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1.
Abstract. K-Ar age determinations were carried out on vein- and rock-forming minerals from five vein-type tin-polymetallic ore deposits of the Oruro mining district in the central part of the Bolivian tin belt. The sericite from vein selvedges and an altered host rock provides good estimates of the ages of hypogene mineralization, and supergene alunite and jarosite provide ages for erosional and weathering episodes. It is concluded that hypogene mineralization in the Oruro mining district took place during the early to middle Miocene: 15.8±0.8 Ma at San José, 20.1±l.l Ma at Morococala, 20.5±1.0 Ma at Avicaya, and 19.6±1.0 Ma at Llallagua. Fine grained supergene alunite (δ34S = -10.1 960) and jarosite yield K-Ar ages of 6.7±0.7 Ma at Avicaya and 3.9±0.7 Ma at Bolivar, respectively, suggesting that erosion and chemical weathering were active at those times.  相似文献   

2.
Supergene Mn-oxide deposits are widely distributed in Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, and Hunan Provinces, South China, accounting for 18% of the total Mn reserves in the country. Direct dating of supergene Mn enrichment, however, is lacking. In this paper, we present high-resolution 40Ar/39Ar ages of Mn oxides from the Xinrong Mn deposit, western Guangdong, to place numerical constraints on the timing and duration of supergene Mn enrichment. A total of ten cryptomelane samples, spanning a vertical extent of 67 m, were dated using the 40Ar/39Ar laser incremental heating technique, with seven samples yielding well-defined plateau or pseudo-plateau ages ranging from 23.48 ± 0.91 to 2.06 ± 0.05 Ma (2σ). One sample yields a staircase spectrum that does not reach a plateau; the spectrum, however, indicates the presence of two or more generations of Mn oxides in the sample, whose ages are best estimated at 22.34 ± 0.31 and 10.2 ± 0.86 Ma, respectively. The remaining two samples gave meaningless or uninterpretable results due to significant 39Ar recoil and contamination by old phases. The 40Ar/39Ar data thus reveal a protracted history of weathering and supergene Mn enrichment that started at least in the end of the Oligocene or beginning of Miocene and extending into the latest Pliocene. Staircase-apparent age spectra, resulting from banded or botryoidal samples, yield an average growth rate of Mn oxides at 0.6–0.7 × 10−3 mm kyr−1. The values indicate that a 1-mm grain of Mn oxides may host minerals precipitated during a time span of ca. 1.5 m.y., and accumulation of Mn oxides to form economic deposits under weathering environments may take millions of years. The distribution of weathering ages shows that the oldest Mn oxides occur on the top of the profile, whereas the youngest minerals are found at the bottom, suggesting downward propagation of weathering fronts. However, two samples located at the intermediate depths of the profile yield ages comparable with those occurring at the highest elevations. Such a complexity of age distribution is interpreted in terms of preferential penetration of Mn-rich weathering solutions along more permeable fault zones, or as a result of multi stages of dissolution and re-precipitation of Mn oxides. A synthesis of geochronological and geological data suggests that formation of the Xinrong deposit was a consequence of a combination of favorable lithological, climatic, and structural conditions. Because the climatic and structural conditions are similar among the provinces of South China during the Cenozoic, the geochronological results obtained at Xinrong may also have implications for the timing of supergene Mn enrichment throughout South China.  相似文献   

3.
Low-grade carbonate-rich manganese ore of sedimentary origin in the giant Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa, is upgraded to high-grade todorokite–manganomelane manganese ore by supergene alteration below the unconformity at the base of the Cenozoic Kalahari Formation. Incremental laser-heating 40Ar/39Ar dating of samples from the supergene altered manganese ore suggest that chemical weathering processes below the Kalahari unconformity peaked at around 27.8 Ma, 10.1 Ma and 5.2 Ma ago. Older ages are dominant in the upper part of the weathering profile, while younger ages are characteristic of the deeper part of the profile. Younger ages partially overprint older ages in the upper part of the weathering profile and demonstrate the downward progression of the weathering front by as little as 10 cm per million years. The oldest age obtained in the weathering profile, namely 42 Ma, is considered a minimum estimate for the onset of the post African I cycle of weathering and erosion that followed the break up of Gondwanaland and formation of the Cretaceous to early Cenozoic African land surface. The youngest ages, recorded at around 5 Ma, in turn, correspond well to the Pliocene transition from humid to arid climatic conditions in Southern Africa.  相似文献   

4.
At the Matauri Bay halloysite deposit, economically valuable halloysite-rich clays are hosted by a sanidine rhyolite dome (Ar–Ar dated at 10.1?±?0.03?Ma). The rhyolite dome intrudes an older basalt and is overlain by alluvial sediments and a younger basalt (4.0?±?0.7?Ma). A blanket-like, halloysite-rich zone is restricted to depths of 10–30?m from the present day erosion surface. Primary sanidine and plagioclase phenocrysts in rhyolite are completely leached out in the halloysite-rich zone but are only partially leached out at greater depth. Halloysite was formed by hydrolysis and cation leaching of sanidine and plagioclase phenocrysts and groundmass glass in the rhyolite, resulting in loss of K, Ca, Na and Si and enrichment in OH (LOI 6–10%) and Al2O3 (20–30%) relative to least-altered rhyolite with 1.8% LOI and 14.5% Al2O3. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data indicate the halloysite is supergene rather than hydrothermal in origin, which is consistent with the absence of pyrite, alunite and other acid-sulphate type hydrothermal minerals, and with the blanket-like alteration profile. The dominance of halloysite over kaolinite was favoured by water-saturated weathering conditions during the late Miocene-Pliocene subtropical weathering regime in Northland.  相似文献   

5.
INTRODUCTIONModern4 0 Ar/ 39Arlaserstep heatinganalysishasbeensuccessfullyappliedtodateverysmallmineralgrainsfromdiversegeologicalenvironments .Thefineresolutionofthismethodhasgreatlyhelpovercomeproblemsintrinsicintradi tionalK Armethod ,inducedbyexcessargon ,argonlossbythermalresetting ,39Arrecoilduringirradiation ,andinter growthsand/orcontaminationofdifferentgenerationminer als ,withintheanalyzedmineral (Smithetal.,1998;Vas concelosetal.,1994 ) .Supergenemanganeseoredepositsareeconom…  相似文献   

6.
安徽庐枞盆地矾山酸性蚀变岩帽形成时代及其地质意义   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  
酸性蚀变岩帽是岩浆热液流体和围岩在近地表相互作用的产物,是斑岩-浅成低温热液成矿系统的重要指标。发育在长江中下游成矿带庐枞盆地内的矾山酸性蚀变岩帽产出面积较大( 20km~2)。前人对该酸性蚀变岩帽中的明矾石矿床的地质和地化特征进行了相关研究,但详细的年代学研究工作尚未开展。为精确厘定矾山酸性蚀变岩帽的形成时代,本文开展了明矾石~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar法和金红石原位U-Pb法定年。矾山酸性蚀变岩帽中明矾石共有三种类型:ⅠA型明矾石主要呈交代蚀变发生在热液蚀变早阶段,与石英、粒状黄铁矿或赤铁矿、少量金红石共生;ⅠB型明矾石形成于热液蚀变晚阶段,主要呈叶片状集合体充填在开放空间中,与石英、星点状赤铁矿、粒状金红石集合体共生,少量金红石和赤铁矿沿明矾石解理裂隙分布;Ⅱ型明矾石是表生明矾石,主要呈细粒集合体沿裂隙分布,与赤铁矿、高岭石、地开石共生。三类明矾石形成于不同环境下:ⅠA和ⅠB型明矾石形成于岩浆热液环境下,是大矾山明矾石矿区的主要产物;Ⅱ型细粒明矾石分布在矾山酸性蚀变岩帽的非明矾石矿区,是表生环境下的产物。ⅠA型明矾石的~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar定年的坪年龄为131±6Ma,代表了矾山酸性蚀变岩帽的形成时代。与Ⅱ型明矾石密切共生的金红石U-Pb定年结果为32. 7±4Ma,在该期间,整个盆地内无岩浆活动发生,该年龄反映了矾山酸性蚀变岩帽经历表生氧化作用的时间。明矾石和金红石定年结果分别对应岩浆热液和表生明矾石的形成时代。在利用明矾石进行找矿工作时需先明确明矾石成因,矾山酸性蚀变岩帽中深成明矾石是下一阶段的找矿研究的基础。  相似文献   

7.
Supergene manganese deposits commonly contain K-rich Mn oxides with tunnel structure, such as cryptomelane, which are suitable for radiometric dating using the 39Ar–40Ar method. In Africa, Mn deposits have been dated by this method for localities in western and southern parts of the continent, whereas only some preliminary data are available for Central Africa. Here we present new 39Ar–40Ar ages for Mn oxide samples of the Kisenge deposit, in southwestern Katanga, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The samples represent supergene Mn oxide deposits that formed at the expense of primary Paleoproterozoic rhodochrosite-dominated carbonate ores. Main phases of Mn oxide formation are dated at c. 10.5 Ma, 3.6 Ma and 2.6 Ma for a core that crosses a mineralized interval. The latter shows a decrease in age with increasing depth, recording downward penetration of a weathering front. Surface samples of the Kisenge deposits also record a ≥ c.19.2 Ma phase, as well as c. 15.7 Ma, 14.2 Ma and 13.6 Ma phases. The obtained ages correspond to distinct periods of paleosurface development and stability during the Mio-Pliocene in Katanga. Because Katanga is a key area bordered to the North by the Congo Basin and to the East by the East African Rift System, these ages also provide constraints for the geodynamic evolution of the entire region. For the Mio-Pliocene, the Kisenge deposits record ages that are not systematically found elsewhere in Africa, although the 10.5–11 Ma event corresponds to a roughly simultaneous event in the Kalahari Manganese Field, South Africa. The rest of the Katanga paleosurface record differs somewhat from records for other parts of Africa, for which older, Eocene ages have been obtained. This difference is most probably related to the specific regional geodynamic context: uplift of the East African Plateau, with associated erosion, and the opening of the East African Rift System at c. 25 Ma are events whose effects, in the study area, interfere with those of processes responsible for the development of continent-wide paleosurfaces.  相似文献   

8.
杨静  郑德文  陈文  武颖  李洁  张彦 《地质通报》2015,34(203):579-586
由于40Ar/39Ar定年方法在技术上极具复杂性,目前,国内在开展干旱区研究中很少使用风化矿物定年研究手段。重点介绍黄钾铁矾矿物40Ar/39Ar定年法的基本流程,并针对该方法的技术问题初步探讨了解决办法。研究表明,科学的野外采集样品、仔细的挑选矿物并综合采用多种测试手段（X衍射、扫描电镜、电子探针）进行监测可以获得纯净的风化矿物,并结合精细的40Ar/39Ar阶段加热技术,能够获得比较可靠的风化矿物40Ar/39Ar年龄。  相似文献   

9.
The southeastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo locally hosts Proterozoic manganese deposits. The deposits of Kisenge-Kamata are the most significant, but manganese ores are also known to occur at Kasekelesa (former Katanga Province) and Mwene-Ditu (former Kasai Province). For the present study, cryptomelane-rich samples from these two localities were dated, using the 40Ar/39Ar step-heating method with a CO2 laser probe. The ages obtained are within a range of c. 77 Myr to c. 2 Myr. Cryptomelane formation took place at c. 76.4 Ma, c. 59.6 Ma, c. 45 Ma, c. 35 Ma, c. 23.8 Ma, c. 15.4 Ma, and c. 13.3 Ma at Kasekelesa, and it occurred at c. 35 Ma, c. 22.4 Ma, c. 15 Ma, c. 5.5–7.2 Ma, c. 3.6 Ma, and c. 2.1–2.3 Ma at Mwene-Ditu. The Campanian age (c. 76.4 Ma) recorded at Kasekelesa is the oldest 40Ar/39Ar age that has up to now been recorded for Mn ores from Africa. It documents the formation of oxidized ore along a Campanian or older erosion surface, which could be part of the ‘African Erosion Surface’. The complete age record suggests that continent-wide tectonics accounts for most of the recognized supergene ore formation episodes, controlled by vertical lithospheric movements that are ultimately responsible for alternating stages of landscape stability and erosion. Tectonics is thus regarded as the first-order control for secondary ore formation in Central Africa, over the last 80 Myr. Climate is a second-order control, because sufficient water supply is needed for supergene enrichment, whereby climatic conditions are recognized to have been favourable during some relatively cold Late Mesozoic and Paleogene periods, as well as during some humid and warm Neogene stages.  相似文献   

10.
Cappadocia Geothermal Province (CGP), central Turkey, consists of nine individual geothermal regions controlled by active regional fault systems. This paper examines the age dating of alteration minerals and the geochemistry (trace elements and isotopes) of the alteration minerals and geothermal waters, to assess the evolution of CGP in relation to regional tectonics. Ar–Ar age data of jarosite and alunite show that the host rocks were exposed to oxidizing conditions near the Earth’s surface at about 5.30 Ma. Based on the δ18O–δD relationhip, water samples had a high altitude meteoric origin. The δ34S values of jarosite and alunite indicate that water samples from the southern part of the study area reached the surface after circulation through volcanic rocks, while northern samples had traveled to the surface after interacting with evaporates at greater depths. REY (rare earth elements and yttrium) diagrams of alteration minerals (especially illite, jarosite and alunite) from rock samples, taken from the same locations as the water samples, display a similar REY pattern to water samples. This suggests that thermal fluids, which reached the surface along a fault zone and caused the mineral alteration in the past, had similar chemical composition to the current geothermal water. The geothermal conceptual model, which defines a volcanically heated reservoir and cap rocks, suggests there are no structural drawbacks to the use of the CGP geothermal system as a resource. However, fluid is insufficient to drive the geothermal system as a result of scanty supply of meteoric water due to evaporation significantly exceeding rainfall.  相似文献   

11.
New eclogite localities and new 40Ar/39Ar ages within the Western Gneiss Region of Norway define three discrete ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) domains that are separated by distinctly lower pressure, eclogite facies rocks. The sizes of the UHP domains range from c. 2500 to 100 km2; if the UHP culminations are part of a continuous sheet at depth, the Western Gneiss Region UHP terrane has minimum dimensions of c. 165 × 50 × 5 km. 40Ar/39Ar mica and K‐feldspar ages show that this outcrop pattern is the result of gentle regional‐scale folding younger than 380 Ma, and possibly 335 Ma. The UHP and intervening high‐pressure (HP) domains are composed of eclogite‐bearing orthogneiss basement overlain by eclogite‐bearing allochthons. The allochthons are dominated by garnet amphibolite and pelitic schist with minor quartzite, carbonate, calc‐silicate, peridotite, and eclogite. Sm/Nd core and rim ages of 992 and 894 Ma from a 15‐cm garnet indicate local preservation of Precambrian metamorphism within the allochthons. Metapelites within the allochthons indicate near‐isothermal decompression following (U)HP metamorphism: they record upper amphibolite facies recrystallization at 12–17 kbar and c. 750 °C during exhumation from mantle depths, followed by a low‐pressure sillimanite + cordierite overprint at c. 5 kbar and c. 750 °C. New 40Ar/39Ar hornblende ages of 402 Ma document that this decompression from eclogite‐facies conditions at 410–405 Ma to mid‐crustal depths occurred in a few million years. The short timescale and consistently high temperatures imply adiabatic exhumation of a UHP body with minimum dimensions of 20–30 km. 40Ar/39Ar muscovite ages of 397–380 Ma show that this extreme heat advection was followed by rapid cooling (c. 30 °C Myr?1), perhaps because of continued tectonic unroofing.  相似文献   

12.
红土型风化壳和次生锰矿床形成于温暖和潮湿的古气候条件 ,其中含有丰富的表生钾锰矿物。因此 ,对表生钾锰矿物进行精确的40 Ar/ 3 9Ar年龄测定 ,不仅能查明大陆化学风化和矿床次生富集的时间和过程 ,而且可以为区域古气候的反演提供重要的年代学资料。透射电子显微镜、热重分析、离子交换实验和40 Ar/ 3 9Ar同位素分析表明 ,层状结构的黑锌锰矿、锂锰矿和钠水锰矿以及具有 1× 1隧道结构的软锰矿不适合于40 Ar/ 3 9Ar年龄测定 ;而隐钾锰矿、锰钡矿和锰铅矿因具有致密和稳定的 2× 2隧道结构及很强的保存K Ar体系的能力 ,是40 Ar/ 3 9Ar同位素定年的理想对象。硬锰矿和钙锰矿分别具有 2× 3和 3× 3隧道结构 ,由于隧道孔径过大 ,晶体结构的稳定性较差 ,其作为40Ar/ 3 9Ar测年的适用性有待于进一步证实。采用精细的激光阶段加热技术 ,可以有效克服表生钾锰矿物40 Ar/ 3 9Ar测年过程中3 9ArK 的反冲损失、多世代表生钾锰矿物的共生 ,以及表生钾锰矿物中原生矿物的污染和过量大气氩的存在等问题 ,并获得有意义的风化年龄。已有数据表明 ,表生钾锰矿物的形成主要集中在白垩纪末期、始新世末期—渐新世早期、中新世和上新世中期等 4个时期 ,可能记录了地史时期周期性的化学风化及气候的交替演变  相似文献   

13.
We present 40Ar/39Ar data acquired by infra-red (CO2) laser step-heating of alunite crystals from the large Miocene Colquijirca district in central Peru. Combined with previously published data, our results show that a long (at least 1.3 My) and complex period of magmatic-hydrothermal activity associated with epithermal Au–(Ag) mineralization and base metal, Cordilleran ores took place at Colquijirca. The new data indicate that incursion of magmatic SO2-bearing vapor into the Colquijirca epithermal system began at least as early as ∼11.9 Ma and lasted until ∼10.6 Ma. Four alunite samples associated with high-sulfidation epithermal Au–(Ag) ore gave 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages between ∼11.9 and ∼11.1 Ma (compared to the previously documented ∼11.6 to ∼11.3 Ma). By combining individually these new ages with crosscutting relationships, the duration of the Au–(Ag) deposition period can be estimated to at least 0.4 My. Three new 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages on alunite associated with the base-metal Cordilleran ores are consistent with previously obtained ages, all of them between 10.83 ± 0.06 and 10.56 ± 0.06 Ma, suggesting that most of the sulfide-rich polymetallic deposits of Smelter and Colquijirca formed during this short period. The recognition of consecutive alunite-bearing and alunite-free mineral assemblages within both the Au–(Ag) and the base-metal Cordilleran ores may suggest that SO2-bearing magmatic vapor entered the epithermal environment as multiple discontinuous pulses, a number of which was not necessarily associated in time with ore fluids. It is likely that a period of SO2-bearing vapor degassing longer than 11.9 to 10.6 Ma may be recognized with further more detailed work. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

14.

Basalt at Sassafras was erupted in the Middle Eocene. The K‐Ar ages average 45.3 ± 4.9 Ma on whole rock and 48.4 ± 1.9 Ma on plagioclase. The basalt is not limited to a plateau capping, but extends 150 m down into adjacent valleys. Comparison with nearby Eocene basalts shows that there was in excess of 250 m of local relief in the central Shoalhaven valley by the Early Tertiary. The basalts were extruded at high elevation, and denudation of the coastal margin of the upland was already well advanced. Post‐basaltic denudation has been very slow, and the Early Tertiary landscape is well preserved.  相似文献   

15.
风化壳是不同地质历史时期风化作用的环境和物质记录,其组成、厚度、成熟度、保存程度等是古气候条件、区域构造活动性及地貌演化的直接反映。风化壳的形成年代是风化壳研究的关键内容,精确的风化壳年龄数据是查明一系列区域甚至全球事件的重要途径。风化壳中次生矿物（主要是钡硬锰矿族矿物和明矾石族矿物）的40Ar/39Ar年代学研究首次实现了对风化壳和风化作用的直接和精确定年,所获得的年龄数据为风化壳的形成演化、区域古气候古环境恢复、化学风化历史与矿床次生富集过程及新构造运动和山脉隆升历史等一系列重大地质问题的解决提供了重要途径。然而,风化壳中次生矿物定年存在的潜在问题及风化壳剖面取样的不完整性,有可能使风化壳的年龄分布变得相当复杂,导致对化学风化历史、风化壳形成过程和形成环境等的认识出现困难。为此,必须开展对风化壳的详细野外地质研究和精细取样,并综合采用多种先进测试手段,才能获得可靠的风化壳年龄数据。在对风化壳年龄数据进行解释时,还需要系统分析多种地质、环境资料（如古生物、盆地沉积物等）,才可能获得有意义的地貌、构造和古气候信息。我国华南地区广泛分布的红色风化壳中含有丰富的钡硬锰矿族矿物,是研究该区新生代以来化学风化、大规模次生富集成矿及古气候古环境演变的理想对象。  相似文献   

16.
江西冷水坑矿区构造-岩浆活动的年代学约束   总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3  
江西省冷水坑矿区火成岩-构造演化一直缺少系统的年代学制约.作者运用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb和40Ar/39Ar测年技术,对冷水坑矿区两套火山岩地层(打鼓顶组和鹅湖岭组)、含矿花岗斑岩和主推覆断层F2进行了年代学测试,结果表明,打鼓顶组流纹质含角砾熔结凝灰岩形成于160.8±1.9Ma,鹅湖岭组合角砾熔结凝灰岩则具有间歇性和多期喷发特点,其最初活动时间为159Ma,而主体形成于146.6±2.2Ma;矿区含矿花岗斑岩与打鼓顶组、鹅湖岭组几乎同期形成,年龄介于163.6 ±2.1Ma～154.3±3.0Ma之间;研究区构造活动起始时间不晚于加里东期,推覆断层F2中保留有40Ar/39Ar年龄为398.5±2.6Ma的构造活动痕迹,中生代重新复活,导致震旦系叠覆于鹅湖岭组之上,年龄晚于146.6Ma,可能对含矿斑岩体起破坏作用.  相似文献   

17.
大兴安岭地区德尔布干断裂带北段构造年代学研究   总被引：16，自引：4，他引：12  
德尔布干断裂带是大兴安岭隆起西侧NE向的重要断裂带,处在海拉尔-拉布达林-根河盆地西缘,是著名德尔布干成矿区东南边界断裂带.为了确定德尔布干断裂带运动性质、活动时间,深入探讨该断裂带与中生代海拉尔-拉布达林-根河盆地及大兴安岭盆山格局、认识德尔布干断裂带多金属矿床成因等问题,本文应用锆石SHRIMP和云母40Ar/39Ar定年技术,分别对断裂带内的细粒黑云母花岗岩侵入体、韧性变形的花岗闪长质片麻岩、白云母石英片岩,进行了同位素年代学研究.其中花岗闪长质片麻岩岩浆型锆石SHRIMP谐和年龄300.6±9.3Ma,为花岗闪长质片麻岩海西期的侵位年龄;而花岗闪长质片麻岩中黑云母40Ar/39Ar坪年龄是130.9±1.4Ma,白云母石英片岩的白云母40Ar/39Ar坪年龄是115.6±1.6Ma,代表早白垩世伸展构造变形年龄;细粒黑云母花岗岩侵入体岩浆型锆石SHRIMP谐和年龄130.1±1.4Ma,为同伸展构造变形侵位的岩浆事件.上述地质年代说明德尔布干断裂带是早白垩世(110～130Ma)该区最年轻的重大伸展构造变形产物.控制NE向大兴安岭隆起和中生代海拉尔-拉布达林-根河等火山沉积盆地的发育格局、以及中生代以来的地壳演化与成矿类型.  相似文献   

18.
The waters of Lake Nyos are impounded by a fragile natural dam composed of pyroclastic rocks ejected during the formation of the lake crater (maar). Lateral erosion of this dam has reduced its width from over 500 m to only 45 m. Published whole-rock K-Ar ages of about 100 ka on juvenile basalt from the dam suggests that erosion has been slow and that the dam poses no imminent threat. New apparent 40Ar/39Ar ages of 1.4 to 232 Ma on xenocrystic K-feldspar contained in the basalt show that the xenocrysts, whose source is the 528-Ma crystalline basement, are carriers of inherited radiogenic 40Ar and would cause the whole-rock K-Ar ages to be too old. The best estimate for the age of the maar is provided by a 14C age of 400 ± 100 yr BP on charcoal from the base of the dam. This young age indicates that the dam is eroding at a relatively rapid rate; its failure, perhaps within a few decades, would result in a major flood and imperil thousands of people living downstream in Cameroon and eastern Nigeria.  相似文献   

19.
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20.
Timing of folding is usually dated indirectly, with limited isotopic dating studies reported in the literature. The present study investigated the timing of intracontinental, multi-stage folding in Upper Proterozoic sandstone, limestone, and marble near Beijing, North China, and adjacent regions. Detailed field investigations with microstructural, backscattered electron (BSE) images and electron microprobe analyses indicate that authigenic muscovite and sericite crystallized parallel to stretching lineations/striations or along thin flexural-slip surfaces, both developed during the complex deformation history of the study area, involving repeated compressional, extensional and strike-slip episodes. Muscovite/sericite separates from interlayer-slip surfaces along the limbs and from dilatant sites in the hinges of folded sandstones yield muscovite 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of ∼158–159 Ma, whereas those from folded marble and limestone samples yield ages of 156 ± 1 Ma. Muscovite from thin flexural-slip planes on fold limbs and hinges yields ages within analytical error of ∼155–165 Ma. Further muscovite samples collected from extensionally folded limestone and strike-slip drag folds yield younger ages of 128–125 Ma with well-defined plateaus. To assess the potential influence of the detrital mica component of the host rock on the age data, two additional muscovite samples were investigated, one from a folded upper Proterozoic–Cambrian sandstone outside the Western Hills of Beijing and one from a folded sandstone sampled 20 cm from folding-related slip planes. Muscovite separates from these samples yield significantly older ages of 575 ± 2 Ma and 587 ± 2 Ma, suggesting that the timing of folding can be directly determined using the 40Ar/39Ar method. This approach enables the identification and dating of distinct deformation events that occur during multi-stage regional folding. 40Ar/39Ar dating can be used to constrain the timing of muscovite and sericite growth at moderate to low temperatures (<400 °C) during folding, yielding well-defined plateau ages and thereby the age of deformation in the upper crust.  相似文献   

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