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1.
An exact formulation for borehole coupling, which is valid for all frequencies and all azimuthally symmetric and non-symmetric components, is presented. The borehole effects on downhole seismic measurements are studied in detail as functions of frequency, angle of incidence and polarization of an incident wave as well as geophone orientation. We found that correction for the borehole effect on downhole measurements should be made for frequencies above 500 Hz in a hard formation. In a soft formation, if the angle of incidence is well away from the resonance angle for SV incidence, no borehole correction is needed for frequencies below 300 Hz, while for frequencies above 300 Hz, the borehole can cause severe problems in downhole measurements. The borehole can also significantly alter the particle motion direction which implies that horizontal component rotation from data itself is unreliable for experiments with frequencies above 1 kHz in the hard formation and around 500 Hz in the soft formation. 相似文献
2.
Factors (coefficients) of geometrical spreading of compressional and shear head waves are calculated for an impulse multipole
source of elastic oscillations in boreholes. It is shown that the length of the logging tool (i.e., the distance between the
source and the nearest receiver) used for sonic measurements and the velocities of elastic waves in the medium both contribute
to the factor of geometrical spreading. For a high-velocity formation (the shear wave velocity in the rock is higher than
the compressional wave velocity in the fluid that fills the borehole) and a sufficiently long sonic tool with a monopole source,
the coefficient of geometrical spreading is approximated by asymptotic formula 1/Z [Roever et al., 1974; Krauklis and Krauklis, 1976], where Z is the length of the tool; i.e., the amplitude of the compressional head wave decreases proportionally to the distance between
the source and the receiver. In acoustically soft formations, this approximation is inapplicable even for long tools with
length Z > 4 m. Waveforms in cased boreholes have a significant frequency dispersion even in case of good-quality cementing, and the
factor of geometrical spreading there depends considerably on the length of the tool and the elastic properties of the rocks. 相似文献
3.
偶极横波远探测技术作为近年来发展起来的一门地球物理测井技术,一个重要应用前景就是在裸眼井和套管井测井时寻找井外地层中的油气构造.本文从井中偶极声场积分表达式的远场渐近解出发,对裸眼井及套管井中偶极声源的辐射场进行了对比分析,首次得到了偶极声源在不同声源频率和不同地层类型下的辐射特征.并深入研究了套管井中偶极声源的SH横波远场辐射特性,给出了不同耦合情况下的SH横波远场辐射特性的变化规律,对比了套前套后SH横波远场辐射的异同.结果表明：井中偶极声源的远场辐射特性受声源频率和地层类型影响较大;在套管井中,偶极声源辐射到地层中的横波能量也可以进行远探测,尽管与裸眼井情况相比,辐射能量会有所降低.本文的结果为偶极横波远探测技术的应用提供了理论支持. 相似文献
4.
In the present work, the waveforms of reflected wave sonic log for open and cased boreholes are calculated. Calculations are performed for a borehole containing an acoustic multipole source (monopole, dipole, or quadrupole). A reflected wave is more efficiently excited at resonant frequencies. These frequencies for all source types are close to the frequencies of oscillations of a fluid column located in an absolutely rigid hollow cylinder. It is shown that the acoustic reverberation is controlled by the acoustic impedance of the rock Z = Vp ρs for fixed parameters of the borehole fluid, where Vp is the compressional wave velocity in the rock, and ρs is the rock density. This result is correct for all types of acoustic sources (monopole, dipole, or quadrupole). Methods of the waveform processing for determining parameters characterizing the reflected wave are discussed. 相似文献
5.
利用在大形变基础上叠加小扰动的非线性波动理论——声弹性理论，数值考察了井外均匀各向同性固体介质同时受井孔静压力和井外单轴水平压力作用时，Stoneley波和两种偏振的偶极弯曲波的相速度频散曲线，并研究了计算中用到的灵敏系数随频率的变化. 数值结果表明，模式波相速度频散曲线的变化主要受灵敏系数中对应的3个三阶弹性常数的项控制；由井孔周围应力集中引起的沿单轴压力方向和垂直于该方向偏振的弯曲波发生分裂，同时随频率的增大，两条频散曲线产生交叉；井孔静压力的作用使两条频散曲线交叉点的位置发生变化，交叉点相速度值随井孔压力的增加而增大，但对应的频率值不变. 相似文献
6.
本文发展了建立在地层参考状态为各向同性介质假定下的现行井孔声弹性理论,就井外为横向各向同性面与井轴垂直的、具有9个独立三阶弹性模量的横向各向同性介质(VTI井况),水平面内受双轴应力作用下给出了一个简洁的与井内压力、应力差、应力和以及多极源偏振方位角有关的井孔弯曲波声弹公式,并且导出了平面纵、横波速度的声弹公式.数值考察了弯曲波速度之改变量的灵敏系数随频率的变化、受井外水平双轴应力作用时两种偏振的偶极弯曲波频散曲线以及对应不同方位径向偏振的横波速度.研究结果表明弯曲波声弹公式与5个二阶弹性系数以及7个独立的三阶弹性模量有关;而且由内压引起的井孔弯曲波声弹性公式中的三阶弹性模量仅与6个独立的弹性模量有关.横向各向同性介质井孔弯曲波速度的交叉现象仍是判断地应力存在的标志;一个重要的认识是受双轴应力作用的弯曲波速度变化在低频区主要与c144和c155两个三阶弹性模量有关,而且此认识与径向偏振的平面横波一致.在缺乏足够实验条件情况下,对VTI情况,以c144,c155和c123三个独立的量进行测量,然后可暂不考虑三阶弹性模量的各向异性,建立简化的应力反演公式.反之,如果已知地层的地应力信息,由简化的声弹公式可以反演三阶弹性模量c144,c155和c123. 相似文献
7.
数值计算了四极子声源在含钻铤竖直向横向各向同性(VTI)地层井孔中产生的各种模式波的频散曲线、激发幅度以及对各地层、钻铤参数的灵敏度,合成了四极子阵列波形,研究了快、慢速地层井孔中地层各向异性的存在对四极子波场的影响.数值计算结果表明,地层各向异性对钻铤波的影响很小,对于地层波的影响较大,且影响因素非常复杂.仅在一些特殊的频率点处,地层模式波的控制因素相对较为简单,如螺旋波的截止频率处.在慢速地层井孔中,最低阶的地层四极子波对距离井壁约2个井孔半径内的地层有明显的响应,可以对该范围内的地层横波进行层析成像.在快速地层井孔条件下,可以考虑采用与横波到时相同的波包来评价地层横波信息.该波包包含了井孔折射横波、F1和F2模式与井孔折射横波速度相接近的部分;利用该波包获得的地层横波速度基本不受地层各向异性的影响.在慢速地层情况下,螺旋波受地层各向异性的影响较大,建议在实际数据处理时,考虑采用基于数据的处理方法进行频散校正. 相似文献
8.
9.
对套管井偶极弯曲模式波的频散特性进行了系统的数值考察、实例对比和分析.发现套管井弯曲波频散曲线随地层横波速度的降低,特别是地层横波速度小于2000 m·s-1以下,会迅速移向高频区,偶极弯曲波基础模式主频散区（或截止频率）可出现在13 kHz以上,以致超出了现行低频偶极子声波测井仪的激发与接收频带,这是一过去没有被研究者注意到的现象,并进一步被现场实例所证实.研究表明控制套管井弯曲波频散曲线主频散区位置的主要是钢套管的厚度和地层横波速度.对地层横波速度大于井孔流体声速的快速地层,在钢套管壁厚一定（8 mm）的情况下,频散曲线主频散区可移至11 kHz以上,可能出现的最大可能频域位置是同一井孔内径,井外全钢时的频散曲线上等于、小于地层横波速度那一段,这对各种地层和套管参数都是适用的.对地层横波速度小于等于井孔流体声速（1500 m·s-1）的慢速地层,弯曲波频散曲线随地层横波速度的降低移向高频区的特点更为明显,可能移至16 kHz以上;而套管厚度的影响,也比快速地层大的多,对地层横波速度小于1380 m·s-1的慢速地层,无论用多高的频率激发,都不能在现行使用的各类套管井（壁厚6~12 mm）中用偶极声波测井仪测到弯曲模式波. 相似文献
10.
非常规油气藏（如致密性地层及蕴藏油气的页岩地层）的重要特征是低孔、低渗,但裂隙或裂缝比较发育.为满足非常规勘探的需求,本文将孔、裂隙介质弹性波传播理论应用于多极子声波测井的井孔声场模拟,重点研究了致密介质中裂隙发育时多极子声波的传播机理以及衰减特征.井孔声场的数值计算结果表明裂隙的存在明显改变了弹性波和井孔模式波的频散、衰减和激发强度,尤其是井壁临界折射纵波的激发谱的峰值随着频率的增加逐渐降低,这与应用经典的Biot理论下的计算结果相反,且裂隙的存在也使得饱含水和饱含气时临界折射纵波激发强度的差异变大.井孔模式波的衰减与地层横波衰减和井壁流体交换有关,井壁开孔边界下致密地层裂隙发育还使得井孔斯通利波和艾里相附近的弯曲波对孔隙流体的敏感性增强,在井壁闭孔边界条件下引起井孔模式波衰减的主要因素是裂隙引起的地层横波衰减造成的,且在截止频率附近弯曲波的衰减与地层的横波衰减一致.数值计算结果为解释非常规油气地层的声学响应特征提供了参考. 相似文献
11.
When a porous layer is permeated by mesoscale fractures, wave-induced fluid flow between pores and fractures can cause significant attenuation and dispersion of velocities and anisotropy parameters in the seismic frequency band. This intrinsic dispersion due to fracturing can create frequency-dependent reflection coefficients in the layered medium. In this study, we derive the frequency-dependent PP and PS reflection coefficients versus incidence angle in the fractured medium. We consider a two-layer vertical transverse isotropy model constituted by an elastic shale layer and an anelastic sand layer. Using Chapman's theory, we introduce the intrinsic dispersion due to fracturing in the sand layer. Based on the series coefficients that control the behaviour of velocity and anisotropy parameters in the fractured medium at low frequencies, we extend the conventional amplitude-versus-offset equations into frequency domain and derive frequency-dependent amplitude-versus-offset equations at the elastic–anelastic surface. Increase in fracture length or fracture density can enlarge the frequency dependence of amplitude-versus-offset attributes of PP and PS waves. Also, the frequency dependence of magnitude and phase angle of PP and PS reflection coefficients increases as fracture length or fracture density increases. Amplitude-versus-offset type of PP and PS reflection varies with fracture parameters and frequency. What is more, fracture length shows little impact on the frequency-dependent critical phase angle, while the frequency dependence of the critical phase angle increases with fracture density. 相似文献
12.
Average elastic properties of a fluid‐saturated fractured rock are discussed in association with the extremely slow and dispersive Krauklis wave propagation within individual fractures. The presence of the Krauklis wave increases P‐wave velocity dispersion and attenuation with decreasing frequency. Different laws (exponential, power, fractal, and gamma laws) of distribution of the fracture length within the rock show more velocity dispersion and attenuation of the P‐wave for greater fracture density, particularly at low seismic frequencies. The results exhibit a remarkable difference in the P‐wave reflection coefficient for frequency and angular dependency from the fractured layer in comparison with the homogeneous layer. The biggest variation in behaviour of the reflection coefficient versus incident angle is observed at low seismic frequencies. The proposed approach and results of calculations allow an interpretation of abnormal velocity dispersion, high attenuation, and special behaviour of reflection coefficients versus frequency and angle of incidence as the indicators of fractures. 相似文献
13.
Philip T. Harte 《Ground water》2013,51(6):822-827
Groundwater sampling from open boreholes in fractured‐rock aquifers is particularly challenging because of mixing and dilution of fluid within the borehole from multiple fractures. This note presents an alternative to traditional sampling in open boreholes with packer assemblies. The alternative system called ZONFLO (zonal flow) is based on hydraulic control of borehole flow conditions. Fluid from discrete fractures zones are hydraulically isolated allowing for the collection of representative samples. In rough‐faced open boreholes and formations with less competent rock, hydraulic containment may offer an attractive alternative to physical containment with packers. Preliminary test results indicate a discrete zone can be effectively hydraulically isolated from other zones within a borehole for the purpose of groundwater sampling using this new method. 相似文献
14.
Tracer tests represent the most appropriate approach for assessing hydrodispersive parameters such as transversal and longitudinal dispersivities or kinematic porosity on an aquifer scale. They are generally carried out by injecting a tracer in a borehole and measuring its concentration over time in neighboring boreholes by extracted volume sampling or downhole measurements. Logging is one of the most suitable methods for evaluating fissured reservoirs. But short circuits between fractures with different hydraulic potential through boreholes induce mixing phenomena that cannot be avoided without packers. This mixing can shift the breakthrough curves deduced from the logs for each producing fracture and distort determination of their location.
The method proposed in this paper aims at measuring the flow rate and the solute breakthrough for hydraulically active fractures, in open boreholes. It involves estimating a velocity profile along the borehole column by the analysis of two successive logs: a shift function according to depth is thus determined by comparison between log portions on each successive one. The velocity gradients reflect the inward or outward flow rates produced by each fracture. On the basis of these flow rates, it is possible to determine the mixing effects inside the borehole and then to plot unbiased breakthrough curves for each producing fracture.
This method was applied at a granitic site in the eastern Pyrenees. In spite of some questionable limitations, the results showed that the method seems adapted to situations with many fractures. The precise hydraulic pattern which is obtained at the borehole scale is discussed in terms of a dual porosity model. Furthermore, interpretation of the breakthrough curves for fractures corrected for mixing effects revealed that Peclet numbers are strongly underestimated if this phenomenon is not considered. 相似文献
The method proposed in this paper aims at measuring the flow rate and the solute breakthrough for hydraulically active fractures, in open boreholes. It involves estimating a velocity profile along the borehole column by the analysis of two successive logs: a shift function according to depth is thus determined by comparison between log portions on each successive one. The velocity gradients reflect the inward or outward flow rates produced by each fracture. On the basis of these flow rates, it is possible to determine the mixing effects inside the borehole and then to plot unbiased breakthrough curves for each producing fracture.
This method was applied at a granitic site in the eastern Pyrenees. In spite of some questionable limitations, the results showed that the method seems adapted to situations with many fractures. The precise hydraulic pattern which is obtained at the borehole scale is discussed in terms of a dual porosity model. Furthermore, interpretation of the breakthrough curves for fractures corrected for mixing effects revealed that Peclet numbers are strongly underestimated if this phenomenon is not considered. 相似文献
15.
V. Yu. Timofeev D. G. Ardyukov E. V. Boiko A. V. Timofeev A. V. Yaroshevich P. Yu. Gornov 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2012,48(7-8):640-652
Variations in the water level in boreholes emerge in response to tidal, baric, and tectonic forcing. We analyze the data on atmospheric pressure and water level recorded in the boreholes located in the mid-latitude Eurasia (45°?C55°N) from Western Europe (Belgium, Uccle), Siberia (coastal area of Lake Baikal, Talaya River) to Far Eastern Russia (the Bychikha borehole near Khabarovsk and the boreholes on the Kamchatka Peninsula and Kurils). The response of the water level in a borehole to periodic tidal and baric impacts is investigated. In this case, water level variations reflect areal (lateral) and vertical deformations, which allows estimating the elastic moduli and porosity of the confined aquifer in a static model. Measurements in the boreholes drilled in the fractured solid rock enable determining the geometric parameters of the fractures. The possibility to apply the method for evaluating tectonic deformations is discussed. Application of tidal coefficients of boreholes for determining the coseismic deformation is demonstrated by the example of the Kultuk earthquake (Lake Baikal, August 27, 2008, M = 6.3). 相似文献
16.
Yuliy A. Dashevsky Semen Petrov Alexandr N. Vasilevskiy Oleg B. Bocharov Gleb V. Dyatlov 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2017,61(1):69-92
Reliable estimates of the fluid pressure in the pore space of rocks are critical for different aspects of petroleum exploration and production including injection operations and scenarios of water flooding. Numerous approaches are available for formation pore pressure evaluation, however, these measurements become a challenge inside a cased borehole, and a list of possible options is short: either the casing is to be perforated, or the production tubing needs to be disconnected to perform the pressure tests. We present a method for through-casing evaluation of formation pore pressure without shutting down production. We suggest equipping an observation well with a borehole gravimeter and acquiring time variations of the vertical component of the gravity field. Changes in gravity occur during gas production and are related to time variations of formation pore pressure. Gravity changes obtained in the observation well are supposed to be inverted for time-dependent formation pore pressure variations beyond the casing. Our results and recommendations are based on numerical modeling of pore pressure spatial distribution during gas field exploitation and relevant changes in borehole gravity. Benchmark models were elaborated in order to consider a dynamic process of pressure changes in time and space under conditions similar to those in the Medvezhye gas field (Russia). Different modeling scenarios are considered for early and late stages of gas field exploitation. The sensitivity analysis was performed to estimate quantitatively a sensitivity of borehole temporal gravity changes to variations in formation pore pressure behind the casing. Based on resolution analysis we justify the possibility to extract the gravity measurements directly related to changes in pore pressure from the total changes in the gravity field due to reservoir exploitation. The impact of pore pressure on the gravity field measured in boreholes during the water flooding is also evaluated, and obtained results are discussed. 相似文献
17.
本文从数值上研究了裸眼井中弹性波传播的非对称模式,给出了合成微地震图和导波（弯曲波）的频散曲线,发现在“硬”地层和“软”地层的井中,导波都是高度频散的,其最大相速度等于地层的横波速度,其截止频率低于对称模式的伪瑞利波的截止频率;在低频（2-3kHz）和长源距（3-4m）的条件下,由非对称的声源（如声偶极子）所产生的微地震图中,初至信号是以横波速度传播的,而以纵波速度传播的信号被抑制。本文的结果对研制横波速度测井仪是有意义的。 相似文献
18.
Seismic properties of isotropic elastic formations are characterized by the three parameters: acoustic impedance, Poisson's ratio and density. Whilst the first two are usually well estimated by analysing the amplitude variation with angle (AVA) of reflected P‐P waves, density is known to be poorly resolved. However, density estimates would be useful in many situations encountered in oil and gas exploration, in particular, for minimizing risks in looking ahead while drilling. We design a borehole seismic experiment to investigate the reliability of AVA extracted density. Receivers are located downhole near the targeted reflectors and record reflected P‐P and converted P‐S waves. A non‐linear, wide‐angle‐based Bayesian inversion is then used to access the a posteriori probability distributions associated with the estimation of the three isotropic elastic parameters. The analysis of these distributions suggests that the angular variation of reflected P‐S amplitudes provides additional substantial information for estimating density, thus reducing the estimate uncertainty variance by more than one order of magnitude, compared to using only reflected P‐waves. 相似文献
19.
套管外地层受异常地应力、油气开采的影响,在径向上表现出非均质性;采用声波测井可以对该非均质性进行探测,利用偶极子横波测井数据可以对横波速度的径向分布进行反演.本文建立了套管井外地层横波速度径向分层参考模型,采用修正的微扰法计算了该模型的偶极弯曲波频散曲线,建立了横波速度径向分布反演目标函数,采用高斯牛顿法和快速模拟退火法对目标函数进行了求解,得到了套管井外地层横波速度的径向分布.分析了偶极弯曲波频段、套管横波速度对反演结果的影响,对比了高斯牛顿法和快速模拟退火法对反演过程的影响.分析对比结果表明,采用偶极弯曲波激发强度较高的频段与采用全频段的反演结果相近;套管的横波速度准确度越高,反演结果越准确;高斯牛顿法和快速模拟退火法计算精度相同,都可以得到高精度的横波速度径向分布;快速模拟退火法的计算效率略低于高斯牛顿法,但其收敛性对初始值依赖更小,实际处理中应选择快速模拟退火法. 相似文献
20.
A. Yu. Babeyko S. V. Sobolev E. D. Sinelnikov Yu. P. Smirnov N. A. Derevschikova 《Surveys in Geophysics》1994,15(5):545-573
In-situ elastic properties in deep boreholes are controlled by several factors, mainly by lithology, petrofabric, fluid-filled cracks and pores. In order to separate the effects of different factors it is useful to extract lithology-controlled part from observedin-situ velocities. For that purpose we calculated mineralogical composition and isotropic crack-free elastic properties in the lower part of the Kola borehole from bulk chemical compositions of core samples. We use a new technique of petrophysical modeling based on thermodynamic approach. The reasonable accuracy of the modeling is confirmed by comparison with the observations of mineralogical composition and laboratory measurements of density and elastic wave velocities in upper crustal crystalline rocks at high confining pressure. Calculations were carried out for 896 core samples from the depth segment of 6840–10535m. Using these results we estimate density and crack-free isotropic elastic properties of 554 lithology-defined layers composing this depth segment. Average synthetic P- wave velocity appears to be 2.7% higher than the velocity from Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP), and 5% higher than sonic log velocity. Average synthetic S-wave velocity is 1.4 % higher than that from VSP. These differences can be explained by superposition of effects of fabric-related anisotropy, cracks aligned parallel to the foliation plain, and randomly oriented cracks, with the effect of cracks being the predominant control. Low sonic log velocities are likely caused by drilling-induced cracking (hydrofractures) in the borehole walls. The calculated synthetic density and velocity cross-sections can be used for much more detailed interpretations, for which, however, new, more detailed and reliable seismic data are required. 相似文献