共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
永登5.8级地震极震区黄土微结构孔隙性的定量研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过电镜扫描手段和计算机图像处理,对1995年永登5．8级地震极震区遭受地震影响和未遭受地震影响的黄土微结构变化的各项指标进行了对比试验和分析,并将分析结果绘成受震与未受震两种孔隙分布曲线。从这些曲线可以看出,不同地点的黄土孔隙分布特征不同;同一深度不同地点的孔隙分布亦有明显差异。对未受震(粒状架空孔隙结构)与受震(粒状镶嵌孔隙结构)黄土的微观结构进行了定量处理,其分析结果较好地解释了土体的工程性质。同时介绍了黄土微结构研究的方法和要求,通过对黄土微观结构的定量处理,揭示了黄土震陷性与黄土孔隙含量所占比例大小的内在关系,达到了确定黄土场地震陷量的目的,验证了利用微结构研究黄土结构变化的可行性。 相似文献
2.
基于动三轴试验和SEM细观结构测试试验,结合图像分析处理软件,对强震荷载前后宝兰客运专线沿线典型震陷性黄土及其经物理、化学和复合改良方法处理后的试样进行微观尺度的结构变形演化规律研究,探讨不同改良方法对土体微结构的影响及其与震陷系数之间的内在联系。结果表明:(1)物理改良方法对于消除大孔隙和架空孔隙结构的效果最为明显,同时对颗粒级配和结构也有调整;(2)化学改性方法则从颗粒接触方式、粒间胶结程度等方面影响土体强度,且不同化学反应的参与可生成独特的玻璃微珠或絮凝状细结构,从而大大提升土体某项参数指标,进而在强震中分别起到填充、胶结或缓冲作用;(3)强震作用前后不同改良方法对各微观要素的改变与相应的残余应变现象吻合较好,说明微结构能有效反映改良黄土残余变形的强弱。 相似文献
3.
对比我国中西部成土年代相近的浅层风成黄土（不考虑地形地貌）,针对不同成土环境下微观结构及其震陷性大小,初步将中西部黄土的微结构类型划分为五类：Ⅰ,近砂源快速降砂微结构;Ⅱ,强降尘弱成壤微结构;Ⅲ,冷干慢速降尘弱成壤微结构;Ⅳ,中湿成壤微结构;Ⅵ,温湿成壤微结构.微结构类型对于震陷性等工程性质分析有借鉴作用,具体体现在颗粒大小、粒径分布、排列方式,颗粒之间的胶结程度、接触方式等.通过分析黄土地区气候变化引起的地域性微观结构类型差异,区域性微观结构的气候形成机制来研究黄土的致灾特征,进一步获得黄土地区土层微结构的地域性差别导致的震陷变形强弱信息.这对于黄土建筑工程场地的设计以及提出针对性的防护措施有重要意义. 相似文献
4.
5.
《地震研究》2016,(4)
基于文献史料记载和现场科考成果,考证了黄土地区几次中强以上地震引发的黄土震陷灾害,分析了黄土震陷灾害的破坏模式、发育特征及其形成条件。依据大量不同地区黄土的动三轴试验结果,比较分析了黄土震陷形成的物性指标的区域性变化规律,并进一步研究了震陷临界动应力的影响因素。研究显示,黄土地区的几次中强以上地震的极震区均有黄土震陷事例;黄土震陷的灾害模式可区分为振密型震陷、震陷型滑坡和液化型震陷,并由土性条件、地形地貌和地震动作用形式决定;孔隙比大于0.8时,黄土高原地区的黄土需要考虑不同含水量条件下的震陷性,而黄土高原地区东南部的河南、河北和晋东南地区的黄土则可根据缩限含水量判定其震陷性;临界动应力的大小由黄土的结构强度所主导,临界动应力比与含水量之间存在很好的幂函数关系。 相似文献
6.
《地震工程与工程振动》2016,(1)
取甘肃临洮黄土不同深度土层4~16 m样品,分别研究微观结构类型差异及震陷性、剪切波速和元素比值等指标的关系。由于不同深度土层样品形成年代不同,气候条件变化很大,同一场地不同深度剖面所形成的黄土微观结构也存在较大差异,各深度(4 m,8 m,12 m,16 m)土层样品的微结构类型依次为弱剪切结构,易压密结构,密实结构,中强胶结结构;同时震陷系数依次降低,剪切波速依次增大,其中的弱剪切结构的剪切波速仅为142 m/s。研究表明通过土层样品的微观结构类型特征及指标参数分析,可较为全面地判断土层场地,找到震害分析和土层处理的有效指标和参数,并据此进行合理的工程设计,可为黄土地区震害的成因和预防提供理论依据。 相似文献
7.
含水量是影响黄土震陷性非常重要的参数。本文以洮河三级阶地上典型的Q3黄土为研究对象,对其震陷性特征进行了全面、系统的研究。通过在20 m深探井中依次取得4 m、8 m、12 m、16 m、20 m处黄土原状试样进行室内试验,得到以下结果:(1)天然黄土存在震陷性随深度增加而逐渐减弱的规律;(2)通过增湿、减湿获得5%,10%,15%和20%四种不同含水量黄土试样,同一深度黄土随着含水量增加其震陷性增长的规律明显;(3)通过实验数据分析得到了含水量对黄土震陷性定量影响规律,并根据其规律给出了不同动应力作用下的黄土震陷临界含水量。 相似文献
8.
土体动力特性主要与其受力状态、土体加载类型、试验控制方式以及荷载等参数有关。以往非饱和黄土累积变形试验研究通过单向动应力加载方式开展相关研究,并不能真实反映土体受力状态。现运用WF-12440型动三轴-空心圆柱扭剪试验系统,通过单向荷载和双向荷载两种不同的动应力加载方式,进行黄土的长期重复载荷试验,对比不同动应力加载方式对非饱和黄土累积变形发展特征的影响。试验结果发现：黄土在单向荷载或双向荷载作用下,其软化指数均随着循环次数的增加,呈非线性减小的趋势,在相同循环振次时,土体软化指数随着动应力幅值的增大而减小;黄土在不同加载方式作用下,软化指数减小速率在循环振次100次以内较快,后期随振次增加,土体软化速率逐渐趋于平稳;黄土在双向荷载作用下,当轴向动荷载较小时,径向荷载的施加,将加速黄土的软化程度,随着轴向动荷载的增大,径向荷载对黄土软化的影响逐渐减弱,其对于黄土变形的影响存在一临界轴向循环动应力。本研究的开展,可更准确地进行不同荷载耦合变化下,黄土场地震陷评估或路基土体变形计算,实现有效控制路基的整体稳定和工后沉降量,以期根据路基土参数预测后期沉降,极具重要的科研和工程意义。 相似文献
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Gtz Schroth Luciana Ferreira Da Silva Marc‐Andree Wolf Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira Wolfgang Zech 《水文研究》1999,13(10):1423-1436
The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
M. N. French R. L. Bras W. F. Krajewski 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1992,6(1):27-45
A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities. 相似文献
19.
M. A. Kahn 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2000,28(2):95-101
Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate. 相似文献
20.