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1.
During oil spills, the aquatic environment is greatly endangered because oil floats on water making the penetration of sunlight difficult therefore primary productivity is compromised, birds and aquatic organisms are totally eliminated within a short period. It is therefore essential to remove the oil from the water bodies after the spillage. This work reports on the fabrication of oil loving electrospun polystyrene-exofoliated graphite fibre with hydrophobic and oleophillic surface properties. The fibre was applied for the selective adsorption of crude oil from simulated crude oil spillage on water. The maximum oil adsorption capacity of the EPS/EG was 1.15 kg/g in 20 min while the lowest oil adsorption capacity was 0.81 kg/g in 10 min. Cheap oil adsorbent was developed with superoleophillic and superhydrophobic properties. 相似文献
2.
Use of a by-product of peat excavation, cotton grass fibre, as a sorbent for oil-spills 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Suni S Kosunen AL Hautala M Pasila A Romantschuk M 《Marine pollution bulletin》2004,49(11-12):916-921
The sorbents used to collect oil in case of oil-spills are mostly synthetic, which limits the possibilities of their disposal. We studied the absorption capacities and rates of cotton grass fibre, a by-product of peat excavation, and cotton grass mats for several oil types and compared them with a synthetic, commercially available oil sorbent. We found cotton grass fibre to have superior absorption properties: Cotton grass sorbent absorbed oil approximately two to three times as much, and two to three times as fast as the synthetic one. Cotton grass fibre absorbed no measurable amount of water in the conditions used in the tests making it ideal for absorbing oil from the surface of water. In removing diesel oil from the surface of water, the efficiency was over 99% up to an absorbing factor of 20 times its own weight. The biodegradable cotton grass fibre proved to be an effective oil sorbent with low raw-material costs. 相似文献
3.
Crushed recycled glass was evaluated as an alternative to silica sand in dual‐media filters. Pilot scale inline filtration experiments were carried out using raw waters from three different water sources with turbidities between 6.0 and 14.0 NTU. Two physically identical filter columns were operated in parallel in the experiments. One filter consisted of 62.5 cm silica sand and 41.5 cm anthracite coal, whereas the other filter contained 62.5 cm crushed recycled glass plus 41.5 cm anthracite coal. The total bed depth was 104 cm for both filters. The properties of the media were as follows: Glass effective size = 0.77 mm, uniformity coefficient = 1.41. Sand effective size = 0.79 mm, uniformity coefficient = 1.33. Coal effective size = 1.45 mm, uniformity coefficient = 1.39. Experiments were repeated five times as follows: (i) Without the use of a coagulant, (ii–iii) with 5 and 10 mg/L of alum, and (iv–v) with 5 and 10 mg/L of ferric chloride. The filtration rate used was 11.5 m/h. Turbidity, particle counts, and head losses were measured and compared as functions of time. The following were observed: (i) Effluent turbidities and particle counts of the two filters were very close, i.e., essentially the same effluent quality was obtained when crushed glass was used instead of silica sand. (ii) In the majority of the tests, the filter with crushed glass generated both a smaller clean‐bed head loss and smaller clogging head losses than those of the filter containing sand. It is concluded that crushed glass may be a good alternative to silica sand in dual‐media filtration. 相似文献
4.
太湖水体中胶体磷含量初探 总被引：37，自引：3，他引：34
室内静态模拟不同温度下太湖15个湖区柱状沉积物磷酸根释放,分析了相应表层沉积物形态磷,以及梅梁湾间隙水中相关离子Al(Ⅲ)、Fe(Ⅱ)、Ca(Ⅱ)和PO43-含量的季节变化．研究表明,受陆源影响较大的泥区通常是太湖内源磷的稳定源;而在开敞度较大的湖区,由于表层沉积物胶体的物化吸附,使得温度对底泥磷释放的影响作用减弱,并易产生磷的“内汇”现象;在梅梁湾区成汇区,还加上春夏季藻类的局部超负荷需磷这一控制因素,从而使得太湖大部分泥区在一年中至少发生一次源-汇转换过程．化学热力学分析揭示,Al-P较之Fe-P和Ca-P更易在界面发生溶解可能是太湖表层沉积物Al-P与PO43-P释放速率呈显著相关(r=0．3858>r1-0．01,n=45)的内在原因．虽然沉积物中Fe-P有较高的释磷潜力,但浅水湖所营造的沉积物表层氧化层和广泛覆盖的无机胶体及粘土矿物的强吸附介质,可能是抑制沉积物中Fe-P释放成为优势的主要因素．估算太湖沉积物-水界面磷的净通量为899．4±573．6 t／a,约占太湖磷入湖量的1／4-1／2,其中成汇通量约为-91．2±42．4 t/a． 相似文献
5.
太湖流域水污染控制与生态修复的研究与战略思考 总被引：16，自引：2，他引：14
为了探明太湖水体中胶体磷含量,更深入认识营养盐在大型浅水湖泊中的循环过程和机理,分别从太湖的梅梁湾和贡湖湾两个不同类型的湖区采集水样,利用切向流超滤方法分离出胶体物质,对太湖水体中胶体磷含量进行了初步研究．结果表明:太湖水体春季胶体磷含量在0．017-0．029 mg／L间,其中梅梁湾藻型湖区胶体磷含量范围是0 023- 0．029 mg／L,贡湖湾草型湖区胶体磷含量在0．017-0．022 mg／L间．梅梁湾水体胶体磷占总磷比例平均为28．6%;而贡湖湾胶体磷占总磷比例平均达到39．3%．梅梁湾水体真溶解态磷含量显著高于贡湖湾水体,达贡湖湾的4倍．与澳大利亚的17个湖泊相比,太湖属胶体磷含量偏低的湖泊,但相对于海洋的研究结果,太湖胶体磷含量明显偏高． 相似文献
6.
7.
The objective of this work was to evaluate crushed recycled glass as a medium for rapid filtration. In the first part of this work, physical and hydraulic characteristics of the glass medium were studied. In the second part, pilot scale inline filtration experiments were carried out using raw waters from three different water sources. Two physically identical filter columns were operated in parallel in all the experiments. One filter contained a silica sand medium that is widely used in Turkey, whereas the other filter contained crushed recycled glass. Experiments were repeated five times as follows: (i) Without the use of a coagulant, (ii–iii) with 5 mg/L and 10 mg/L of alum, and (iv–v) with 5 mg/L and 10 mg/L of ferric chloride. Turbidity, particle counts, and head losses were measured and compared as functions of time. The following were observed: (1) Provided that a coagulant was used, the filter containing crushed glass produced effluent turbidities and particle counts similar to those obtained with the sand filter. (2) The crushed glass medium generated both a smaller clean‐bed head loss and smaller clogging head losses than those of the sand filter. It is concluded that crushed glass shows significant promise as an alternative to silica sand in rapid filtration. 相似文献
8.
Chicgoua Noubactep 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2013,41(7):702-710
Water treatment with metallic iron (Fe0) is still based on the premise that Fe0 is a reducing agent. An alternative concept stipulates that contaminants are removed by adsorption, co‐precipitation, and size‐exclusion in a reactive filtration process. This article underlines the universal validity of the alternative concept. It is shown that admixing non‐expansive material to Fe0 as a pre‐requisite for sustainable Fe0‐based filtration systems. Fe0‐based filters are demonstrated an affordable, appropriate, and efficient decentralized water treatment technology. 相似文献
9.
An effective filter for water purification from oil products and hydrocarbons under different dynamic conditions is suggested. The structural parameters of the filter have been optimized in accordance with the hydrodynamic and adsorption properties of the filtering system. Dependence of the filter adsorption capacity on its structural parameters, physicochemical properties of the sorbent, and the chemical nature of the hydrocarbon is examined. 相似文献
10.
Experimental investigation of runoff reduction and sediment removal by vegetated filter strips 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Majed Abu‐Zreig Ramesh P. Rudra Manon N. Lalonde Hugh R. Whiteley Narinder K. Kaushik 《水文研究》2004,18(11):2029-2037
The impact of vegetated filter strips (VFS) on sediment removal from runoff has been studied extensively in recent years. Vegetation is believed to increase water infiltration and decrease water turbulence thus enhancing sediment deposition within filter media. In the study reported here, field experiments have been conducted to examine the efficiency of vegetated filter strips for sediment removal from cropland runoff. Twenty filters with varying length, slope and vegetated cover were used under simulated runoff conditions with an average sediment concentration of 2700 mg/L. The filters were 2, 5, 10 and 15 m long with a slope of 2·3 and 5% and three types of vegetation. Three other strips with bare soil were used as a control. The experimental results showed that the average sediment trapping efficiency of all filters was 84% and ranging from 68% in a 2‐m filter to as high as 98% in a 15‐m long filter compared with only 25% for the control. The length of filter has been found to be the predominant factor affecting sediment deposition in VFS up to 10 m. Increasing filter length to 15 m did not improve sediment trapping efficiency under the present experimental conditions. The rate of incoming flow and vegetation cover percentage has a secondary effect on sediment deposition in VFS. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
洞庭湖洲滩土壤种子库对土壤水分变化的响应 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
由于三峡大坝及上游水库群的运行,长江中下游水域水文节律随之发生了改变,导致洞庭湖枯水期提前,进而影响洞庭湖洲滩植被及其土壤种子库的分布格局.本研究在洞庭湖4个自然保护区内选取共11个典型洲滩湿地,沿由水到陆方向根据植被类型将洲滩分为泥沙洲滩、泥沙—湖草洲滩过渡带、湖草洲滩、湖草—南荻洲滩过渡带、南荻洲滩5种洲滩类型.通过样带—样方法调查和采样,并结合湿润和水淹两种条件下的土壤种子库萌发实验,分析了土壤水分变化对洲滩种子库萌发特征的影响及土壤种子库与地表植被的关系.结果显示:①土壤含水量沿水到陆方向由泥沙洲滩向南荻洲滩递减;②不同类型洲滩土壤种子库密度没有显著差异;③温室萌发实验中,水淹条件下土壤种子库物种丰富度和种子库密度显著降低,东洞庭湖自然保护区土壤种子库物种丰富度和种子库密度较高;④地表植被物种丰富度高于土壤种子库,泥沙洲滩土壤种子库与地表植被物种组成的Jaccard相似性指数最低.此外,虉草(Phalaris arundinacea)、芦苇(Phragmites communis)、南荻(Miscanthus sacchariflorus)等只在地表植被中存在,而陌上菜(Lindernia procumbens)、通泉草(Mazus japonicus)等只在种子库中存在.结果表明,在进行湿地植被恢复时,不能仅依靠种子库移植技术,还要考虑湖区季节性的水位变化以及个别物种的特异性,配合有针对性的水文调控机制及相关的人工措施恢复其原有植被. 相似文献
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13.
Direct infiltration of roof runoff into the ground may pose a potential risk of soil and groundwater contamination. The performance of two different barrier materials for the retention of zinc from roof runoff of an eleven year old zinc roof was examined in a field study. As barrier materials geotextile and clinoptilolite were applied. Automatic samplers were used to take samples both at the inlet and at the outlet of the retention facility. Samples of twenty rain events were examined. Zinc was detected in the roof runoff in concentrations of up to 25 mg/L, and lead which originates from the tin‐solder was present in concentrations of up to 84 μg/L. Under most circumstances, a first flush could be observed for the analysed substances. No retention of heavy metals was observed, where only geotextile was used as a barrier material. The clinoptilolite filter was able to adsorb up to 97 % of zinc from the roof runoff. 相似文献
14.
Xianxiang Wang 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2011,39(1):13-20
Magnetic hydroxyapatite (HAP), which combined superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and HAP, composite materials were prepared by ultrasound method in this paper. It has also been found that these materials have the ability to adsorb phenol in wastewater. The magnetic materials were investigated by scanning electron microscope, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, vibrating sample magnetometer, and N2 adsorption in order to elucidate the morphology, structure, and other properties. When the prepared magnetic materials were calcined at 200°C, the prepared Fe3O4 was oxidized to Fe2O3, possessing loose‐shaped holes with a high specific area of 325.2 m2/g, a magnetization intensity of 12.5 emu/g, and the N2 adsorption isotherm belongs to porous adsorption type I. Moreover, the magnetic HAP can adsorb 90% phenol in wastewater. This means that it is an excellent recyclable phenol sorbent for sewage treatment. Experiments confirmed that the Freundlich adsorption isotherms model applies to lower phenol concentrations (0–50 mg/L), while for high phenol concentrations (50–500 mg/L) the Langmuir adsorption isotherms model fits. The magnetic sorbents have the capacity to regenerate after reaching adsorption saturation using ethanol as eluant and external magnetic field as separation unit. The efficiency of adsorption was reduced only by 10% over a six time use period. 相似文献
15.
Lauryl acrylate (LA) grafted polypropylene (PP) fibers (PP-g-LA) were prepared via ultraviolet radiation and used to adsorb insoluble organics from aqueous solutions. The grafted fibers showed a maximum adsorption capacity of 18.85 g/g for benzene, while the adsorption capacity of the original PP fiber was only 8.21 g/g. However, graft polymerization is usually accompanied by the homopolymerization phenomenon, which is detrimental to practical applications of the grafted fiber. Homopolymerization negatively affected the adsorption capacities and the reusabilities of the grafted fibers, which decreased with increasing rates of homopolymerization. The adsorption capacity of grafted fiber with a homopolymerization rate of 18.40% was maintained above 85% of its initial adsorption capacity after being regenerated 10 times, while the adsorption capacity of the grafted fiber with a homopolymerization rate of 70.51% was approximately 40% of its initial capacity after 10 regenerations. 相似文献
16.
The most important natural function of exposed sandy beaches is the filtration of large volumes of sea water which are flushed through the interstitial pore system by the actions of tides and waves. In this process organic material is mineralized by the interstitial fauna and nutrients returned to the sea. This paper examines the physical effects of oil in blocking or reducing this filtration. Reduced filtration of sea water may be caused by prevention or retardation of interstitial water flow and/or decrease in pore space. The magnitude of the effects depends on the volume of oil, its state of weathering, its location on the beach and its degree of admixture with sand. It appears that under all but the heaviest conditions of pollution these effects are relatively small and only become significant in situ when discrete layers of weathered oil occur near the surface in the upper intertidal zone where maximum water input normally occurs. 相似文献
17.
A chemical-physical method for treatment of aniline containing waste water was developed. At the chemical stage aniline is polymerized by Fenton's reagent. Thus insoluble polyaniline precipitates. The best reaction conditions are: pH-value of 2–3, stepwise dosing of 60 mL H2O2 (30%) and 12 mL saturated FeSO4-solution per litre waste water. The molar ratio Fe(II): H2O2 amounts to 0.3:10. The concentration of aniline is reduced by this chemical treatment from about 20 g/L to 30–40 mg/L. By adsorption at activated charcoal the concentration of aniline can be reduced further to 0.2 mg/L. The resulting sludge can easily be dewatered in a chamber filter press. 相似文献
18.
A brief review of the literature on filtrate quality obtained in constant and variable declining rate operation systems is presented, with the general conclusion that both systems usually produce filtrate of similar quality, assuming the flow‐rate controllers in the constant flow rate system operate properly. A mathematical model of CR (constant rate) filters and VDR (variable declining rate) filters based on the model by Mackie and Zhao (1999) has been described and used to investigate filtrate quality under different operating conditions. A similar quality of filtrate was achieved in computations carried out for both modes of operation, while the total head loss was much lower in the VDR mode. For the same time of filter runs slightly better filtration quality resulted from CR operation, but for different filter runs resulting from the same head loss of flow just before a backwash, the VDR control system produced lower turbidity filtrate. 相似文献
19.
Gregory MA Marshall DJ George RC Anandraj A McClurg TP 《Marine pollution bulletin》2002,45(1-12):114-125
The accumulation of metal in soft tissues, filtration rate and gill filament morphology are correlated in the southern African rock mussel, Perna perna, during exposure to mercury (24 days) and recovery (24 days). The amount of Hg in soft tissues increased from 0.13 to 87.5 μg/g dry weight after 24 days exposure, and declined to 13 μg/g during recovery. Mean filtration rate fell from 3979 to 1818 ml/h/g dry weight by day 2, but recovered slightly through days 4 and 8 (3037 ml/h/g), with a higher average rate (5030 ml/h/g) being maintained over the 24–48 days recovery period. The initial decline in filtration coincided with epithelial cell deterioration presented as interstitial oedema, neural and epithelial cell degeneration and reduced ciliation. Between days 8 and 24, cilia regenerated and there was a general improvement in cell morphology. Gill filament morphology returned to near normal during the metal-free recovery period. The usefulness of P. perna as an indicator of pollution is discussed. 相似文献
20.
Mohammed‐Osama J. Azzam Kamal Al‐Malah Ziad Al‐Gazzawi Saad A. Al‐Omari 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2010,38(9):822-830
Olive mills wastewater (OMW) is a critical environmental problem in the Mediterranean area due to its extremely high levels of COD and phenols. In this study, a group of adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the dynamic response of the pH, COD, phenols, TSS, TDS, and TS concentrations of pretreated OMW, using different concentrations of activated carbon as adsorbent. The pretreatment included sedimentation and filtration of OMW. The pretreated OMW was then subjected to adsorption. A series of adsorption steps in stirred batch vessels were studied, namely, one stage, two‐stage countercurrent, and three‐stage countercurrent adsorption systems. A combined two‐ two‐stage countercurrent adsorption steps were also studied. Experimental results showed that such treatment protocols were promising. For example, a treatment protocol composed of a three‐stage countercurrent adsorption process using activated carbon of concentration of 24 g/L of OMW was able to reduce the COD from 60 000 mg/L down to 22 300 mg/L, while phenols were reduced from 450 to 15 mg/L. 相似文献