共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 140 毫秒
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以杭州湾为例,根据水文站历史潮位资料,采用改进的灰色马尔可夫预测模型对台风诱发暴潮的极端潮位进行预测.同时采用复合极值分布理论对可能出现的极端潮位进行概率预测,使预测结果更为接近真实数值. 相似文献
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台风灾害是影响中国2.5亿人民生命财产和经济发展的重大问题。鉴于现行台风防灾减灾领域存在的问题,提出了"多维复合极值分布"理论及相应的"双层嵌套多目标概率模式",并应用于美国卡特列娜飓风巨灾预测和验证、上海设防标准、杭州湾特大超高水位,三峡设计洪水的概率预测及风险分析,显示了新理论的科学性、先进性和实用性。 相似文献
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随着全球气候变化,自然灾害加剧的趋势。我国南部沿海城市的近海和海岸工程越来越受到台风、洪水、巨风和强降雨等极端因素的影响。本文基于多维复合极值分布理论分析在我国南海海岸带地区的台风诱发巨浪、风暴潮及相应的天文潮等致灾因素的联合频率,同时引入整体不确定性理论分析法(GUA),对各种统计理论,取样方法的计算结果进行合理的不确性评估。本文实例计算了中国南海海域海洋平台的甲板高程,与传统方法相比,该种概率预测的方法显示出合理性和安全性。 相似文献
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台风暴雨落区研究综述 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《海洋气象学报》2017,(4)
台风暴雨最重要的两个因素是雨强和降雨分布,后者即为暴雨的落区。影响台风暴雨落区的因子主要有3个:1)台风涡旋内部结构;2)台风周围环境大气影响;3)台风下垫面强迫作用。本文对这3类因子的作用和影响作了总结。台风暴雨可分为台风环流内的暴雨和台风环流之外的暴雨两大类。本文把台风环流内的暴雨概括为5个落区,包括眼壁暴雨、螺旋雨带暴雨、小涡暴雨、倒槽暴雨、切变暴雨。把台风环流之外的暴雨分为台前飑线暴雨、远距离暴雨和变性下游效应暴雨。地形可能会改变两类暴雨的强度和落区。本文对每一个落区的暴雨特点和形成机理作了总结,对台风暴雨业务预报有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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《海洋气象学报》2016,(2)
为了将WRF集合预报更好地应用于济南大城市精细化预报,提高暴雨预报准确率,利用2013—2014年汛期济南龟山观测站和市区及历城区36个区域自动观测站的降水资料,检验WRF集合预报24h确定性降水量对暴雨的TS评分、空报率、漏报率以及平均绝对误差和均方根误差,并且检验24h暴雨概率的可信度。2013年和2014年的空报率和漏报率均较高,2013年暴雨预报TS评分明显好于2014年。确定性预报24h降水量达到30mm以上,且天气形势和各物理量满足产生暴雨的条件时,可考虑预报暴雨;低层湿度大时确定性降水最易出现暴雨空报;24h暴雨概率预报对济南局地性较强的暴雨有较好的指示意义。 相似文献
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《海洋气象学报》2018,(4)
利用欧洲中期天气预报中心细网格模式(以下简称ECMWF-Thin)产品和模式水平分辨率为9 km的华东区域气象中心中尺度数值预报模式V1.0(以下简称SMS-WARMS)产品,对山东半岛2016—2017年汛期35个暴雨日(26次过程)的暴雨预报能力进行检验。结果表明:1)对于降水强度,ECMWF-Thin预报偏弱导致暴雨和大暴雨漏报率偏高,大暴雨几乎全部漏报,当其预报有50mm以上降水时出现暴雨的概率达90%以上,SMS-WARMS则预报降水量偏强、空报率较高,SMSWARMS降水强度量级预报总体优于ECMWF-Thin,24 h预报能力最佳; 2)对于强降水开始时间的预报,两家模式均表现为偏晚为主,且偏晚3 h以内的概率较大,在参考其预报结论的基础上可适当提前3 h; 3)对于强降水落区,ECMWF-Thin略优于SMS-WARMS,SMS-WARMS对台风暴雨的落区预报较为精准,而其他类型暴雨的落区ECMWF-Thin预报多偏南或偏向西南1°以内,因此预报员需向偏东或东北1°范围内的区域调整; 4)对于强降水范围大小的预报,ECMWF-Thin预报暴雨范围偏小的概率较大,而SMS-WARMS预报范围偏大的概率较大,因此需综合考虑两种数值预报结论进行折中预报。 相似文献
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《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2016,(12)
基于气象要素高空探测、地面观测以及NCEP再分析资料,针对2003年8月下旬(0312)和2004年8月下旬(0418)山东省两场发生在不同环流形势下的远距离暴雨过程进行了对比分析。结果显示,台风在两次暴雨过程中均起了重要作用,但机理不同。除台风东侧低空急流为大暴雨的发生提供充沛的水汽,有利于构建不稳定的大气层结以及加强暴雨区的辐合上升运动等共同点之外,还存在着显著的不同:(1)0312台风远距离暴雨是台风与切变线相互作用的产物,0418台风远距离暴雨则是由台风与冷锋相互作用造成的;(2)在这两次暴雨过程中,直接影响系统和台风所起的作用不同:0312台风远距离暴雨过程中,切变线为暴雨的发生发展提供了原始的正涡度场,而台风东侧的低空急流加强北推进一步加强了切变线附近正涡度和辐合强度,加强了上升运动;0418台风远距离暴雨过程中,台风倒槽顶端生成并分裂发展的气旋式涡旋为暴雨系统的原始涡源,台风东侧低空急流北上在一定程度上加强了暴雨区的辐合和上升运动;(3)两次台风远距离暴雨中,与台风相连的偏南风急流对暴雨区的水汽净流入贡献最大,但最大水汽输送层不同,0312台风远距离暴雨的最大水汽输送层在925hPa附近,而0418台风远距离暴雨的最大水汽输送出现在800hPa上下。 相似文献
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The accurate prediction of the typhoon （hurricane） induced extreme sea environments is very important for the coastal structure design in areas influenced by typhoon （hurricane）. In 2005 Hurricane Katrina brought a severe catastrophe in New Orleans by combined effects of hurricane induced extreme sea environments and upper flood of the Mississippi River. Like the New Orleans City, Shanghai is located at the estuarine area of the Changjiang River and the combined effect of typhoon induced extreme sea en- vironments, flood peak runoff from the Changjiang River coupled with the spring tide is the dominate factor for disaster prevention design criteria. The Poisson-nested logistic trivariate compound extreme value distribution （PNLTCEYD） is a new type of joint probability model which is proposed by compounding a discrete distribution （typhoon occurring frequency） into a continuous multivariate joint distribution （ typhoon induced extreme events）. The new model gives more reasonable predicted results for New Orleans and Shanghai disaster prevention design criteria. 相似文献
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Disaster prevention design criteria for the estuarine cities:New Orleans and Shanghai The lesson from Hurricane Katrina 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
LIU Defu * SHI Hongda PANG Liang Disaster Prevention Research Institute Ocean University of China Qingdao China College of Engineering Ocean University of China Qingdao China 《海洋学报(英文版)》2006,25(4)
1Introduction IntheendofAugust2005,HurricaneKatrina assaultedAtlanticcoastandcoastofGulfofMexico coastswithamaximumwindspeedof175m/h,a bout1200peoplewerekilledinthecatastrophic storm,NewOrleanswasseriouslydamagedbythe turbulenthurricanewindandtheassociate… 相似文献
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Weather stations over northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, recorded over 100 mm of rainfall during the night of 11–12 February 2005. This heavy rainfall was associated with a mesoscale convective system (MCS) that was initiated from small convective storms beginning early in the afternoon on 11 February 2005. An analysis of Medium Range Forecast (MRF) model output suggests that a combination of synoptic features contributed to the evolution of the system. It is likely that the high-lying topography of the eastern escarpment and high diurnal surface heating provided the trigger for the event. Although MCSs are not uncommon in this region, very little work has been done on South African cases.
The MCS is investigated with a non-hydrostatic numerical model (mesoscale model version 3; MM5) to help determine which processes were important in its initiation and development, as well as what factors contributed to the associated heavy rainfall. The model results suggest that the eastern escarpment played a key role in triggering the convective event, as well as influencing the low-level winds that advected moisture into the region. It was also apparent that the Agulhas Current played an important role in supplying moisture to fuel the extreme rainfall. The development of the MCS and the heavy nocturnal rainfall was due to a combination of the continuous moisture supply into the region, a conditionally unstable atmosphere, and uplift due to low-level convergence and the local topography. 相似文献
The MCS is investigated with a non-hydrostatic numerical model (mesoscale model version 3; MM5) to help determine which processes were important in its initiation and development, as well as what factors contributed to the associated heavy rainfall. The model results suggest that the eastern escarpment played a key role in triggering the convective event, as well as influencing the low-level winds that advected moisture into the region. It was also apparent that the Agulhas Current played an important role in supplying moisture to fuel the extreme rainfall. The development of the MCS and the heavy nocturnal rainfall was due to a combination of the continuous moisture supply into the region, a conditionally unstable atmosphere, and uplift due to low-level convergence and the local topography. 相似文献
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全球气候变化背景下的极端高温和强降雨频发天气导致的养殖池塘持续性的高温和低盐环境给刺参池塘养殖带来了严峻的挑战。为了研究刺参对高温和低盐环境的生理响应,本实验分析了高温和低盐协同胁迫对刺参幼参生长及诱导型hsp70和hsp90基因表达的影响。实验设置4个温度梯度（16℃、20℃、24℃和28℃）和3个盐度梯度（22、27和32）,共12个不同的胁迫组。经过40 d的长期胁迫,研究发现,随着温度的升高和盐度的降低,幼参的体重增加量减少,并在高温、低盐组出现体重负增长。长期胁迫提高了刺参幼参的诱导型hsp70和hsp90基因表达量,从而在一定程度上增强了对极端天气的抵抗能力。同时,高温下盐度22处理组刺参幼参诱导型hsp70和hsp90基因的表达量较盐度27条件下低。双因子方差分析结果显示,高温和低盐对幼参特定生长率和诱导型hsp70和hsp90基因表达量的交互作用均不显著,并且盐度对诱导型hsp70和hsp90基因表达量没有显著的影响。因此,相较低盐,高温对刺参幼参的影响更大,可作为刺参育种的选择压力。在高温期应该采取有效措施降低海水温度,并防止极端天气造成的养殖水体温度分层。该研究丰富了刺参生理生态学理论,可为刺参良种选育工作提供思路,并为指导极端天气下刺参生产实践活动提供一定的理论依据。 相似文献
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海平面上升、强台风和风暴潮对厦门海域极值水位的影响及危险性预估 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
气候变化背景下海平面上升、强台风和风暴潮对我国东南沿海地区的洪涝灾害影响日益严重,为应对气候变化的影响,本文以位于我国东南沿海的厦门地区为例,应用多种海洋大气观测资料和数理统计及模拟方法,分析了历史上9914号和1614号两次台风对厦门海域极端海面高度(极值水位)的影响,预估了未来海平面上升情景下厦门海域极值水位的变化... 相似文献
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用实况降水、雷达反射率、欧洲中心(ECMWF)全球模式细网格及0. 5°×0. 5°分辨率ERA-Interim再分析等资料,对2016年15日发生在浙江省沿海地区的强降水过程进行分析和诊断,结果表明:该过程是由14号台风"莫兰蒂"的外围螺旋雨带产生的; 15日在浙江东部沿海地区有充沛的水汽,源源不断的水汽输送和明显的不稳定层结条件;在边界层辐合线、山脉地形、边界层急流头部三者共同作用下,该区域形成强烈的边界层辐合上升运动,触发了对流;对流层高层200 h Pa高空急流右后侧和气流发散区叠加,提供了强的高空水平辐散,有利于低层辐合上升的维持和发展,最终导致浙江沿海地区发生强降水。对比分析发现模式预报的边界层东南偏东急流及边界层辐合线均明显比实况弱,这可能是各大数值预报中心对这次过程的预报都明显偏小的主要原因,说明边界层东南偏东急流及边界层辐合线对于强降水具有重要作用。 相似文献
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The mesoscale numerical simulation of the flow field of the Hainan Island and the Leizhou Peninsula 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
The flow field over Hainan Island and the Leizhou Peninsula in summer and winter is discussed with three-dimensional mesoscale model developed in the University of Virginia and using the representative meteorological data of January and July.Simulation results indicate that the local weather characteristics over the Hainan Island are distinctly influenced by theWuzhi Mountain terrain. The cloudy or rainfall weather over the northeast of the Wuzhi Mountain occurs easily, under proper large-scale conditions of flow, temperature and humidity. while west wind prevails. The overcast or rainfall weather is often induced by strong convection in the afternoon over west of the Hainan Island under easterly prevailing wind. 相似文献
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A maximum-entropy compound distribution model for extreme wave heights of typhoon-affected sea areas
A new compound distribution model for extreme wave heights of typhoon-affected sea areas is proposed on the basis of the maximum-entropy principle.The new model is formed by nesting a discrete distribution in a continuous one,having eight parameters which can be determined in terms of observed data of typhoon occurrence-frequency and extreme wave heights by numerically solving two sets of equations derived in this paper.The model is examined by using it to predict the N-year return-period wave height at two hydrology stations in the Yellow Sea,and the predicted results are compared with those predicted by use of some other compound distribution models.Examinations and comparisons show that the model has some advantages for predicting the N-year return-period wave height in typhoon-affected sea areas. 相似文献