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石油与天然气的成因问题关系到我国乃至世界各国能源结构的配置及其能源在社会与经济发展中的地位和导向.自从17世纪展开对石油的有机与无机成因的争论以来,至今已有约300~400年的历史.尽管有机成因论占据了统治地位,但是无机成因论亦不断地在兴起!通过对这二者的理解和研究,从理论上讲他们都具有一定的物质基础和论据.基于对国内、外一些特异油田的生储环境,原油中所富含的微量金属元素的聚集与散失,某些油田中并未找到卟啉分子这样的生物标志物,碳、氢、氧化学合成实验等方面取得了一定的成效,故全盘否定无机生油的论点和论据确尚感为时过早或欠妥!显然,在以有机物成油为主体的前提下,无机物亦可生成部分石油,并通过运移、渗透到各油田的储集层中应是完全可能的.基于这样的分析、研究和探索,现提出石油的双机(a有机+b无机)混合成因的新理念.诚希能在今后的石油工业发展中,从理论、技术、实验和实践中强化对双机混合成因新理念的深化研究与探索,以达深切理解和扩展石油生、储空间环境等是不无裨益的! 相似文献
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Vindell Hsu Charles E. Helsley Eduard Berg David A. Novelo-Casanova 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1984,122(6):878-893
A close correlation in spatial distribution of local seismic activity and energy release patterns before and after the 1979 Petatlan, Mexico earthquake suggests heterogeneity within the fault plane of this major low-angle thrust event associated with subduction along the Middle America Trench. A simple two-asperity model is proposed to account for the complexity. Foreshocks and aftershocks of the neighboring 1981 Playa Azul earthquake showed a similar pattern. As both events occurred at the junction of the Orozco Fracture Zone and the Middle America Trench, we speculate that the observed complex fault plane is caused by subduction of the rugged ocean floor of the Orozco Fracture Zone. Short-term precursory seismicity prior to the Petatlan earthquake can be explained by using the asperity model and migration of a slip front from the south-east to the north-west across the main shock source region. 相似文献
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福建沿海、台湾海峡GPS观测分析及地球动力学特征研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
利用 3期GPS联测结果所获得的福建沿海地壳水平运动信息 ,采用ITRF94全球框架为基础的GPS测站地壳运动模型及其处理软件 ,对所获得的观测数据进行处理和精度分析。得到福建省高精度的GPS测站大地坐标、边长及其位移矢量 ,其精度达到 1 7×10 - 8。计算了福建地壳运动速率、主应变率 ,东西与南北向线应变率、面应变率、剪应变率、大地转动率和最大剪应变率等值线并给出了它们的分布图象。根据多年形变和现今GPS观测资料 ,分析福建地壳垂直运动与水平运动 ,显示区域应力场优势分布特征。最后 ,对福建沿海及台湾海峡地壳动力学特征作了初步的探讨 相似文献
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CT窗宽窗位的分析与应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
昌仁民 《CT理论与应用研究》1995,4(3):27-28
本文就ＣＴ窗宽窗位的理论和近三万人次的检查应用进行了分析观察，列出了几种常规检查部位的宽窗位，旨在更合理地选择窗宽和窗位，以提高病变的检出率。 相似文献
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闸涵结构的抗震分析与设计 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
分析了闸涵结构空间薄壁体系的构造特点，研究了箱型结构-水体耦合的求解方程，导出了可用于箱型结构、闸室、渡槽壁面、坝面的动水压力附加质量的统一算式，介绍了地震反应的求解方法。以淮安立交地涵为例，考虑了结构、水体、地基的相互作用，计算了结构的自振特性，分析了7度地震作用时的动力反应，研究方法和研究成果可供闸涵结构的抗震分析和设计参考。 相似文献
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本文提出我国北方含水量高的低洼地段公路工程中路基填方铺设方法,重点研究了材料配合比不确定、工程地质条件复杂、充填施工质量不易控制等问题,进行二灰土击实与压缩性能的试验研究,得出了石灰、粉煤灰和土3种充填材料的配合比,并针对工程特点,提出了确保施工质量的措施。室内试验及现场施工均取得了较满意的结果,该研究为公路路基填方提供了可借鉴的经验。 相似文献
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Temporal trends and spatial characteristics of drought and rainfall in arid and semiarid regions of Iran 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Drought, a normal recurrent event in arid and semiarid lands such as Iran, is typically of a temporary nature usually leaving little permanent aftermath. In the current study, the rainfall and drought severity time series were analyzed at 10 stations in the eastern half of Iran for the period 1966–2005. The drought severity was computed using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for a 12‐month timescale. The trend analyses of the data were also performed using the Kendall and Spearman tests. The results of this study showed that the rainfall and drought severity data had high variations to average values in the study period, and these variations increased with increasing aridity towards the south of the study area. The negative serial correlations found in the seasonal and annual rainfall time series were mostly insignificant. The trend tests detected a significant decreasing trend in the spring rainfall series of Birjand station at the rate of 8.56 mm per season per decade and a significant increasing trend in the summer rainfall series of Torbateheydarieh station at the rate of 0.14 mm per season per decade, whereas the rest of the trends were insignificant. Furthermore, the 12‐month values of the standardized precipitation index decreased at all the stations except Zabol during the past four decades. During the study period, all of the stations experienced at least one extreme drought which mainly occurred in the winter season. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Jrme Gattacceca Pierre Rochette Matthieu Gounelle Matthias Van Ginneken 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2008,270(3-4):280-289
We investigate the petrofabric of crustal rocks from Mars and Vesta through the measurement of the anisotropy of the magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of achondrites. Previous data are integrated with new measurements to obtain a dataset that provide macroscopic information about the magnetic fabric of 41 meteorites of the howardite–eucrite–diogenite clan (HED, falls only) and 16 Martian meteorites. The interpretation takes into account the large contribution of paramagnetism to the magnetic susceptibility of these meteorites. We use a model that allows the computation of the anisotropy degree of the population of ferromagnetic grains and provides a quantitative proxy for the degree of shape preferential orientation of these grains in HED and Martian meteorites. The results also provide quantitative information about the shape of the magnetic fabric (prolate, oblate).In HED achondrites, the ductile FeNi grains are sensitive strain recorders and our magnetic fabric data provide the first quantitative insights to the strain history of the crustal rocks of Vesta. Most HED achondrites are breccias but display a strong and spatially coherent magnetic anisotropy, indicating that intense deformation of FeNi grains took place after brecciation. The average fabric of eucrites, howardites is oblate (i.e. the texture is foliated) whereas the fabric of diogenites is more neutral. The howardite results suggest the existence of an isotropic fraction of ferromagnetic minerals that can be ascribed to the presence of carbonaceous chondrite clasts that have preserved their original magnetic fabric. In this hypothesis, howardites have an intensity of petrofabric very similar to eucrites and diogenites. Thermal metamorphism (itself possibly impact-related) plus lithostatic compaction occurring after brecciation appears as the best candidate to explain the observed petrofabric in eucrites and diogenites, whereas compaction by hypervelocity impacts may be reponsible for the fabric of howardites.Martian meteorites may still possess their primary magmatic fabric. Among Martian meteorites, basaltic shergottites and nakhlites display an oblate fabric (foliated texture) with only limited variations among each group. Olivine–phyric shergottites have a neutral fabric that points to a different petrogenesis. Nakhlites have weaker fabric intensity than shergottites. The fabric intensity is comparable to what is classically observed in terrestrial volcanic and plutonic rocks. 相似文献
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燕郊等测点迁移优化与地磁观测研究 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
为优化地磁观测条件，开展了燕郊、夏垫等测点迁移工作；按照测眯迁移原则与实施技术方案，完整地收集并整理了地质构造与地球物理等方面的基本资料；进行了野外实地勘察，磁场梯度的测量，确定了新测点，在新老测点上进行了较长时间的地磁场对比观测；应用多种方法分析研究了地磁对比观测资料，结果表明，新老测点与有关测点的地磁变化具有良好的一致性，并得到了新老测点之间的地磁数据的按点差。 相似文献
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进入21世纪以来,全球范围内强烈地震频频发生,势已进入到一个新的地震活动时期.我国大陆内部、周边和台湾岛内一系列强烈地震(MS≥6.5)的发生,特别是2008年5月12日汶川MS8.0大地震的突发与其震前的异常平静表明:地表与上地壳均未见有明显的或确切能构成短、临强烈地震预测的浅表层活动过程,大地震由深部壳、幔物质运动,即深层动力过程所致.基于对强烈地震孕育、发生和发展的初步研究提出:(1)面对强烈地震的预测必须强化震源深部介质和构造环境的研究与探索,以达对未来地震发生地点的预测.(2)在地震强烈活动地区长期坚守介质破裂效应及其派生物理响应的井中观测,即"抚模"震源区介质与结构的动态"脉搏",以达对地震发生时间的逐步逼近或预测.(3)深入剖析强烈地震活动区、带、点的深、浅层空间结构与动力过程,历史地震在地震活动地域的纵向和横向的分布特征及可靠前兆信息的同步性经验和统计效应与发展态势,以对未来强烈地震发生强度的估计.这三个方面均必须以地壳深部信息的采集和研究为前提,是地震学和地震预测深化研究与探索的必经之途！ 相似文献
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In north of Taiwan the East China Sea Shelf extends from the coastline of mainland China to the southern Okinawa Trough, showing a shelf-slope-basin bathymetric profile. Sea floor of the East China Sea Shelf is generally smooth and flat. It is wide (230 km) and relatively shallow with an average shelf-break depth of 120 m, reflecting the effect of Quaternary glaciation about 15000 years ago. The Pliocene-Quaternary East China Sea Shelf is underlain by thin sequences of about 1000 m thick shallow marine sediments mainly derived from China, forming an eastward dipping sedimentary wedge due to regional tilting and subsidence and representing the youngest part of the Cenozoic rift margin in southeastern China. The Taiwan Strait Shelf has two phases in development: one is the early phase of the Paleocene-Miocene rift margin and the other is the late stage of the Pliocene-Quaternary foreland sedimentation. It is a foreland shelf and its present morphology results from the combined effects of tectonic subsidence and sedimentation overprinting that of the Late Pleistocene glaciation about 15000 years ago. 相似文献
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C. Jane Brandt 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1990,15(8):687-698
This paper presents a model that simulates the size distribution and erosivity of raindrops and throughfall drops. It utilizes existing models of rainfall drop size distribution and fall velocity and combines them with newly collated evidence of throughfall drop size distributions. A sensitivity analysis reveals that the model is sensitive to parameters that are easily measured or estimated: rainfall intensity, the mean volume drop diameter of the intercepted throughfall, canopy cover, and canopy height. The results of the model may be used at two levels. Firstly, to calculate specifically the size and fall velocity of individual drops, parameters that are needed in studies examining the response of soil surfaces to forces applied by rainfall. Secondly, to produce erosivity indices, based on rainfall intensity but which take account of the effects of a vegetation canopy. The paper shows that while the kinetic energy of rainfall (E(0), J mm?1 m?2) may be calculated from an equation of the familiar form: the kinetic energy of throughfall under any canopy may be calculated by combining this equation with another that relates the energy of drops under a 100 per cent canopy cover (E(100)) and the canopy height: . 相似文献
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针对近地表物质非均质极强、各向异性明显及地形复杂等特点,系统阐述和讨论了近地表折射和反射法的国内外研究与应用进展,认为:1综合利用纵、横波的优势,开展多波多分量联合勘探对提高浅层地震勘探的精度和分辨率具有重要作用;2现在的浅层地震勘探主要是对地震剖面进行解释,容易忽略一些隐含的地质异常现象,属性提取技术是充分提取地震信息,进行全面综合解释的有效手段;3开展多层折射介质的观测系统和解释方法研究,尤其是折射层析成像研究,是提高多层折射介质成像精度的途径;4开展黏弹性、双相和各向异性介质的地震反射与折射波法研究是提高近地表地震勘探成像和物性参数提取精度的新思路. 相似文献
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以太湖重度蓝藻水华发生的西北湖区为研究对象,从河口至湖心区设置5个采样点,于2012年10月至2013年10月逐月采集表层水体样品,测定了水温、溶解氧和浮游细菌丰度,并分析了浮游植物群落结构的组成、溶解性无机氮(DIN)和有机氮(DON)浓度以及氮磷比.研究结果表明,太湖西北湖区浮游植物主要由蓝藻、硅藻、绿藻和隐藻组成.可能由于风、浪等混合作用使太湖西北湖区不同采样点之间蓝藻细胞密度没有显著差异.蓝藻生物量在浮游植物中所占比例最高为34%±15%,春季部分点位隐藻生物量高于50%,表明隐藻与蓝藻的相互竞争趋势显著.CCA排序图结果表明,DIN、DON浓度以及总氮∶总磷比(TN∶TP比)是影响西北湖区浮游植物优势属分布的重要环境因子.5个采样点铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)与DIN浓度具有显著差异,与DON浓度没有显著差异.夏季蓝藻水华暴发期间,可能由于蓝藻的吸收利用引起NH_4~+-N和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)浓度迅速降低.此外,由于NH_4~+-N浓度还可能受到沉积物NH_4~+-N释放的影响,因此,蓝藻细胞密度与NO_3~--N的相关系数和显著水平均高于NH_4~+-N.夏季TN∶TP比和DIN∶TP比降至最低,表明该湖区浮游植物,尤其是蓝藻的生长可能受到氮限制.蓝藻细胞密度与DON浓度呈显著负相关,表明在氮限制条件下,DON可能是蓝藻氮素利用的重要补充. 相似文献
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用SNMR和TEM方法探测地下水的研究与实践 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
地面核磁共振找水方法是在近二十多年里发展起来的直接找水的物探新方法,该方法具有找水原理新颖、解释结果量化的特点,已取得了很好的应用成果。瞬变电磁法是近年来国内外发展得较快、地质效果较好的一种电法勘探分支方法。理论和实践表明,这两种找水方法的合理配合,优势互补,得到好的地质效果。本文通过对SNMR和TEM找水方法的原理和特点对比,论述了两者优势互补的可行性,并通过实例说明了综合利用两种方法的效果。 相似文献
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地球物理学本质上是一门观测的科学.高精度和高分辨率的观测与实验仪器和设备乃是在地球物理学发展进程中的“前哨”.为此,在我国地球物理学领域里,在对仪器和设备的研究中必须转变观念,即在引进技术,仿造和合作研制的基点上发展自己的研究与研制体系,并在不断深化的进程中,逐步开创中国地球物理仪器研究和研制的新局面,形成具有中国特色的,并具有独立主权和品牌的地球物理仪器及设备的创新研究和研制体制,进而开拓新市场,走向世界,并独立于世界科技之林. 相似文献