel‐net, mandatory release of egg‐bearing lobsters, and establishment of lobster sanctuaries are suggested to the State Governments for implementation. 相似文献
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《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(1):365-369
Alterations to the operational fishing gear used in the South African west coast rock lobster Jasus lalandii fishery and their resultant impacts are investigated. The most important developments have been: (i) a change during the 1960s from hand-hauled hoopnets to winch-hauled traps, with a concomitant modification of vessels; (ii) the introduction of deck-grid sorters in 1975; (iii) an increase during 1984 of minimum mesh aperture from 62 to 100 mm (stretched), with a concomitant decrease in the length of the trap codend; (iv) a decrease in the minimum legal size during the early 1990s; and (v) the introduction of bottom-grid traps in 1994. Most of these alterations have been driven by a trade off between the need for greater operational efficiency and concerns surrounding the issue of how best to deal with the problem of catching and releasing specimens smaller than the minimum legal size. 相似文献