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1.
Tylotites petiolaris吻部构造的发现 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
早寒武世澄江动物群提供了探索早期翻吻动物辐射的一个绝佳的窗口。澄江动物群翻吻动物包括8科10属10种，其中罗惠麟等(1999)依据仅有的一块不完整的标本建立Tylotites petiolaris，并将其归入叶足动物。2002年西北大学早期生命研究所野外工作组在尖山剖面采集到两块完整的具有吻部的标本，本文籍此对该属进行了进一步完善和补充，特别是吻部和躯干表面的特征，从而说明T．petiolaris为翻吻动物。因为与澄江动物群中其他翻吻动物形态有较大差异，据此建立瘤节虫科，新科Tylotitidae fam.nov.。描述如下：虫体较长，呈圆管状，长可达100mm，宽2～4mm。身体基本可以分吻部和躯干部两部分。吻部与Cricocosmia特别相似，为典型的三段式构造，从下到上可依次分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ段，Ⅰ段与躯干前端连接，直径同于躯干，表面有10列纵向的略为弯曲的小刺(图版Ⅰ，图1a，1b；插图1)。最前端吻刺最为粗壮，向后的吻刺逐渐变小。Ⅱ段位于Ⅰ段之前，向前略微收缩，光滑无刺。Ⅲ段位于吻部顶端，可进一步分为A、B两部分：A段直径后端大于Ⅱ段，表面密布斜列排列的小刺，从后向前，小刺变大；B段光滑无饰，直径小于A段。Ⅲ段可强烈自由弯曲(图版Ⅰ，图1a，1d)。颈部长约5mm，表面光滑无饰，直径略小于躯干。躯干表面具56～58个环脊，52排粗刺，最前面第4～6个环脊表面无刺，环脊之间为环沟。躯干由前向后直径逐渐增加，在中后部增至最大，然后虫体直径基本上一致。躯干刺成行成列排列。环状分布的躯干刺随着环脊与环沟落差的变化而改变，到躯干后部逐渐减小。每一个环脊之上有12个粗刺，腹刺长度小于背刺。有些躯干刺的轴部显示较强的黄铁矿化，表明其可能为中空结构(图版Ⅰ，图1c)，可能有体腔伸入，躯干末端具有一对尾刺，躯干整体弯曲成6字形(图版Ⅰ，图1a，1b)。肠管从吻部一直延伸到躯干末端。肠道位于一个空闻的体腔内，Ⅰ段表面宽约1mm的黑色区域可能为胃，肛门位于躯干末端的腹面(图版Ⅰ，图1b)。T．petiolaris很可能表栖生活于海底底面上。因为体表长刺具有很强的防御作用，腹刺在运动过程中可以抓牢沉积物，所以，很可能通过背腹波动在海底底面作蠕形运动，也不排除蜷曲一解蜷的运动方式。吻部的主要功能可能为捕食。几条T．petiolaris个体相互盘绕(图版Ⅰ，图2)，很可能与其两性交配有关。 相似文献
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澄江生物群分子在贵州遵义牛蹄塘组发现 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
澄江生物群是认识寒武纪生命大爆发的重要窗口,它的分布范围一直仅限于滇东地区,员近在贵州遵义松林牛蹄塘组底部页岩中发现有Naronia,Archotuba Conoidalis,Isaxys,Perpicaris,Lingulepis,Tsunyidiscus,Scenella,水母状化石(medusiform fossil),海绵动物化石Leptomitus,类似半索动物秆壁虫Rhabdopleura化石,软舌螺类Hyolithids,宏观藻类和疑源类化石Zunyiphyton perelegans Yang et Zhao,1999,Yuknessia sp.,Longenema Ding,1996,Sphaerocongregus variabilis等。其中有一部分是属于澄江生物群分子,这是云南省外澄江生物群分子的新发现。由于生物群之下40m处还产大量海绵动物、高肌虫和藻类化石等组成的松林生物群,其上又有下寒武统明心寺组古杯动物群,因此,这一生物群的发现对研究早寒武世生物的演化也具有一定的科学意义,同时,对澄江生物群的古生态学研究也具有重要意义。 相似文献
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舒德干 《西安地质学院学报》2009,(2):111-134
由“真动物”构成的动物界（不包括海绵）通常被划分为双胚层动物、原口动物和后口动物3个亚界。寒武纪大爆发经历了爆发的前奏—序幕—主幕3个阶段,其中后两个阶段处于早寒武世初期（依次以小壳化石的首次辐射和澄江动物群爆发为代表）,另一个则发生在“寒武前夜”（即前寒武纪末期）,以伊迪卡拉生物群为代表。这次独特的三幕式大爆发分步完成了动物形态演化谱系树（简写为TOA）的成型。已有化石证据显示,动物树的3大主体或3个亚界的起源及其早期辐射分别发生于寒武纪大爆发这3个主要阶段。澄江化石库中发现的早期后口动物亚界涵盖了该亚界中所有6大分支（棘皮类、半索类、头索类、尾索类、脊椎类和绝灭了的古虫类）的原始类群,澄江动物群时代标志着寒武纪大爆发的顶峰,完成了动物树框架的成型,从而宣告了寒武纪大爆发的基本终结。其学术重要性超越了中寒武世的布尔吉斯页岩,因为前者位于动物树形成的“源头”,而后者仅代表此后的“一段流程”。在动物演化历史上4个最具转折意义的重大创新事件（即多细胞动物起源、两侧对称动物起源、后口动物起源和脊椎动物起源）中,第一个发生在伊迪卡拉纪甚至更早的时期,其余3个则可通过梅树村化石群和澄江化石群观察到其完成的主体过程。已灭绝的古虫动物门,是初具鳃裂构造的原始分节动物,作为由原口动物向后口动物过渡的一个珍稀“缺环”,很可能代表着后口动物亚界的一个根。古囊类兼有两侧对称的古虫类和一些原始棘皮动物的镶嵌体征,最可能代表棘皮动物的一个根。在早寒武世动物演化谱系中,后口动物的＂顶端类群＂的代表是被誉为“第一鱼”的昆明鱼目,目前已知包括昆明鱼、海口鱼和钟健鱼,它们具对眼、脊索与串珠状脊椎软骨共存的原始脊椎,? 相似文献
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LIU Jianni HAN Jian LI Jinshu WU Yichen PENG Jie QI Nan YANG Yiyao LI Juan 《《地质学报》英文版》2016,90(6):1939-1945
The Guanshan Biota from the Cambrian Stage 4 Wulongqing Formation is a typical Burgess-shale type Lagerst?tte that had witnessed the Cambrian explosion. Here we report two new localities of the Guanshan Biota, which is located at Baimei village, south of Kunming and Xinglong village, Wuding County, Yunnan Province respectively. Both localities produce soft-body fossils and several new taxa, e.g. a new species of palaeoscolecidans (Palaeoscolex xinglongensis sp. nov.) reported herein. The comparative study of the new species with similar form not only indicates that there is a diversification of palaeoscolecid species in Guanshan Biota, but also strengthens the ties between the older Chengjiang Biota and the younger Kaili Biota (and also the coeval Burgess Shale community). Three paleoecological features, including high diversity, little disparity and richness of palaeoscolecid worms, are summarized as a case study to represent the differences between Guanshan and Chengjiang Biota. 相似文献
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本文报道澄江生物群似斜纹海绵属Paradiagoniella的两个新种：橄榄形似斜纹海绵P.oliviformis sp. nov. 和锥形似斜纹海绵P. conicasp. nov. 。两个新种具有似斜纹海绵属的基本特征：体壁薄;由排列不规则、分级的十字骨针为基底构成骨骼;除十字骨针外,还穿插排列有五射针、六射针、弯弓形和针形双尖单轴针等。然而与模式种不同,两个新种十字骨针分级不明显;同时,两个新种在外形、骨针组成、最大十字骨针射长比等方面,与本属的其他种都存在明显差异。新材料的发现增加了寒武纪早期原始海绵物种多样性,为研究海绵动物早期起源演化提供了新信息。 相似文献
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The bivalved arthropod Branchiocaris? yunnanensis Hou, 1987 is redescribed on the basis of new fossil material from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China. In total, 81 specimens have been examined. The carapace comprises two identical valves, each valve are sub-circular in outline, ranging from 24 mm to 58 mm in length, and from 15 mm to 46 mm in height. The dorsal margin is straight and bears two short cardinal spines. The valve surface is either smooth or ornamented with polygonal reticular structures, which may result from different preservation conditions. Two morphotypes have been recognized based on the presence or absence of a subdorsal swelling of the valve, which is convex dorsolaterally and extends beyond the dorsal margin when it appears. Statistic and ontogenetic analyses show both morphotypes grow isometrically and have the same growth trajectory. Therefore, the two morphotypes are interpreted as dimorphism within the same species. Our results are helpful for investigating the taxonomy and ontogeny of arthropod fossils and suggest that dimorphism might be fairly common in these early arthropods. 相似文献
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A New Platy-armored Worm from the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstatte, South China 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
HAN Jian ZHANG Xingliang ZHANG Zhifei SHU Degan Early Life Institute Department of Geology Northwest University Xi''an Shaanxi 《《地质学报》英文版》2003,77(1)
The Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstatte provides a good window to explore the origin and radiation of early bilaterians. Here we describe a netted sclerite-bearing worm Tabelliscolex hexagonus gen. et sp. nov., and tentatively assign it to palaeoscolecidans of priapulids. The cuticle of the animal is covered with two kinds of platy sclerites which are constructed by hexagonally arranged tubercles. Similar structures of the sclerites can be seen on some Cambrian palaeoscolecidans and lobopods, so, this new species is critical for understanding the relationships between lobopods and palaeoscolecidans. 相似文献
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描述抚仙湖虫类一新属双叶尾梁王山虫Liangwangshaniabiloba(gen etsp nov)。Li angwangshania与Fuxianhuia具有相同的体躯分化,但二者在头甲和尾甲的形状、躯体的分节数目等方面有明显差异。Liangwangshania对于诠释节肢动物早期体躯分化具有重要意义。 相似文献
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Cambrian explosion: Birth of tree of animals 总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0
Excluding the sponges the Kingdom Animalia is usually divided into three subkingdoms: Diploblasta, Protostomia and Deuterostomia. The Cambrian Explosion consists of three major episodes, two of which were in the early Early Cambrian (one represented by the small skeletal fossils “SSFs” at the base of the Cambrian and the other represented by the succeeding Chengjiang faunas “CFs”), and the other episode as their prelude took place in the “Eocambrian” (i.e. the latest Precambrian), represented by the Ediacaran faunas. This unique Big Bang of life has been recognized as giving birth to the entire morphological Tree Of Animals (or metazoans), in short the TOA. Its “seed” in the deep Precambrian, represented by some sort of protist from which the complete TOA must have grown, remains unknown paleontologically. However, the fossil evidence suggests that the three major episodes of the Cambrian Explosion are responsible for the earliest radiations of the three subkingdoms of animals respectively. While the observed Ediacaran fauna might constitute only a small part of the whole Ediacaran biota, our evidence supports that it was dominated by diploblasts (the “trunk” of the TOA) with only a few possible stem-group triploblasts. The Early Cambrian in turn in two phases explosively yielded almost all the major triploblastic crown-branches (Bilateria: the huge “crown” of the TOA), which include the other two subkingdoms: first the extremely diverse protostomes in the Meishucunian Age and then followed by a nearly entire lineage of early deuterostomes from the Chengjiang, including even its most derived member – the earliest true vertebrates. Among the four most significant milestones of morphological origins and radiations in animal history, the first one (i.e. appearance of metazoans) took place in the Ediacaran Period or earlier times, and the other three can be seen in the windows available from the Chengjiang and the Meishucunian fossil assemblages. The newly discovered extinct Phylum Vetulicolia, which has primitively segmented body with simple gill slits in its anterior division, most probably represents one of the roots of the deuterostome subkingdom. Showing a mosaic of basic features possessed in both the bilateral vetulicolians and some primitive echinoderms, the soft-bodied vetulocystids are best regarded as one of the roots of the extant pentamerous echinoderms. Standing on the “top” of the deuterostome super-branch in the early Cambrian TOA are the “the first fish” Myllokunmingia and Haikouichthys, which bear paired eyes and salient proto-vertebrae. These animals represent the real root of the remainder of the vertebrates or craniates. On the contrary, yunnanozoans, including Yunnanozoon and Haikouella, possess neither eyes nor unequivocal vertebrae, and may have nothing to do with the craniates, let alone the vertebrates. Those enigmatic creatures share a similar body-plan with vetulicolians and should be treated as a side-branch within the lower deuterostomes. 相似文献
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澄江动物群以富含多门类精美软躯体构造化石享誉学界,是寒武纪大爆发主幕的见证者;它亲眼目睹了地球动物树上几乎所有主要门类祖先的首次大聚会。对该动物群30多年的大规模调查研究大体上可以划分为3个阶段。始自1984年的第一个10年(1984—1994年),早期动物树上的基础动物亚界和原口动物亚界的大量门类被发现,然而对后口动物亚界全然无知。第二个10年研究(1995—2005年),基础动物亚界和原口动物亚界中的更多门类被发现;而最重要的进展,是西北大学团队主导的早期后口动物大发现使后口动物亚界的基本框架被构建,由此地球三分动物树首次成型。第三个10年及其以后时期(2005年之后),3个动物亚界中进一步添加了一些新的门类认知;综合20世纪40年代以来对埃迪卡拉生物群、寒武纪第一世和第二世的珍稀动物群研究成果,学界开始思考三分动物树分步成型与多幕式寒武纪大爆发事件的内在关联,提出了三幕式寒武纪大爆发新假说。澄江动物群研究具有多方面的科学价值,包括动物群结构研究,生态环境研究等,然其核心学术价值主要集中在如下两个方面:(1)作为寒武纪大爆发的主幕见证者,澄江动物群首次创建了地球上三分动物树的完整谱系框架。三幕式寒武纪大爆发假说揭示了地球上动物门类由低等到高等、分阶段爆发创造的本质内涵,即历时约0.4亿年的三幕式寒武纪大爆发与动物树阶段性快速成型的内在耦合性。第一幕发生于埃迪卡拉纪晚期,它诞生了众多基础动物亚界门类(包括大量绝灭门类),也可能出现了少量原口动物的先驱分子;第二幕发生于寒武纪的第一世,除了延续基础动物门类的繁盛外,更创生了原口动物亚界里的主要门类(包括蜕皮类和触手担轮类);第三幕发生于寒武纪第二世(以澄江动物群为代表),不仅延续了基础动物和原口动物门类的兴盛,更重要的是诞生了后口动物亚界里的所有门类。至此,整个三分动物树的框架成型,寒武纪大爆发创新事件宣告基本结束。文章还对几个重要动物类群的生物学属性进行了评述。第一鱼昆明鱼目是已知唯一的最古老脊椎动物,而云南虫、海口虫既不是脊椎动物(即高等脊索动物),也不属于低等脊索动物,而是一类特殊的低等后口动物;长江海鞘是可信的始祖尾索动物,它支持了经典的尾索动物起源假说;古虫动物门首创鳃裂构造,对后口动物亚界的起源探索提供了关键信息。(2)澄江动物群具有深刻的人文哲学意义,所发现的古虫动物门创造的“第一鳃裂”,昆明鱼目创造的“第一头脑”“第一脊椎”“第一心脏”,为达尔文在《人类的由来》中关于人类的主要基础器官起源悬案的破解提供了关键证据。澄江动物群承上启下,其各种形态解剖学信息对解读埃迪卡拉生物群以及寒武纪相关化石库中绝大多数生物类型都具有重要的参考价值。 相似文献
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New Occurrence of the Early Cambrian Chengjiang Fauna in Haikou, Kunming, Yunnan Province,and Study on Trilobitoidea 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Luo Huilin Hu Shixue Zhang Shishan Tao Yonghe Yunnan Institute of Geological Sciences Kunming Yunnan Kunyang Phosphorite Mine Jinning Yunnan 《《地质学报》英文版》1997,71(2):122-132
This paper gives a brief report on the new occurrence of the Early CambrianQiongzhusi' an Chengjiang fauna in the Haikou area, Kunming and its assemblage feature andthe stratigraphic section of the horizon yielding these fossils. Eight genera and 8 species ofTrilobitoidea are described here, embracing Leanchoilia asiatica Luo et Hu (sp. nov.), Yohoiasinensis Luo et Hu (sp. nov.), Zhongxinia speciosa Luo et Hu (gen. et sp. nov.), Xandarellaspectuculum Hou et al., Dianchia mirabilis Luo et Hu (gen. et sp. nov.), Kuamaia lata Hou,Retifacies longispinus Luo et Hu (sp. nov.) and Sinoburius lunaris Hou et al. 相似文献
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南秦岭中,新元古代地层划分对比新认识 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
在运用板块动力学模式研究晚前寒武纪地层划分对比问题的基础上,根据南秦岭构造带区域地质的实际情况,提出在中、新元古代南秦岭曾经历了晋宁期造山作用和澄江期裂解作用两次重大构造事件,它们控制了区内不同岩石建造的形成和时,空分布,据此对区域内中,新元古代地层的划分对比提出了新的认识。 相似文献
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Abstract The Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte provides a good window to explore the origin and radiation of early bilaterians. Here we describe a netted sclerite‐bearing worm Tabelliscolex hexagonus gen. et sp. nov., and tentatively assign it to palaeoscolecidans of priapulids. The cuticle of the animal is covered with two kinds of platy sclerites which are constructed by hexagonally arranged tubercles. Similar structures of the sclerites can be seen on some Cambrian palaeoscolecidans and lobopods, so, this new species is critical for understanding the relationships between lobopods and palaeoscolecidans. 相似文献
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Isotopic dating of the Chengjiang Fauna-bearing horizon in Central Yunnan Province, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Twenty black shale samples, which are free from the influence of weathering, were collected from the Chengjiang Fauna-bearing horizon, central Yunnan Province, yielding a Pb-Pb isochron age of 534±60 Ma. Although this age is younger than both the Rb-Sr isochron age and 40Ar-39Ar age, it should represent the lower isotopic age limit of the Chengjiang Fauna. 相似文献
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广西红水河中下游澄江地区地下水地球化学特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以西南岩溶地下水污染调查评价中广西红水河中下游澄江地区地下水数据为基础,对该地区26件样品的水化学类型、化学成分含量特征、成分间相关特征以及化学成分的空间分布特征及影响因素进行了研究。结果表明：该地区地下水水化学类型为Ca-HCO3型或Ca·Mg-HCO3型;地下水中测试指标背景含量均未超过Ⅲ类水标准;大部分测试指标在该地区地下水中分布较均匀,只有Zn、Se和Hg在局部富集,分布不均匀;该地区地下水中元素含量与pH值没有明显的相关关系,而总硬度、HCO-3、Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Na+、SO2-4、NO-3、I-等元素间则显示出一定的相关关系,地下水中起决定性作用的是HCO-3、Ca2+、Mg2+;该地区地下水中元素含量空间上具有片状分布特点,主要受地质背景、地理条件和人类活动的综合作用所制约。 相似文献
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作为观察寒武纪大爆发主幕奥秘的最佳科学窗口,澄江化石库展示了三胚层动物(即两侧对称动物)首次全面大辐射的历史产物,让学术界终于看到了已知最古老的同时包括原口类和后口类两大支系的动物谱系庞大“树冠”的主体轮廓,从而给许多较高级动物类群的起源和早期演化研究提供了十分重要的信息。然而,该化石宝库中却很少见到作为“树干”的双胚层动物(即辐射动物)的化石记录,这给“真动物”的源头探秘蒙上了阴影。尽管广布于前寒武纪末期全球浅海域的“文德生物群”一直被认为是动物界早期一次“失败的演化试验”的牺牲品,但其中一支成功延续到早寒武世的春光虫(Stromatoveris)具有叠覆状梳齿构造,很可能代表着栉水母类的一类原始祖先。文中描述新的羽毛状动物王氏澄江海笔(Chengjiangopennawangii)不同于春光虫,前者具有彼此分离的羽枝,且羽枝上保存了排列规整的珊瑚个体虫室,因而与现代八射珊瑚中海笔类的形态学特征十分一致;新的谱系分析显示,它应该代表刺胞动物门中的一个原始类群。 相似文献