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1.
湖北长湖水生植物多样性及群落演替 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
在2011年的调查基础上,结合已有资料,研究长湖水生植物多样性、群落特征、水生植被分布现状及水生植物多样性的动态变化和群落演替规律,探讨驱动水生植物群落演替的主导因素.结果显示长湖现有水生植物95种,水生植物优势群落12个.与1985年相比,长湖水生植物无论是在优势种还是优势群落上均发生了巨大变化,从原来以沉水植物为主的优势群落逐步演替为以挺水植物+漂浮浮叶植物为优势的水生植物群落.同时水生植被分布面积急剧缩小,生物量显著下降,2011年全湖水生植被覆盖率仅为4.2%,单位面积平均生物量只有2001年的10%,全湖生物总量相比于2006年下降了88.5%.分析表明,大规模围网养殖等人为干扰活动及水体富营养化是致使长湖水生植物多样性显著下降和群落发生逆向演替的主要原因. 相似文献
2.
Junbao Yu Jingshuang Liu Franz X. Meixner Jinda Wang Yongjun Gao Yang Wang Xiaoning Qi Xiaobing Chen 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2010,38(11):1080-1086
We have investigated the contributions of three dominant macrophyte species, Deyeuxia angustifolia, Carex lasiocarpa, and Carex pseudocuraica (covering about 10 304 km2), to carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) stocks in the largest freshwater marsh (17 300 km2) in China for a 3‐year period (from 2002 to 2004). The monthly biomass, seasonal, and annual net primary productivity (NPP), and nutrient concentrations of three species were measured. All three plant species showed rapid growth in the rainy season. The maximum and minimum production rates in the freshwater marsh were ～36.19 and ～9.92 g m?2 day?1, respectively. The total NPP accounts 1900–2700 g m?2 year?1 in the studied area. Total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in roots were higher than those in stem and leaf tissues. The vast beds of the three studied species comprise 80% of the grass covered marsh of Sanjiang plain, contributing annual nutrient stocks of ～10.99 × 106, ～788.36 × 103, and ～18.10 × 103 t (tonnes) for TOC, TN, and TP, respectively. Our results suggest that the nutrient bioaccumulation capacity in freshwater marshes depend mainly on plant species, which are decided by hydrological conditions. The nutrient stocks in the Sanjiang plain marsh have been greatly reduced because some of the area occupied by C. lasiocarpa was replaced by D. angustifolia as a result of succession caused by the changes of water table. 相似文献
3.
On the Chinese Loess Plateau, serious slope and gully erosion have caused a decrease in soil water capacity and fertility, which has resulted in vegetation degradation and a reduction in agricultural productivity. Great efforts have been made to restore vegetation to control soil erosion, but the efficiency of artificial revegetation is not satisfactory. Natural revegetation is an alternative. However, while soil seed banks are an essential source for natural revegetation, their composition and distribution on eroded slopes remains unknown. In addition, whether or not seed loss during soil erosion limits vegetation colonization is also unknown. In this work, soil seed bank composition and distribution were studied in three situations. Specifically, three main microsites were selected as sampling plots: fish‐scale pits, as artificial deposited micro‐topography; under tussocks, as trap microsites; and open areas, as eroded areas. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0–2 cm, 2–5 cm and 5–10 cm. The soil seed bank was identified using germination experiments, and a total of 34 species were identified. The dominant species in the soil seed bank were annual/biennial herbs with an average proportion more than 90% and density reaching 19,000 seeds m‐2. The pioneer species Artemisia scoparia was especially abundant. The dominant later successional species, such as Lespedeza davurica, Artemisia giraldii, Artemisia gmelinii, Stipa bungeana and Bothriochloa ischcemum, were present in the soil at a density that ranged from 38 to 1355 seeds m‐2. Compared with the eroded open areas, the fish‐scale pits retained a higher density of seeds, and the tussocks retained a larger number of species. However, there was no serious reduction of the soil seed bank in the erosion areas. The present study indicates that, on these eroded slopes, the soil seed bank is not the key factor limiting the colonization of natural vegetation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
太湖蚌类现存量及空间分布格局 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
于2016年10月和2017年10月对太湖全湖8个湖区129个样点的蚌类进行调查,分析蚌类的物种组成、现存量、空间分布及历史变化.共采集到蚌类704个个体,隶属8属14种.全湖蚌类平均生物量和密度分别为4.169±9.337 g/m2和0.164±0.386 ind./m2;各湖区蚌类平均生物量和密度差异较大,东部沿岸区生物量和密度最高,分别为14.975±16.743 g/m2和0.577±0.758 ind./m2;湖心区生物量和密度最低,仅为0.727±1.622 g/m2和0.029±0.071 ind./m2.扭蚌（Arconaia lanceolata）、圆顶珠蚌（Unio douglasiae）和背角无齿蚌（Anodonta woodiana woodiana）为太湖现阶段的优势种.基于蚌类平均密度的聚类分析,8个湖区分为3类.与历史数据相比,太湖蚌类资源呈明显衰退趋势,现状不容乐观,需加强对太湖蚌类的保护和资源的有效管理. 相似文献
5.
Litterfall was measured in a dry schlerophyll eucalypt forest and a nearby Pinus radiata plantation of similar tree density and basal area near Canberra in south-eastern Australia. Total annual litterfall for the eucalypts was 329 g m−2, compared with 180 g m−2 for the pines, with the bark component being 52 g m−2 for eucalypts and zero for pines. Barkfall did not occur for the eucalypts during the drought of 1982–1983 but complete bark shedding occurred during the subsequent very wet year when barkfall was 177 g m−2 for Eucalyptus rossii and 146 g m−2 for Eucalyptus mannifera (9·3 and 7·6 g m−2 of basal area, respectively). Barkfall of E. rossii responded to rainfall in the period autumn to early summer, whereas E. mannifera responded to summer rainfall. In the eucalypt forest floor-litter was stratified into a surface layer where the components were substantially intact, and a cohesive layer where the components were fragmented and bound together by fungal hyphae. The amount and residence times of loose and cohesive floor-litter were 1056 g m−2 and 3·2 years, respectively, for the loose litter layer; and 1164 g m−2 and 3·5 years for the cohesive layer. The litter biomass represented 17% of the estimated total above-ground biomass of 127 tonnes ha−1. A previous study showed roots to be 25% of total biomass, suggesting a total biomass of 167 tonnes ha−1. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
Z. Sagintayev M. Sultan S. D. Khan S. A. Khan K. Mahmood E. Yan A. Milewski P. Marsala 《水文研究》2012,26(1):85-99
The lack of adequate field measurements often hampers the construction and calibration of rainfall‐runoff models over many of the world's watersheds. We adopted methodologies that rely heavily on readily available remote sensing datasets as viable alternatives for assessing, managing, and modelling of such remote and inadequately gauged regions. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool was selected for continuous (1998–2005) rainfall‐runoff modelling of one such area, the northeast part of the Pishin Lora basin (NEPL). Input to the model included satellite‐based Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission precipitation data, and modelled runoff was calibrated against satellite‐based observations, the latter included: (i) monthly estimates of the water volumes impounded by the Khushdil Khan (latitude 30°40′N, longitude 67°40′E), and the Kara Lora (latitude 30°34′N, longitude 66°52′E) reservoirs, and (ii) inferred wet versus dry conditions in streams across the NEPL. Calibrations were also conducted against observed flow reported from the Burj Aziz Khan station at the NEPL outlet (latitude 30°20′N; longitude 66°35′E). Model simulations indicate that (i) average annual precipitation (1998–2005), runoff and recharge in the NEPL are 1300 × 106 m3, 148 × 106 m3, and 361 × 106 m3, respectively; (ii) within the NEPL watershed, precipitation and runoff are high for the northeast (precipitation: 194 mm/year; runoff: 38 × 106 m3/year) and northwest (134 mm/year; 26 × 106 m3/year) basins compared to the southern basin (124 mm/year; 8 × 106 m3/year); and (3) construction of delay action dams in the northeast and northwest basins could increase recharge from 361 × 106 m3/year up to 432 × 106 m3/year and achieve sustainable extraction. The adopted methodologies are not a substitute for traditional approaches, but they could provide first‐order estimates for rainfall, runoff, and recharge in the arid and semi‐arid parts of the world that are inaccessible and/or lack adequate coverage with field data. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
从细菌、浮游植物、浮游动物、底栖动物和有机碎屑等几个方面分析了养鱼对伊乐藻种植区(以下简称为有草区)和无草区水域环境的影响。结果表明:两个区域存在着显著的差异性。有草区由于生长着茂密的水生植被,对环境压迫的缓冲能力增强,水生生物的群落结构较为稳定,物种多样性指数高于无草区,有机物的沉降速率也大大低于无草区。与此相比,无草区对环境压迫的缓冲能力较差,水体浮游植物数量增加,富营养化加剧。通过本项实验可以看出,人工种植伊乐藻对养鱼区水质有着明显地控制作用,是发展生态渔业的一条有效途径。 相似文献
8.
自1960s以来,抚仙湖沿岸带沉水植物群落发展迅速,而监测频率相对不足.为了解抚仙湖沉水植物群落现状及过去60年内的变化趋势,于2016年7月,对抚仙湖全湖沉水植物进行调查,并结合以往多次调查数据进行趋势分析.本次调查设置了36条样带共41个样点.在实测数据验证后,使用卫星多光谱相机数据基于归一化植被指数(NDVI)计算全湖沉水植物分布面积.此外,计算了物种在沿岸带植被区的平均生物量、优势度和群落多样性指数.结果表明:抚仙湖沉水植物2016年夏季分布面积为5.14 km2,平均生物量(鲜重)密度为9.8 kg/m2,最高48.7 kg/m2,全湖总现存量(鲜重)5.02×104t;共采集到沉水植物13种(类),隶属于5科6属.其中,生物量最高的物种是金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum),其次是黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和穗花狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum);出现频度最高的物种是穗花狐尾藻,其次是苦草(Vallisneria natans)和篦齿眼子菜(Potamogeton pectinatus);物种优势度最大的物种是穗花狐尾藻,其次是金鱼藻和黑藻;抚仙湖各样点沉水植物香农-威纳多样性指数介于0.05～1.28之间,全湖平均值为0.75;除轮藻类外,沉水植物群丛的冠层在1.5～4 m之间,其中金鱼藻群丛冠层最高.丝状附着藻大量出现,附着在高大的沉水植物冠层上的生物量远远多于附着在基质上的;丝状附着藻主要附着在群落上层沉水植物100 cm以内的植冠上.在过去的60年来,抚仙湖沉水植物分布面积、全湖总生物量和物种丰富度呈增加的趋势;低矮的草甸型物种如轮藻类、苦草等优势度下降,高大的冠层型沉水植物如穗花狐尾藻、金鱼藻等成为优势种;外来物种伊乐藻在最近几年出现并成为次优势种;丝状附着藻生物量增加.以上结果表明,目前抚仙湖沉水植物群落处于生物量、分布面积和多样性最高的阶段,是维持和保护的关键时期.但相比于国外类似湖泊,抚仙湖沉水植物丰富度一直较低,目前冠层型植物占优势、外来物种快速发展和丝状附着藻增殖的态势,将会引起群落结构不稳定,如果不加以保护和管理,可能会朝着富营养化湖泊的群落结构方向发展,进而对沿岸带水质产生不利影响.除了进一步控制抚仙湖入湖营养负荷外,我们建议对群落上层高大的冠层型沉水植物进行收割,收割深度为100 cm,从而控制冠层型沉水植物以及附着在其上的丝状附着藻,为草甸型沉水植物的发展创造条件,引导抚仙湖沉水植物群落向贫营养化湖泊的群落结构方向发展,但其可行性尚需开展研究. 相似文献
9.
Soil CO2 efflux in forest and grassland over 5 years from 2005 to 2009 in a semiarid mountain area of the Loess plateau, China, was measured. The aim was to compare the soil respiration and its annual and inter‐annual responses to the changes in soil temperature and soil water content between the two vegetation types for observing soil quality evolution. The differences among the five study years were the annual precipitation (320.1, 370.5, 508.8, 341.6, and 567.4 mm in 2005–2009, respectively) and annual distribution. The results showed that the seasonal change of soil respiration in both vegetation types was similar and controlled by soil temperature and soil water content. The mean soil respiration across 5 years in the forest (3.78 ± 2.68 µmol CO2 m?2 s?1) was less than that in the grassland (4.04 ± 3.06 µmol CO2 m?2 s?1), and the difference was significant. The drought soil in summer depressed soil respiration substantially. The Q10 value across 5‐year measurements was 2.89 and 2.94 for forest and grassland. When soil water content was between wilting point (WP) and field capacity (FC), the Q10 in both types increased with increasing soil water content, and when soil water content dropped to below WP, soil respiration and the Q10 decreased substantially. Although an exponential model was well fitted to predict the annual mean soil respiration for each single year data, it overestimated and underestimated soil respiration, respectively, in drought conditions and after rain for short periods of time during the year. The two‐variable models including temperature and water content variables could be well used to predict soil respiration for both types in all weather conditions. The models proposed are useful for understanding and predicting potential changes in the eastern part of Loess plateau in response to climate change. 相似文献
10.
保安湖是江汉湖群的一个典型浅水湖泊。近几十年来,随着经济的快速发展,保安湖面临多重人类压力影响,富营养化问题日趋严重。历史上曾开展过数次的保安湖底栖动物调查,但有关群落结构的长期变化及其驱动机制改变的认知仍为空白。本研究基于30余年（1986 2019）的多次调查数据,探索保安湖底栖动物的群落演变规律及其群落构建机制。研究共记录保安湖底栖动物5门10纲25目49科110属170种（历史记录154种,现场调查51种）。总物种数由1992年的107种降为2019年的51种;平均密度由1992年的433 ind．/m2增加到2019年的2177.6 ind．/m2;平均生物量由2001年的160.6 g/m2降低为2019年的26.7 g/m2。优势种在1987年有寡毛类、水生昆虫和软体动物多个类群,其后逐步演变为现阶段少数几种耐污的寡毛类和摇蚊类,如霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）、中国长足摇蚊（Tanypus chinensis）、红裸须摇蚊（Propsilocerus akamusi）等,而多年生大型软体动物衰退明显。PERMANOVA和SIMPER分析结... 相似文献
11.
Hemispherical photographs of forest canopies can be used to develop sophisticated models that predict incident below canopy shortwave radiation on the surface of interest (i.e. soil and water). Hemispherical photographs were collected on eight dates over the course of a growing season to estimate leaf area index and to quantify solar radiation incident on the surface of two stream reaches based on output from Gap Light Analyser and Hemisfer software. Stream reaches were shaded by a mixed‐deciduous Ozark border forested riparian canopy. Hemispherical photo model results were compared to observed solar radiation sensed at climate stations adjacent to each stream reach for the entire 2010 water year. Modeled stream‐incident shortwave radiation was validated with above‐stream pyranometers for the month of September. On average, the best hemispherical photo models underestimated daily averages of solar radiation by approximately 14% and 12% for E–W and N–S flowing stream reaches, respectively (44.7 W/m2 measured vs 38.4 W/m2 modeled E–W, 46.8 W/m2 vs. 41.1 W/m2N–S). The best hemispherical photo models overestimated solar radiation relative to in–Stream pyranometers placed in the center of each stream reach by approximately 7% and 17% for E–W and N–S stream reaches respectively (31.3 W/m2 measured vs 33.5 W/m2 modeled E–W, 31.5 W/m2 vs. 37.1 W/m2N–S). The model provides a geographically transferable means for quantifying changes in the solar radiation regime at a stream surface due to changes in canopy density through a growing season, thus providing a relatively simple method for estimating surface and water heating in canopy altered environments (e.g. forest harvest). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
Carbonate sedimentation in seagrass beds on Ishigaki‐jima,Ryukyu Islands,southwestern Japan 
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下载免费PDF全文 In order to investigate biota and sedimentary facies, and to delineate processes of carbonate sedimentation in seagrass beds, we conducted sedimentological investigations along three onshore–offshore transects at two sites (Nagura and Yoshihara) on Ishigaki‐jima, Ryukyu Islands. Along the transects, the seagrass beds extended seaward 20–40 m from shore, and their widths parallel to the shore ranged from 60 to >110 m. The seagrass was dominated by Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata and subordinate C. serrulata. Seasonal changes in seagrass coverage were evident, with mean coverage relatively higher in summer and fall (July and October) than in winter and spring (January and April). The surface sediment throughout the seagrass beds was dominated by medium to very coarse sand‐sized bioclasts displaying grainstone/packstone fabrics. Bioclasts were dominated by corals and coralline algae, with lesser benthic foraminifers, mollusks, echinoids, and Halimeda. The grainstone/packstone was underlain by gravelly sediment with coral clasts, showing a rudstone fabric, at the Nagura Site. The lower part of the core sediment was blackened, indicating a reducing environment. Two dates of corals collected at the Nagura and Yoshihara sites (24.5 cm and 16.5 cm below the sea bottom) were 2781–2306 and 4374–3805 cal BP (2σ age range), respectively, suggesting extremely low sedimentation rates (<0.1 mm/year). Sediment influx was higher during July–January than during January–July. The relatively large influx during summer and fall is caused by massive sediment transport during typhoons and storms. The total sediment influx (i.e., suspension‐load sediment transportation) is 74–96 kg CaCO3/m2/year at the Nagura Site and 21–57 kg CaCO3/m2/year at the Yoshihara Site. Sediment influx was significantly greater in the seagrass beds than in surrounding areas, providing supporting evidence for an sediment trapping function of seagrass beds. Our data indicate that seagrass beds in the Ryukyu Islands are characterized by high sediment fluxes and extremely low sedimentation rates. 相似文献
13.
2006年4月至2007年3月对长江支流清江二级支流———胡家溪的大型底栖动物群落结构和生产量进行为期一周年的调查和研究.结果表明,主要蜉蝣优势种小裳蜉(Leptophlebia sp.)、扁蜉(Electrogena sp.)、四节蜉(Indobaetis sp.)的生活史为一年三代,细蜉(Caenis sp.)为一年两代;小裳蜉的年均密度和年均生物量分别为407 ind./m2、1.00 g/m2;扁蜉为150 ind./m2、0.37 g/m2,四节蜉为232 ind./m2、0.30 g/m2,细蜉为91 ind./m2、0.17 g/m2.采用龄期频率法测算的周年生产量和P/B分别为:小裳蜉为441.42 g/m2(WW),14.3;扁蜉为434.88 g/m2(WW),7.6;四节蜉为747.21 g/m2(WW),15.0;细蜉为40.52 g/m2(WW),7.2.四种蜉蝣生产量的时间重叠比例相似系数较高,均大于0.55,这可能与四种蜉蝣的生境及食物资源较为相似有关. 相似文献
14.
Beach–dune sediment budgets and dune morphodynamics following coastal dune restoration,Wickaninnish Dunes,Canada 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The results from three years of surveying and monitoring a dynamic foredune and dunefield restoration effort on Vancouver Island, Canada is presented. Complete removal of foredune vegetation occurred in three phases spaced a year apart in an effort to control invasive Ammophila spp. The collection of airborne LiDAR, orthophotographs, and bi‐monthly topographic surveys provided a means to quantify and examine sediment budgets and geomorphic responses. Three survey swaths, corresponding with each phase of vegetation removal, were established to provide detailed topographic coverage over the impacted beach, foredune, and dunefield landscape units. The swath corresponding with the first phase of removal recorded a positive sediment budget of 1·3 m3 m?2 after three years. A control swath, with data collected for a year prior and two years following removal, exhibited a distinct pulse of sediment delivery into the dunefield unit with a maximum gain of 0·03 m3 m?2 pre‐removal compared to 0·11 m3 m?2 post‐removal. Vegetation analysis zones, associated with each of the three swaths, demonstrate a range of vegetation responses due to variation in the vegetation removal and subsequent re‐invasion or removal methods employed. The first site to be cleared of vegetation, received ongoing invasive re‐growth control, and three years following removal vegetation cover dropped from 57% in 2009 to 13% in 2012 (?44%). An adjacent site was cleared of vegetation two years later (only one year of recovery) but experienced rapid Ammophila re‐invasion and percent cover changed from 61% in 2009 to 26% in 2012 (?35%). The data presented provides insights for improving the application of sediment budget monitoring in dynamic restorations and discusses the potential for detailed spatial–temporal survey data to improve our understanding of meso‐scale landscape morphodynamics following foredune disturbance. Overall, the vegetation removal treatments reduced the extent of invasive grass and increased dunefield mobility and dynamic activity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
This paper documents application of an established geostatistical methodology to detect significant changes in a foredune–transgressive dune complex where Parks Canada Agency (PCA) implemented a dynamic restoration program to remove invasive marram grasses (Ammophila spp.) and enhance dynamic dune habitat for an endangered species. Detailed topographic surveys of a 10 320 m2 site in the Wickaninnish Dunes in Pacific Rim National Park, British Columbia, Canada for the first year post‐treatment are compared to a pre‐restoration LiDAR baseline survey. The method incorporates inherent spatial structure in measured elevation datasets at the sub‐landscape scale and models statistically significant change surfaces within distinct, linked geomorphic units (beach, foredune, transgressive dune complex). Seasonal and annual responses within the complex are discussed and interpreted. All geomorphic units experienced positive sediment budgets following restoration treatment. The beach experienced the highest differential volumetric change (+1656 m3) and net sediment influx (+834 m3, 0 · 19 m3 m–2) mostly from supply to the supratidal beach and incipient dune. This sediment influx occurred independent of the restoration effort and was available as a buffer against wave erosion and as supply to the landward dunes. The foredune received +200 m3 (0 · 13 m3 m‐2) and its seaward profile returned to a similar pre‐restoration form following erosion at the crest from vegetation removal and scarping by high water events. Sediment bypassing and minimal change was evident at the mid‐stoss slope with appreciable extension of depositional lobes in the lee. The transgressive dune complex experienced high accretion following restoration activity (+201 m3) and over the year (+284 m3, 0 · 07 m3 m–2) mostly from depositional lobes from the foredune, precipitation ridge growth along the downwind boundary, and growth of existing lobes within the complex. Further integration of this methodology to detect significant geomorphic changes is recommended, particularly for applications where sampling densities are limited or logistically defined. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
以滇池典型生态修复区——大泊口水域为研究对象,研究了富营养化高原湖泊种子库时空特征、种子库与地表覆盖水生植被及水环境的相关关系和恢复潜力.利用高密度样方原位观测与温室控制种子萌发实验相结合,基于2014-2016共3年的长期定位研究,分析湖泊平均种子库密度、分布格局及与覆盖水生植物Sørensen相似性关系,结果显示：年平均种子库形成率在20.35%~34.13%之间,种子库密度2014年为546.67粒/m2,2015年为826粒/m2,2016年为1682粒/m2,眼子菜科的篦齿眼子菜（Potamogeton pectinatus L.）、金鱼藻科的金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum demersum L.）等耐污种属对种子库构成和年增长率贡献较大;垂直方向上种子主要分布于深层底泥（5~30 cm）.随着在时间尺度上的延长,种子库分布更为广泛,且规模越来越大（其中500粒/m2以上规模的分布频率显示增多）.离散系数（V/m）与Lloyd平均拥挤指数（m*）分析显示主要优势群丛（篦齿眼子菜等）为聚集分布,其余为均匀空间分布格局;种子库与水生植被关系评价指标Sørensen相似性系数（SC）研究显示,滇池大泊口平均SC=（0.3628±0.0265）,在湖泊湿地类型和草本群落植被类型属性上处于较低水平,即显示目前植物群落演替过程发生较快,耐污先锋种属在恢复进程上占据优势生态位,而历史优势种和对水环境要求较高的物种却未能规模萌发,一定程度上揭示了高原富营养化湖泊种子库中历史优势植被可恢复性的特征及难点. 相似文献
17.
Growing Spirodela polyrrhiza in Swine Wastewater for the Production of Animal Feed and Fuel Ethanol: A Pilot Study 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
To evaluate the performance of Spirodela polyrrhiza grown in swine wastewater for protein and starch production under field conditions, a pilot‐scale duckweed culture pond was installed at Barham Farm, Zebulon, North Carolina and operated from May to November 2010. The anaerobically treated swine wastewater was fed to the duckweed pond intermittently to provide nutrients for the growth of duckweed, and the duckweed biomass was harvested regularly from the pond and prepared as a protein‐ or starch‐rich feedstock for the production of animal feed or fuel ethanol. Over the experimental period, the duckweed pond produced protein and starch at rates of 2.68 and 1.88 g m?2 day?1, respectively. During the same time, NH4–N and o‐PO4–P in the wastewater were, respectively, removed at rates of 92.9 and 2.90 mmol m?2 day?1. 相似文献
18.
苏北骆马湖大型底栖动物群落结构及水质评价 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
2014年1-12月,对苏北骆马湖水质和大型底栖动物进行了逐月调查.根据湖区的生境特征将骆马湖划分为3个区域:采砂区域、植被区域和其他区域.对比分析不同区域水质参数和底栖动物群落结构,并利用《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)、综合营养状态指数和生物学指数对水质进行评价.结果表明,采砂区域的水深显著高于植被区域,而透明度显著低于另外两个区域;采砂区域的总氮、总磷、硝态氮和正磷酸盐浓度均显著高于植被区域,生物多样性显著低于另外两个区域.骆马湖内共采集到大型底栖动物41种,其中环节动物8种,软体动物15种,节肢动物18种.铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)、苏氏尾鳃蚓(Branchiura sowerbyi)、霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)、长角涵螺(Alocinma longicornis)是现阶段的优势种.10个监测点底栖动物的年均密度和年均生物量分别为77.19±43.59 ind./m~2和37.62±28.31 g/m~2,呈现出较高的空间异质性.生物量较密度空间差异更大,生物量在湖泊四周的监测点较高,而在湖心开阔水域较低.水质评价结果表明骆马湖水质处于中营养状态,总体属于中度污染,作为南水北调东线工程重要的调蓄湖泊以及饮用水源地和水产养殖基地,加强水环境保护不容懈怠. 相似文献
19.
Data collected from 12 marine monitoring stations in Daya Bay from 1982 to 2004 reveal a substantial change in the ecological environment of this region. The average N/P ratio increased from 1.377 in 1985 to 49.09 in 2004. Algal species changed from 159 species of 46 genera in 1982 to 126 species of 44 genera in 2004. Major zooplankton species went from 46 species in 1983 to 36 species in 2004. The annual mean biomass of benthic animals was recorded at 123.10 g m−2 in 1982 and 126.68 g m−2 in 2004. Mean biomass and species of benthic animals near nuclear power plants ranged from 317.9 g m−2 in 1991 to 45.24 g m−2 in 2004 and from 250 species in 1991 to 177 species in 2004. A total of 12-19 species of hermatypic corals and 13 species of mangrove plants were observed in Daya Bay from 1984 to 2002. 相似文献
20.
Azolla filiculoides Lam. is a tiny aquatic fern growing as free floating mats covering the stagnant water of the irrigation and drainage canals of Damietta district, Egypt. Ecological characteristics and distribution of the fern were investigated and results were discussed.Vegetation analysis of Azolla indicate that the most common associated species with Azolla are: Phragmites australis [presence (P) = 93.3%], Echinochloa stagnina (P = 70%), Eichhornia crassipes (P = 57%), Pluchea dioscoridis (P = 56.7%), Persicaria salicifolia (P = 26.7%), Phylla nodiflora (P = 13.3%) and Ludwigia stolonifera (P = 10%). Submerged species, e.g. Ceratophyllum spp. and Potamogeton spp. are completely absent in the stands dominated with solid mats of Azolla. This could be explained by that these mats prevent light penetration and oxygen which are required to submerged plants which in turn are decayed.The pH of the water where Azolla was recorded ranged from 7.1 to 9.0 (mean = 7.8), total dissolved salts ranged from 280 to 2600 mg/l (mean = 880 mg/l). The total phosphorus showed the range from 0.01 to 0.82 mg/l (mean = 0.22 mg/l). The ammonia-N is relatively high, varying from 2 to 18 mg/l (mean = 7.0 mg/l), however, the nitrate-N varied from 2.1 to 54.1 mg/l with a mean value of 20.5 mg/l.The fresh biomass of Azolla ranged from 114 to 4280 g/m2 in irrigation canals and from 506 to 2760 g/m2 in drainage canals. The dry biomass varied from 16 to 23 g/m2 in irrigation canals. The range from 26 to 320 g/m2 was obtained for drainage canals. 相似文献