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1.
1 INTRODUCTION Soil erosion is serious in Western China. With the implementation of a development strategy for western China, soil and water conservation and ecological restoration in western China earn more attention because economic development requires parallel efforts on ecological restoration. To protect the ecology of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, integrated management of sediment and ecological restoration are being conducted in Sichuan Province. The Yufeng Watershed…  相似文献   

2.
Forestation has been encouraged worldwide due to increasing demand for forest products, and for its ecological benefits such as soil erosion control and sediment reduction. However, forestation reduces runoff, thus potentially aggravating water shortages in arid regions. In order to quantitatively estimate the possible water yield reductions caused by forestation in an arid region, a small watershed (the Pailugou watershed) in the Qilian Mountains of northwest China was chosen as a study area. The responses of hydrological dynamics to different forestation scenarios in the study area were simulated using the TOPOG model. The results showed that forestation could lead to a complete loss of runoff at the site scale. At the watershed scale, a 10% increase in forest coverage led to a runoff reduction of 25.6 mm, equivalent to 13% of the runoff in the un-forested watershed. However, due to climatological and topographical constraints, the potential forest distribution occupied only 46.3% of the watershed area, and runoff reduction was estimated to reach a maximum of 60% when the forest cover ratio increased from 0.41% to 46.1%. Actual forest coverage is 36% in the study area, thus the water yield will be reduced with any further increase in forest area. Our study suggested that a trade-off between the numerous benefits of forest coverage increase and its negative impact on water yield should be carefully addressed in arid regions with inherently severe water-shortage.  相似文献   

3.
The article examines how heads of farmers’ households perceive the socioeconomic benefits of Lake Ziway (Ethiopia), the causes of its current degradation, and the state of land and water use management in its watershed. The investigation was based on in-depth empirical field work including a survey with 635 heads of smallholder farmers’ households via interview using semi-structured questionnaires. Further, water abstraction was estimated from three districts that border with the lake. Respondents believe that Lake Ziway provides a number of individual and collective benefits for local communities, private companies and public institution. They stated, however, that the lake is under pressure from the floriculture industry and other investment projects, high population growth and subsequent expansion of settlements and irrigation farms, high applications of agrochemicals, soil erosion, uncontrolled water abstraction, and deforestation in the watershed. The respondents further believe that these activities are degrading the lake water quality, shrinking its water volume and decreasing its fish population. After examining government’s efforts to address these activities, the majority of respondents believe that the government role in the whole watershed is weak. This study contributes to better understand the local socio-ecological coherences and the problems Lake Ziway and its watershed are facing. It also provides information regarding long-term sustainable land and water use planning strategies for the lake and management of its watershed, which could also be applied to other lakes in Ethiopia, and beyond.  相似文献   

4.
Land‐use change is one of the main drivers of watershed hydrology change. The effect of forestry related land‐use changes (e.g. afforestation, deforestation, agroforestry) on water fluxes depends on climate, watershed characteristics and spatial scale. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model was calibrated, validated and used to simulate the impact of agroforestry on the water balance in the Mara River Basin (MRB) in East Africa. Model performance was assessed by Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and Kling–Gupta Efficiency (KGE). The NSE (and KGE) values for calibration and validation were: 0.77 (0.88) and 0.74 (0.85) for the Nyangores sub‐watershed, and 0.78 (0.89) and 0.79 (0.63) for the entire MRB. It was found that agroforestry in the watershed would generally reduce surface runoff, mainly because of enhanced infiltration. However, it would also increase evapotranspiration and consequently reduce baseflow and overall water yield, which was attributed to increased water use by trees. Spatial scale was found to have a significant effect on water balance; the impact of agroforestry was higher at the smaller headwater catchment (Nyangores) than for the larger watershed (entire MRB). However, the rate of change in water yield with an increase in area under agroforestry was different for the two and could be attributed to the spatial variability of climate within the MRB. Our results suggest that direct extrapolation of the findings from a small sub‐catchment to a larger watershed may not always be accurate. These findings could guide watershed managers on the level of trade‐offs that might occur between reduced water yields and other benefits (e.g. soil erosion control, improved soil productivity) offered by agroforestry. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

5.
Streambank erosion is a pathway for sediment and nutrient loading to streams, but insufficient data exist on the magnitude of this source. Riparian protection can significantly decrease streambank erosion in some locations, but estimates of actual sediment load reductions are limited. The objective of this research was to quantify watershed‐scale streambank erosion and estimate the benefits of riparian protection. The research focused on Spavinaw Creek within the Eucha‐Spavinaw watershed in eastern Oklahoma, where composite streambanks consist of a small cohesive topsoil layer underlain by non‐cohesive gravel. Fine sediment erosion from 2003 to 2013 was derived using aerial photography and processed in ArcMap to quantify eroded area. ArcMap was also utilized in determining the bank retreat rate at various locations in relation to the riparian vegetation buffer width. Box and whisker plots clearly showed that sites with riparian vegetation had on average three times less bank retreat than unprotected banks, statistically significant based on non‐parametric t‐tests. The total soil mass eroded from 2003 to 2013 was estimated at 7.27 × 107 kg yr.?1, and the average bank retreat was 2.5 m yr.?1. Many current erosion models assume that fluvial erosion is the dominant stream erosion process. Bank retreat was positively correlated with stream discharge and/or stream power, but with considerable variability, suggesting that mass wasting plays an important role in streambank erosion within this watershed. Finally, watershed monitoring programs commonly characterize erosion at only a few sites and may scale results to the entire watershed. Selection of random sites and scaling to the watershed scale greatly underestimated the actual erosion and loading rates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

6.
1 INTRODUCTION Sediment and nutrients from a watershed may adversely affect a downstream reservoir by reducing its capacity or degrading water quality. Among the output nutrients, phosphorus is often a growth-limiting element for aquatic organisms and pla…  相似文献   

7.
Abstract

A watershed's seasonal streamflow fluctuations are caused by meteorological conditions as they are modified by the watershed's inherent characteristics such as size, shape, aspect, geology, and plant cover. Records from Halfway Creek watershed, a perennial tributary to Farmington Creek located on the Wasatch Mountains in northern Utah, show that winter streamflow comprises only a small portion of the total annual yield. The winter contribution, which is low but constant, originates as drainage from deep aquifers. A much greater portion of the water yield comes in the spring as seepage flow derived from melting snow and spring rains, although the highest instantaneous spring peak so far recorded is only 24 csm (cubic feet per second per square mile). Initial recession of the flow of Halfway Creek from its spring peak is rapid, but in a short time its decrease becomes so gradual that in late summer the hydrograph becomes an almost flat line. The summer recession ends when climatic conditions in the autumn cause cessation of plant growth. Rainstorms often interrupt the normal summer recession. Most of these interruptions are brief, but the height of the peak varies widely. For instance, in the 24-year period 1923–1947 when the vegetation cover was depleted, overland flow from short duration intense summer rainstorms caused mud-rock floods from Halfway Creek watershed that had instantaneous peaks 100 to 200 times greater than the spring peak. The relations presented in this report were determined for a small area and are based on specific records. They apply in a general way to a much greater area in northern Utah and the Intermountain West of which they are representative.  相似文献   

8.
J. I. PARK  V. P. SINGH 《水文研究》1996,10(9):1155-1171
An investigation into rainfall variability in time and space in the Nam River dam basin of Korea is made with the use of the coefficient of variation and the correlation coefficient. The Nam River dam basin is a small mountainous watershed where wind direction and orography are the dominant influences on the pattern and distribution of rainfall. Rainfall distribution was found to vary with elevation, position, wind direction and distance from a reference station. The results of this study can be used in the design of rain gauge network, hydrological forecasting and for other applications in the Nam River dam basin.  相似文献   

9.
The Three Gorges Project is one of the largest hydro-projects in the world and has drawn many debates inside China and abroad. The major concern is that sediment load from the river basin may eventually fail the functions of the project for flood control and power generation. To reduce sedimentation in the reservoir, watershed management has been adopted. However, there is limited information regarding the effectiveness of various control measures such as terracing and afforestation on a watershed scale. The Jialing River, a main tributary of the Yangtze River, contributes approximately 25% of the total sediment load in the main river but only represents 8% of the whole basin area. There have been various land use patterns and extensive human activities for thousands of years in the Jialing River watershed. Based on analysis of the major factors affecting erosion in the Jialing River watershed, the main watershed management strategies (afforestation, farming and engineering practice) are illustrated, and their effects on the reduction of sediment and runoff are studied in detail. The sediment budget of the watershed shows that 1/3 of the sediment yield is trapped by the erosion control measures (afforestation and farming) on the slope, 1/3 is trapped by the reservoirs, ponds and dams within the watershed, and only about 1/3 is transported into the Yangtze River, which will affect the Three Gorges Project.  相似文献   

10.
To maintain a reasonable sediment regulation system in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, it is critical to determine the variation in sediment deposition behind check‐dams for different soil erosion conditions. Sediment samples were collected by using a drilling machine in the Fangta watershed of the loess hilly–gully region and the Manhonggou watershed of the weathered sandstone hilly–gully (pisha) region. On the basis of the check‐dam capacity curves, the soil bulk densities and the couplet thickness in these two small watersheds, the sediment yields were deduced at the watershed scale. The annual average sediment deposition rate in the Manhonggou watershed (702.0 mm/(km2·a)) from 1976 to 2009 was much higher than that in the Fangta watershed (171.6 mm/(km2·a)) from 1975 to 2013. The soil particle size distributions in these two small watersheds were generally centred on the silt and sand fractions, which were 42.4% and 50.7% in the Fangta watershed and 60.6% and 32.9% in the Manhonggou watershed, respectively. The annual sediment deposition yield exhibited a decreasing trend; the transition years were 1991 in the Fangta watershed and 1996 in the Manhonggou watershed (P < 0.05). In contrast, the annual average sediment deposition yield was much higher in the Manhonggou watershed (14011.1 t/(km2·a)) than in the Fangta watershed (3149.6 t/(km2·a)). In addition, the rainfalls that induced sediment deposition at the check‐dams were greater than 30 mm in the Fangta watershed and 20 mm in the Manhonggou watershed. The rainfall was not the main reason for the difference in the sediment yield between the two small watersheds. The conversion of farmland to forestland or grassland was the main reason for the decrease in the soil erosion in the Fangta watershed, while the weathered sandstone and bare land were the main factors driving the high sediment yield in the Manhonggou watershed. Knowledge of the sediment deposition process of check‐dams and the variation in the catchment sediment yield under different soil erosion conditions can serve as a basis for the implementation of improved soil erosion and sediment control strategies, particularly in semi‐arid hilly–gully regions. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

11.
ＰＨＹＳＩＣＡＬＰＲＯＣＥＳＳＢＡＳＥＤＳＯＩＬＥＲＯＳＩＯＮＭＯＤＥＬＩＮＡＳＭＡＬＬＷＡＴＥＲＳＨＥＤＩＮＴＨＥＨＩＬＬＹＬＯＥＳＳＲＥＧＩＯＮ１ＣＡＩＱｉａｎｇｇｕｏ２ＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴＡｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｂａｓｅｄｐｅｒｓｔｏｒｍ...  相似文献   

12.
Model calibration is important for streamflow simulations using distributed hydrological models, especially in highland and cold areas of northwest China with scarce data. Quantitative analysis of water balance based on the accurate simulation is also essential for reasonably planning and managing water resources in these river basins facing a severe water shortage. In this study, a comprehensive method was proposed to calibrate the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model in the Yingluoxia watershed, upstream area of the Heihe River basin; it was based on multi-temporal, multi-variable and multi-site integrated drainage characteristics. Meanwhile a fresh approach of the parameter transferability and model validation was used by applying the set of calibrated parameters in its tributary to other area of the watershed. The results indicated that the method was effective and feasible; the values of Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and Coefficient of Determination (r2) were greater than 0.81 and as high as 0.94 and the absolute values of the Percent Bias (PBIAS) were less than 2. Based the output of model the water balance in the Yingluoxia watershed was analyzed, that the mean annual precipitation, evapotranspiration, and discharge of the watershed from 1990 to 2000 were 491.8 mm, 334 mm, and 157.8 mm, respectively. The comprehensive calibration method based on multi-temporal, multi-variable and multi-site integrated drainage characteristics can better portray the hydrological processes of watershed and improve the model simulation; and the output of the model then provide a reliable reference for assessing and managing water resource of the watershed.  相似文献   

13.
For the appropriate management of water resources in a watershed, it is essential to calculate the time distribution of runoff for the given rainfall event. In this paper, a kinematic‐wave‐based distributed watershed model using finite element method (FEM), geographical information systems (GIS) and remote‐sensing‐based approach is presented for the runoff simulation of small watersheds. The kinematic wave equations are solved using FEM for overland and channel flow to generate runoff at the outlet of the watershed concerned. The interception loss is calculated by an empirical model based on leaf area index (LAI). The Green‐Ampt Mein Larson (GAML) model is used for the estimation of infiltration. Remotely sensed data has been used to extract land use (LU)/land cover (LC). GIS have been used to prepare finite element grid and input files such as Manning's roughness and slope. The developed overland flow model has been checked with an analytical solution for a hypothetical watershed. The model has been applied to a gauged watershed and an ungauged watershed. From the results, it is seen that the model is able to simulate the hydrographs reasonably well. A sensitivity analysis of the model is carried out with the calibrated infiltration parameters, overland flow Manning's roughness, channel flow Manning's roughness, time step and grid size. The present model is useful in predicting the hydrograph in small, ungauged watersheds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

14.
Watershed services are the benefits people obtain from the flow of water through a watershed. While demand for such services is increasing in most parts of the world, supply is getting more insecure due to human impacts on ecosystems such as climate or land use change. Population and water management authorities therefore require information on the potential availability of watershed services in the future and the trade-offs involved.In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is used to model watershed service availability for future management and climate change scenarios in the East African Pangani Basin. In order to quantify actual “benefits”, SWAT2005 was slightly modified, calibrated and configured at the required spatial and temporal resolution so that simulated water resources and processes could be characterized based on their valuation by stakeholders and their accessibility. The calibrated model was then used to evaluate three management and three climate scenarios.The results show that by the year 2025, not primarily the physical availability of water, but access to water resources and efficiency of use represent the greatest challenges. Water to cover basic human needs is available at least 95% of time but must be made accessible to the population through investments in distribution infrastructure. Concerning the trade-off between agricultural use and hydropower production, there is virtually no potential for an increase in hydropower even if it is given priority. Agriculture will necessarily expand spatially as a result of population growth, and can even benefit from higher irrigation water availability per area unit, given improved irrigation efficiency and enforced regulation to ensure equitable distribution of available water. The decline in services from natural terrestrial ecosystems (e.g. charcoal, food), due to the expansion of agriculture, increases the vulnerability of residents who depend on such services mostly in times of drought. The expected impacts of climate change may contribute to an increase or decrease in watershed service availability, but are only marginal and much lower than management impacts up to the year 2025.  相似文献   

15.
lINTRoDUCTIoNDifferencesintheprevailinglanduseandmanagementofaridandsemiaridareasaredeterminedinlargepartbyclimate.AridareasgenerallyreceivetoolittleprecipitationtosupportdrylandagricultureordomesticlivestockgrazingalthoughtheyaregrazedbywildIife,andattimes,bydomesticlivestock.Incontrast,insemiaridareasadequatemoistureisusuallyavaiIableatsometimeduringtheyeartoproduceforageforlivestockandwildlife,andtherearesomeyearswhendrylandcropproductionissuccessful.However,bothclimatesarecharacterize…  相似文献   

16.
１ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅＦｅｎｈｅＲｅｓｅｒｖｏｉｒｗａｓｉｍｐｏｕｎｄｅｄｉｎ１９６１ｗｉｔｈｔｏｔａｌｓｔｏｒａｇｅｃａｐａｃｉｔｙｏｆ７２０ｍｉｌｉｏｎｍ３．ＩｔｉｓｔｈｅｌａｒｇｅｓｔｒｅｓｅｒｖｏｉｒｉｎＳｈａｎｘｉＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ...  相似文献   

17.
太湖流域漕桥河小流域水环境容量估算及污染物削减分配   总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6  
张利民  刘洋  孙卫红  边博 《湖泊科学》2009,21(4):502-508
太湖流域漕桥河区域水环境质量日益恶化,成为影响该区域可持续发展的主要问题之一,为此基于漕桥河小流域和水质污染分段的特征,计算了研究区域的水环境容量和污染物削减量,提出河流污染分段控制和流域管理的水环境容量控制模式,建立河流氮磷污染控制的可操作性措施,从而确定重点工程和措施实施的年度计划,形成污染源年度削减方案,可为小流域污染控制管理提供科学依据.  相似文献   

18.
Rainfall, watershed runoff and suspended-sediment concentrations for three small watersheds (0.46, 1.4 and 6.0 ha in size) were measured continuously for four winter rainfall seasons. The watersheds were fall-planted to winter wheat and were located on the hilly western margins of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Following two rainfall seasons of data collection, a subsurface drainage system (consisting of a patterned arrangement of 10-cm plastic tubing at a depth of 1.0 m and a spacing of 12 m) was installed on the 1.4-ha watershed (watershed 2).Perched water tables were lowered and seepage was reduced on watershed 2 following the installation of the drainage system. The reductions were quantified with a water-table index (cumulative integrated excess). Watershed runoff and sediment yield from watershed 2 were decreased by ～65 and ～55%, respectively. These reductions were estimated from double mass curves and by statistical regression on a set of hydrograph variables. Maximum flow and average flow rates were decreased and the time from the beginning of a storm to the peak flow (lag time) increased.It is concluded that subsurface drainage can be an effective management practice for erosion control in western Oregon.  相似文献   

19.
lINTRoDUCTIONAbroadobjectiveofcooperativeresearchattheNorthwestWatershedResearchCenterandEco-HydraulicsResearchGroupistodevelopdetailedunderstandingofthetemporalandspatialvariabilityofstreamflow,sedimentandwaterquaIityconstituentsinacontinuumfromheadwatersthroughestuaries.Thispaperpresentsselectedaspectsofourongoingresearch,focusedonstreamsystemsinsemi-arid,uplandrangelandwatersheds.Publicawarenessoftheroleofriversinregionalecologicalsystems,andconcernforpreserving,enhancingandrestorin…  相似文献   

20.
The pre‐calibrated and validated physically based watershed model, water erosion prediction project (WEPP) was used as a modelling tool for the identification of critical watersheds and evaluation of best management practices for a small hilly watershed (Karso) of India. The land use/cover of the study area was generated using IRS‐1C LISS‐III (linear imaging self scanner) satellite data. The watershed and sub‐watershed boundaries, drainage, slope and soil map of the study area were generated using ARC/INFO geographic information system (GIS). The WEPP model was finally applied to the Karso watershed which lies within Damodar Barakar catchment of India to identify the critical sub‐watersheds on the basis of their simulated average annual sediment yields. Priorities were fixed on the basis of ranks assigned to each critical sub‐watershed based on the susceptibility to erosion. The sub‐watershed having the highest sediment yield was assigned a priority number 1, the next highest value was assigned a priority number 2, and so on. Subsequently, the model was used for evaluating the effectiveness of best management practices (crop and tillage) for conservation of soil for all the sub‐watersheds. On the basis of this study, it is realized that cash crops like soyabean should be encouraged in the upland portion of the sub‐watersheds, and the existing tillage practice (country plough/mould board plough) may be replaced by a field cultivation system for conservation of soil and water in the sub‐watersheds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

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