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1.
全球地壳厚度等值线图(图6)显示了地壳厚度的双峰标度。海洋盆地的地壳厚度为6～7km(不包括4～5km的水层)，而大陆部分的平均厚度为39．7km。在海洋一大陆边缘的典型地壳厚度是30km，并向大陆内部逐渐增厚到40～45km。厚度超过50km的地壳局限在几个地区，包括中国西部的青 相似文献
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古老变质岩系主要由前人称为“片麻岩系”和“结晶片岩系”两大套岩系组成。当地球成球之后,表面首先形成一层“基性焦壳”,在热封闭条件下,壳内产生花岗岩岩浆源,注入此原始地壳,并引起变质作用,形成基性正片麻岩地壳——第一层结晶地壳。然后,固体地壳发生形变和破裂,产生侵蚀、沉积,并伴随着岩浆活动、变质作用形成副片麻岩类——第二层结晶地壳。由此,本文以北京及其外围地区的古老变质岩系为依据,阐述了地球的形成和演化规律 相似文献
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重力均衡的现象证明,地壳或上地幔内部必有水平方向的物质流动,它产生重力补偿作用,并且最终达到平衡状态。上地幔的低速层（其顶面在大陆地区约为120公里,在海洋地区约为60公里）可能是产生全球范围内重力补偿作用的一个重要层。地壳内部如有重要的补偿层,莫霍界面的深度将趋一致。莫霍界面深度的变化,说明地壳内部必无较大范围的补偿层。以莫霍界面为顶面的上地幔部分,对于重力补偿是否起作用呢?这个问 相似文献
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华北北部断块构造及中下地壳的构造滑脱 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
本文根据浅表断裂构造、结晶基底、地震活动以及地震转换波测深等资料,对华北北部地壳浅部和深部的层-块构造特征作了进一步的研究,划分了浅部和中上地壳断块构造,并初步确认了中下地壳之间存在普遍的、定向的构造滑脱现象,进而揭示了地壳构造变动具有层-块滑移的特征。 相似文献
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根据中国数字化地震台网（CDSN）记录到的长周期面波资料，测定了中朝准地台东部地区周期从10～146 s的基阶瑞雷波ＱR值．并用随机逆反演方法反演得到了4条路径上的地壳上地幔Ｑ模型．结果表明:中朝准地台东部地区的地壳平均Ｑ值为200左右，地壳中部（深度10～20 km处）有弱衰减层，该层可能与壳内易震层有关．在地幔顶部普遍存在一个厚约70 km的强衰减层（低Ｑ值层），其顶部埋藏深度约为80 km．中朝准地台东部地区的基阶瑞雷波实测ＱR平均值介于构造稳定区和构造活动区之间，而更趋近于构造活动区域． 相似文献
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根据中国数字化地震台网（ＣＤＳＮ）记录到的长周期面波资料，测定了中朝准地台东部地区周期从１０～１４６ｓ的基阶瑞雷波Ｑ_Ｒ值．并用随机逆反演方法反演得到了４条路径上的地壳上地幔Ｑ_β模型．结果表明：中朝准地台东部地区的地壳平均Ｑ_β值为２００左右，地壳中部（深度１０～２０ｋｍ处）有弱衰减层，该层可能与壳内易震层有关．在地幔顶部普遍存在一个厚约７０ｋｍ的强衰减层（低Ｑ值层），其顶部埋藏深度约为８０ｋｍ．中朝准地台东部地区的基阶瑞雷波实测Ｑ_Ｒ平均值介于构造稳定区和构造活动区之间，而更趋近于构造活动区域． 相似文献
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高温高压下辉长岩纵波速度和电导率实验研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
分别采用超声波透射-反射法和阻抗谱法在1～2 GPa, 室温到1100℃条件下测量了辉长岩的纵波速度(Vp)和电导率, 分析了影响辉长岩纵波速度的因素及其微观导电机制. 结果表明, 在800～850℃, 辉长岩的纵波速度开始大幅度下降, 波速下降受颗粒边界相、脱水熔融等因素的制约, 但在800～850℃, 辉长岩的电传导机制和电导率值却不会发生突变. 在680℃以下, 12～105 Hz的频率范围内, 辉长岩阻抗谱上只出现代表颗粒内部传导机制的阻抗弧Ⅰ; 在680℃以上, 代表颗粒边缘传导机制的阻抗弧Ⅱ开始出现, 但岩石的总电导率由颗粒内部传导控制, 颗粒边缘传导对其影响很小. 实验测得的纵波速度与下地壳-上地幔平均Vp观测值一致, 电导率值与下地壳-上地幔辉长质岩石的组成相对应, 但与含有高导层的下地壳的大地电磁测量结果相差1～2个量级. 实验证实, 含水矿物脱水可诱发部分熔融, 通过这一机制可使地球内部的低速层和高导层具有一致性. 相似文献
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青藏高原内部地壳岩性的改造、岩性随深度变化及形变构造是探索研究地壳增厚、物质运动问题的关键.巴颜喀拉块体位于青藏高原中北部,地域广袤,通过对块体内中、东部不同区域的深地震广角反射/折射震相的综合分析,利用反射率理论地震图方法对不同性质震相走时及振幅特征进行细致的模拟计算,进一步研究巴颜喀拉块体内部不同区域地壳精细结构.结果显示:巴颜喀拉块体地壳厚度50~60 km、整体向西逐渐增厚,结晶地壳平均速度6.07~6.18 km·s~(-1)、岩层速度大幅降低,壳内多强反射界面结构、但不同区域差异明显;东部若尔盖盆地地壳介质速度整体低速、壳幔边界较为清晰;中部玉树一玛多段下部地壳发现约6.8 km·s~(-1)的"高速度"介质结构,壳幔边界不清、被改造为2~4 km厚的高速度梯度层,显示了巴颜喀拉块体内部地壳增厚、介质岩性结构被改造的差异性.地壳内部多组强反射、低视速度走时震相揭示了介质岩性的低速破碎、弱化蠕变以及可能的壳内解耦构造.局部地区下地壳的高视速度震相特征显示了青藏高原地壳改造增厚大背景下可能存在稳定的"原始地壳"结构残留或是与上地幔物质的浸入交流.巴颜喀拉块体内不同区域地壳增厚、岩性结构、结晶基底及壳幔边界性质被改造的多样性为深入认识青藏高原地壳形变及动力学过程带来新的启迪. 相似文献
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Karleen E. Davis 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1981,55(1):190-198
The ubiquitous occurrence of magnetite rods in plagioclase may account for the stable, intense magnetization of ocean floor gabbros. These single-domain grains are formed by the subsolidus exsolution of Fe2+ and Fe3+ incorporated into the plagioclase at higher temperatures. We expect that this process will be particularly important in the upper portions of the oceanic gabbro unit because of the relative paucity of femic minerals at these levels. The geometry of accretion prohibits a constructive contribution to marine magnetic anomalies by the lower olivine-rich gabbros. As a result of the presence of these rods, ocean floor gabbros may constitute an important source for marine magnetic anomalies. 相似文献
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In the Bay of Islands ophiolite complex both the basal part of the cumulate gabbro sequence and the underlying peridotites have been plastically deformed. Higher in the series the cumulate gabbros are undeformed except in localized shear zones slightly to strongly oblique to the layering. The resulting shear bands are narrow and composed either of mylonitic amphibole-bearing gabbros or of highly foliated amphibolites.The amphibole composition and nature, and the chemistry of coexisting minerals combined with structural evidence imply that a first episode of shearing subhorizontal in the crust occurred at decreasing temperatures ranging from 750 to 450°C. This shearing probably represent the response of the lithosphere to stresses also responsible of asthenospheric flow in the upper mantle. A second episode of shearing oblique to the first one and probably related to cooling of the crust away from the ridge, occurred at lower temperatures ranging from 500 to 300°C. The surrounding gabbros have undergone static hydrothermal metamorphism at temperatures decreasing from 650 to 450°C. All metamorphic events occurred in hydrous conditions in the vicinity of the ridge axis. 相似文献
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The Ronda peridotite massif in southern Spain originated from the upper mantle, evidently as a rapidly rising diapir. Major and trace element abundance trends of the peridotites reflect their origin as residues from partial melting of garnet lherzolite. About 5% of the massif consists of mafic rocks, mainly pyroxenites and gabbros. They occur as concordant layers amidst the peridotites, and these layers do not cross-cut each other. However, major and trace element data show that the mafic layers do not have the geochemical characteristics of primary melts. We conclude that crystal/liquid fractionation occurred at high pressures ( > 19 kbar) as melts migrated through magma conduits towards the cooler exterior portion of the diapir. This process generated a sequence of “cumulates” (mainly clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene + spinel and clinopyroxene + garnet) along the walls of the conduits which are now represented by the mafic layers. 相似文献
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Manuel Moreira Jerzy Blusztajn Joshua Curtice Stan Hart Henry Dick Mark D. Kurz 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2003,216(4):635-643
In an attempt to determine the helium and neon isotopic composition of the lower oceanic crust, we report new noble gas measurements on 11 million year old gabbros from Ocean Drilling Program site 735B in the Indian Ocean. The nine whole rock samples analyzed came from 20 to 500 m depth below the seafloor. Helium contents vary from 3.3×10−10 to 2.5×10−7 ccSTP/g by crushing and from 5.4×10−8 to 2.4×10−7 ccSTP/g by melting. 3He/4He ratios vary between 2.2 and 8.6 Ra by crushing and between 2.9 and 8.2 by melting. The highest R/Ra ratios are similar to the mean mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) ratio of 8±1. The lower values are attributed to radiogenic helium from in situ α-particle production during uranium and thorium decay. Neon isotopic ratios are similar to atmospheric ratios, reflecting a significant seawater circulation in the upper 500 m of exposed crust at this site. MORB-like neon, with elevated 20Ne/22Ne and 21Ne/22Ne ratios, was found in some high temperature steps of heating experiments, but with very small anomalies compared to air. These first results from the lower oceanic crust indicate that subducted lower oceanic crust has an atmospheric 20Ne/22Ne ratio. Most of this neon must be removed during the subduction process, if the ocean crust is to be recirculated in the upper mantle, otherwise this atmospheric neon will overwhelm the upper mantle neon budget. Similarly, the high (U+Th)/3He ratio of these crustal gabbros will generate very radiogenic 4He/3He ratios on a 100 Ma time scale, so lower oceanic crust cannot be recycled into either MORB or oceanic island basalt without some form of processing. 相似文献
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Eclogite is essentially a bi-mineralogic high-grade metamorphic rock consisting of garnet and omphacite and is the product of high-to-ultrahigh pressure metamorphism of basaltic rocks due to the subduction of oceanic crust or the thickening/subduction of … 相似文献
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A surprisingly simple and precise major element mass balance is consistent with derivation of average upper mantle peridotite from a partially molten chondritic Earth by subtraction of perovskite and addition of olivine. Majorite involvement is precluded unless some as yet unidentified components play a role. Perovskite subtraction during a primordial melting event is expected to occur by crystal fractionation at depth, while olivine addition is accomplished by a combination of buoyancy mechanisms: crystal flotation from a deep layer of melt buried by its own compressibility to the base of the solidifying upper mantle and subsequent solid state convection of this buoyant magnesian olivine upward. These processes are consistent with known density relations of crystals and liquid at very high pressure. Mass balance predicts that the residual magma body at depth after supplying olivine by flotation upward can be komatiitic. Distribution of originally C1 chrondritic bulk Earth material a few 100 m.y. after primordial differentiation is solid peridotite upper mantle, perovskite lower mantle, and a komatiitic liquid sandwich horizon. 相似文献
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皖南许村镇附近发育一套岩墙群,主要由辉长岩和花岗闪长斑岩组成,它们在时空上紧密伴生,成因上密切相关。岩石的SiO2含量集中分布在酸性和基性成分之间,缺乏中性及中酸性成分,构成一套双峰式侵入岩组合。对花岗闪长斑岩进行锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学研究,表明双峰式岩墙侵入时间为822．1＆#177;6．6Ma。辉长岩具有正εHf （t）值（2．1～4．4）、大离子亲石元素和LREE富集,显示大陆拉斑质玄武岩地球化学和同位素组成特征;花岗闪长斑岩富含Zr、Hf和稀土元素,较高的Ga/A1比值,较低Ba、Sr、P、Ti含量,总体上地球化学特征类似A2-型花岗岩,εHf （t ）值范围（1．8～4．6）与辉长岩基本相同。许村双峰式岩墙群的基性端员辉长岩是拉张环境下华南弱亏损岩石圈地幔部分熔融产生玄武质岩浆的产物,而酸性端员花岗闪长斑岩是玄武质岩浆在上升途中受地壳混染,并发生底侵作用和由玄武岩浆提供的热源导致地壳重熔的结果。 相似文献
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G. Turner 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1979,42(3):473-481
Layered sills and flows are conspicuous in the komatiitic volcanics of the Chukotat Group of the Aphebian Cape Smith fold belt in New Quebec. These bodies consist of a lower ultramafic member with an overlying gabbroic complex and are bound by margins of quench-textured, pyroxene-rich melanogabbro. Features such as cyclic layering of pyroxenite and peridotite, successive appearance of euhedral olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase, and polarized compositional variation indicate that the ultramafic member and lower gabbro are crystal cumulates. The uppermost gabbros, however, appear to represent liquids derived by removal of these cumulates. The significance of these bodies is that their initial liquids were at least as basic as pyroxenitic komatiites (14 wt.% MgO) while the residual liquids are Fe-Ti-rich tholeiites. Similarity between the liquid line of descent within these differentiated bodies and the spectrum of volcanic composition of the Chukotat Group as a whole suggests that the komatiites and tholeiites of the latter may constitute a single magmatic suite whose chemical diversity is a function of low-pressure, crystal fractionation. 相似文献