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位于武汉珞珈山麓、东湖之滨的东湖湖泊生态系统试验站隶属中国科学院水生生物研究所,是中国科学院“中国生态系统研究网络”(CERN)的重点站,“人与生物圈”(MAB)的定位站,足我国湖沼学研究的重要基地。该站现有研究人员15人,主要从事湖泊生态系统结构、功能长期定位观测和系统试验,阐述生态环境变迁过程和机理,并预测其变迁和演替前景及生态效应,提出既要发展渔业,又要保护环境的优化示范模式,为水体的合理开发和利用提供科学依据。 长江中下游的浅水湖泊是我国特有的国土资源,其数量、面积以及湖泊学性质均在国内外难于见到;其与人民生活的密切关系(饮水、灌溉、渔业等)在全球亦属罕见。因此,研究、开发和保护这类水体,使之健康运转、水续利用是利在当代、功在千秋的事业。在我国淡水生态学研究的奠基人、学部委员刘建康教援的领导下,早在1954年就开始对长江中下游具有代表性的武汉东湖进行了系统的定位观测。武汉东湖位于长江中游南岸、武汉市东郊,面积27.8km~2,平均水深2.2m左右,在60年代前一统一水域,由于经济发展的需要,筑堤分割成大小不等、边界明确、生态环境各异的若干湖区,很有利于开展比较生态学研究。郭郑湖区(11.3km~2)为主体湖区,亦是东湖生态站主要的科研活动基地。 相似文献
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水生态监测与评价是水生态系统管理、保护和可持续利用的基础。20世纪80年代开始,欧美发达国家水环境管理政策开始强调生态保护,重视流域水生态质量,先后开展了以水生生物为核心的河流水生态监测与评价研究计划。然而我国目前流域水环境监测与评价的指标主要以传统的理化监测指标为主,缺乏指示水生态变化的水生生物指标,单一的水质改善无法反映水生态环境好转这一长远目标,不能满足“十四五”水生态环境管理由以水污染防治为主向水环境、水生态、水资源“三水”统筹转变的总体要求。本研究系统分析发达国家和地区(如美国、欧盟、澳大利亚等)水生态监测与评价技术体系与业务化运行方面的先进经验,总结梳理我国水生态监测与评价试点已有的工作基础,分析制约我国当前流域水生态监测与评价的关键问题,从保护目标、管理模式、监测网络、科学研究和公众参与五个方面,提出开展我国流域水生态监测与评价体系构建和业务化运行的有关建议,为准确评估和预测流域水生态质量状况的变化、开展保护修复成效评估提供决策支持和重要参考。 相似文献
3.
太湖流域浙江片区受工业和城市废水以及农田地表径流等人为因素的影响,污染问题日益严重,根据2013年的水文巡测以及水质监测资料,分析了太湖流域浙江片区出入境水量和高锰酸盐指数(COD_(Mn))、氨氮(NH3-N)、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)等水质指标的出入境通量及其时空分布.结果表明,2013年太湖流域浙江片区出入境水量以出境为主,出入境断面的首要污染物是TN,其平均浓度在各出入境断面均处于Ⅴ～劣Ⅴ类水平,COD_(Mn)、NH_3-N和TP的平均浓度总体上达到Ⅱ～Ⅲ类标准.4种污染物的出入境通量均以出境为主,研究区域北部是污染物的主要入境断面,东部是污染物的主要出境断面.净出境水量是影响污染物净出境通量的关键因子,出入境断面水质是净出境通量的主要影响因子.源头控制农业面源污染、将工业废水和城镇生活污水处理达标后排放是减轻太湖流域浙江片区水体污染的关键,是太湖流域水体污染控制和治理的主要措施. 相似文献
4.
根据2005-2006年间徐六泾河段进行的渔业资源调查,初步研究了徐六泾河段渔业群落结构和多样性.调查到鱼类48种、虾类3种、蟹类2种,分别隶属于12目20科44属,其中江湖半洄游性渔业生物(青鱼、草鱼等)6种、江海洄游性渔业生物(刀鲚、鳗鲡等)7种、近海河口类渔业生物(斑尾复鰕虎、六带鲹等)9种,淡水定居性渔业生物31种.相对重要指数(IRI)大于1000的种类定为优势种,共有3种:日本沼虾、斑尾复鰕虎、鳊.多样性特征值为:Wilhm改进指数(H″)为3,Margalef指数(R″)为4.66,Pilou指数(E″)为0.76,McNaughton指数(D″)为0.22.利用生态类型、个体生物学特征、多样性指数、相对重要指数等分析了徐六泾河段的渔业群落结构及多样性现状,表明徐六泾河段渔业群落属于河口渔业群落与淡水渔业群落交叉的类型,相比长江其他江段,多样性处于中等水平,但群落结构不稳定,有小型化趋势. 相似文献
5.
巢湖富营养化研究进展 总被引：50，自引：10，他引：50
本文系统论述了20年来巢湖富营养化的研究过程,根据不同阶段对巢湖研究的特点,将巢湖富营养化研究过程划分为三个阶段:初步调查阶段、深入研究阶段和应用研究阶段. 综述了巢湖富营养化研究的8个方面的内容,包括流域自然和社会环境的调查、水域生态调查与评价、流域水污染源调查与评价、巢湖富营养化机理研究、水质区划与容量研究、流域的非点源污染研究、生态环境现状调查研究和内源污染控制研究等. 文中指出了近10多年来缺少对巢湖的基础研究,形成背景资料的断裂,10多年前的研究成果不能完全满足当今巢湖富营养化防治的需要. 目前,巢湖仍然处于全湖富营养化状态,急需对巢湖进一步开展基础研究,为从根本上治理巢湖污染寻求对策. 最后指出了一些主要的研究方向. 相似文献
6.
本文应用图像法和电阻率成像法(ERT)监测二维模型中DNAPL在饱和非均质多孔介质中的运移分布特征,研究DNAPL在实际环境条件下的运移机理与分布特征.图像法是利用数码相机对污染物注入过程进行实时拍摄,以提供一个直观的角度以观察二维模型里多孔介质中DNAPL运移状态,与此同时利用ERT对模型中的电阻率变化进行监测,并导出数据到Surfer软件中绘制成电阻率分布图像.将两种方法的结果图进行对比分析,采用图像法验证ERT的数据结果,结果表明,DNAPL的运移、扩散方向会倾向于介质松散的位置,在黏土裂隙分布区域产生运移速度更快的优势运移通道;在DNAPL的重分布过程中,DNAPL的运移主要受重力作用的影响,污染区域下移,污染区域的DNAPL含量减小,电阻率相对值减小.ERT的监测结果基本可以反映DNAPL在多孔介质中运移和分布,但是局部污染区域监测受到限制,说明ERT分辨率需要进一步提高.本文融合两种方法进行污染物运移监测,实验结果对于理解DNAPL的运移机理与分布特性,以及确定污染范围和污染程度方面具有重要意义. 相似文献
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每年汛期与蓄水期三峡水库近坝段水域会有大量漂浮物聚集,为探索三峡水库近坝段水域(坝前及以上约12.7km长的河段)水面漂浮物对水质的影响,2018年开展了漂浮物覆盖水体水质跟踪监测和漂浮物浸泡试验,并以20142018年的漂浮物产量和近坝段水域水质监测数据为基础进行了相关分析与回归分析.结果表明:漂浮物会提高坝前覆盖水体的氮类营养盐水平和有机污染物浓度,引起河湾漂浮物覆盖水域氨氮(NH3-N)浓度升高,致使氮类营养盐组成的变化和由于高锰酸盐指数/总有机碳比值(COD_(Mn)/TOC)的差异变化对水体产生有机污染.除NH_3-N外,坝前水域受漂浮物影响程度大于河湾区域,漂浮物对河湾水质的影响在蓄水期更为明显,漂浮物覆盖水体垂直方向上2 m内水质因子无明显分层现象;相比综合类漂浮物,植物类漂浮物对水质的影响更迅速和明显;漂浮物仅在其覆盖的水体小范围内对氮类营养盐指标造成影响,漂浮物产量的增加会增大近坝段水域水体悬浮物、有机污染物和还原性无机物质(COD_(Mn))浓度,形成一定的影响规律.因此,合理布置清漂作业点,高效及时地开展漂浮物清理工作,短期内优先打捞植物类漂浮物,合理实施水库调度以减少漂浮物聚集量与缩短滞留时长,加强漂浮物影响水体的水质监测对近坝区河段水环境保护意义重大. 相似文献
9.
从探地雷达GPR(Ground Penetrating Radar)在土壤污染探测中的应用、污染土壤介电常数模型的演化和土壤介电常数求取三方面综述了目前国内外学者利用探地雷达技术开展的土壤污染探测研究.研究认为以土壤介电常数为纽带,采用适宜的方法从雷达回波信号求得介电常数,基于合理的土壤介电常数模型,通过神经网络技术,可驯化建立介电常数和污染土壤多个参数之间联系,从而实现污染土壤中多种污染物含量的监测. 相似文献
10.
在太湖流域上游的宜溧—洮滆水系主要河道设置67个监测点,分别于2014年1月(冬季)、4月(春季)、8月(夏季)、11月(秋季)进行水质监测,采用多元统计方法分析了水质的空间差异性和季节性变化,并利用水质标识指数法对水环境质量进行评价.结果表明,宜溧—洮滆水系污染程度较严重,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)浓度年均值分别为4.93、0.26和7.63 mg/L;单因素多元方差分析和聚类分析显示污染物浓度具有显著时空差异性,时间上冬、春季污染程度较高而夏、秋季较低,空间上无锡和常州氮、磷污染较为严重,宜兴和溧阳市有机污染程度较高;水质标识评价结果显示流域内水质基本为IV类或V类,其中TN、TP及CODMn是关键污染指标. 相似文献
11.
High levels of lead and zinc have been measured in the California Mussel Mytilus californianus taken from southern Monterey Bay as part of the California State Mussel Watch programme. The levels of lead and zinc increase steadily from Cypress Point towards Cannery Row. The California State Water Resources Control Board (which funded but did not conduct the State Mussel Watch) has attributed the high levels to heavy metals contributed by sewage. The state mussel watch data reports have not considered the historic canning wastes from more than 30 canneries along Cannery Row as a possible source of trace metals. Leachates from old cannery wastes may be a major source of lead and zinc in mussels in southern Monterey Bay and must be considered in assessing any data from the State Mussel Watch programme. 相似文献
12.
The attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) resulted in the destruction of buildings, and the release of tons of dust and debris into the environment. As part of the effort to characterize the environmental impact of the WTC collapse, Mussel Watch Program trace element measurements from the Hudson–Raritan Estuary (HRE) were assessed for the years before (1986–2001) and after (2001–2005) the attack. Trace element measurements in the HRE were significantly higher than Mussel Watch measurements taken elsewhere in the Nation. Post-attack trace element measurements were not significantly different from pre-attack measurements. The impacts of WTC collapse may have been obscured by high ambient levels of trace elements in the HRE. 相似文献
13.
The September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) resulted in a massive plume of dust and smoke that blanketed lower Manhattan and part of the Hudson-Raritan Estuary (HRE). The NOAA National Status and Trends Mussel Watch Program has long-term monitoring sites in the area and thus had an opportunity to assess the effect of the WTC attack on PAH and PCB contamination of the surrounding estuary. Seven additional sites were added in the Upper HRE to attain higher sampling resolution for comparison with regularly sampled Mussel Watch Project HRE sites. Elevated background levels of PCBs and PAHs in mussel tissue and sediments were high enough before the WTC attack that concentrations were not measurably changed by WTC derived contaminant input. 相似文献
14.
Yuko Ogata Kaoruko Mizukawa Satoru Iwasa Yukie Mato Keiji Okuda Michio Murakami Ruchaya Booyatumanondo Le Quang Dung Carlos Miguez Charles Moore Steven Weerts Erick Burres Michael Van Velkenburg Richard C. Lang Brenda Danner Richard C. Thompson 《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(10):1437-1446
Samples of polyethylene pellets were collected at 30 beaches from 17 countries and analyzed for organochlorine compounds. PCB concentrations in the pellets were highest on US coasts, followed by western Europe and Japan, and were lower in tropical Asia, southern Africa and Australia. This spatial pattern reflected regional differences in the usage of PCBs and was positively correlated with data from Mussel Watch, another monitoring approach. DDTs showed high concentrations on the US west coast and in Vietnam. In Vietnam, DDT was predominant over its metabolites (DDE and DDD), suggesting the principal source may be current usage of the pesticide for malaria control. High concentrations of pesticide HCHs were detected in the pellets from southern Africa, suggesting current usage of the pesticides in southern Africa. This study demonstrates the utility and feasibility of the International Pellet Watch approach to monitor POPs at a global scale. 相似文献
15.
Overview of integrative tools and methods in assessing ecological integrity in estuarine and coastal systems worldwide 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
Borja A Bricker SB Dauer DM Demetriades NT Ferreira JG Forbes AT Hutchings P Jia X Kenchington R Carlos Marques J Zhu C 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(9):1519-1537
In recent years, several sets of legislation worldwide (Oceans Act in USA, Australia or Canada; Water Framework Directive or Marine Strategy in Europe, National Water Act in South Africa, etc.) have been developed in order to address ecological quality or integrity, within estuarine and coastal systems. Most such legislation seeks to define quality in an integrative way, by using several biological elements, together with physico-chemical and pollution elements. Such an approach allows assessment of ecological status at the ecosystem level ('ecosystem approach' or 'holistic approach' methodologies), rather than at species level (e.g. mussel biomonitoring or Mussel Watch) or just at chemical level (i.e. quality objectives) alone. Increasing attention has been paid to the development of tools for different physico-chemical or biological (phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, algae, phanerogams, fishes) elements of the ecosystems. However, few methodologies integrate all the elements into a single evaluation of a water body. The need for such integrative tools to assess ecosystem quality is very important, both from a scientific and stakeholder point of view. Politicians and managers need information from simple and pragmatic, but scientifically sound methodologies, in order to show to society the evolution of a zone (estuary, coastal area, etc.), taking into account human pressures or recovery processes. These approaches include: (i) multidisciplinarity, inherent in the teams involved in their implementation; (ii) integration of biotic and abiotic factors; (iii) accurate and validated methods in determining ecological integrity; and (iv) adequate indicators to follow the evolution of the monitored ecosystems. While some countries increasingly use the establishment of marine parks to conserve marine biodiversity and ecological integrity, there is awareness (e.g. in Australia) that conservation and management of marine ecosystems cannot be restricted to Marine Protected Areas but must include areas outside such reserves. This contribution reviews the current situation of integrative ecological assessment worldwide, by presenting several examples from each of the continents: Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and North America. 相似文献
16.
Thébault H Rodriguez Y Baena AM Andral B Barisic D Albaladejo JB Bologa AS Boudjenoun R Delfanti R Egorov VN El Khoukhi T Florou H Kniewald G Noureddine A Patrascu V Pham MK Scarpato A Stokozov NA Topcuoglu S Warnau M 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,57(6-12):801-806
The common mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was selected as unique biomonitor species to implement a regional monitoring programme, the CIESM Mediterranean Mussel Watch (MMW), in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. As of today, and upon standardization of the methodological approach, the MMW Network has been able to quantify (137)Cs levels in mussels from 60 coastal stations and to produce the first distribution map of this artificial radionuclide at the scale of the entire Mediterranean and Black Seas. While measured (137)Cs levels were found to be very low (usually < 1 Bq kg(-1) wet wt) (137)Cs activity concentrations in the Black Sea and North Aegean Sea were up to two orders of magnitude higher than those in the western Mediterranean Basin. Such effects, far from representing a threat to human populations or the environment, reflect a persistent signature of the Chernobyl fallout in this area. 相似文献
17.
Alkylphenols in marine environments: Distribution monitoring strategies and detection considerations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Arthur David 《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(7):953-960
The presence of alkylphenols (APs) in coastal and marine ecosystems is not as well-documented as it is in freshwater ecosystems. This paper reviews reported concentrations of alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) and APs in seawater, sediments and organisms of marine environments such as estuaries, coastal lagoons, bights, harbours or deep sea in order to study their distribution. Overall contamination of marine aquatic compartments by APs and APEOs has been observed, while coastal areas in the vicinity of wastewater discharges are more impacted than deep sea environments, but to a lesser extent than freshwater sites. Sediments act as sinks for APs and APEOs, especially around wastewater discharge sites. Reported AP concentrations in marine organisms are higher in bivalves and gastropods than in fishes. As nonylphenols and octylphenols are estrogenomimetic, biological responses induced in marine organisms are discussed. Finally, we describe the cell bioassay approach for the biodetection of APs. 相似文献
18.
Herv Thbault Alessia M. Rodriguez y Baena Bruno Andral Delko Barisic Jos Benedicto Albaladejo Alexandru S. Bologa Redouane Boudjenoun Roberta Delfanti Victor N. Egorov Tahar El Khoukhi Heleni Florou Goran Kniewald Abdelkader Noureddine Vasile Patrascu Mai Khanh Pham Alfonso Scarpato Nikolay A. Stokozov Sayhan Topcuoglu Michel Warnau 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,57(6-12):801
The common mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was selected as unique biomonitor species to implement a regional monitoring programme, the CIESM Mediterranean Mussel Watch (MMW), in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. As of today, and upon standardization of the methodological approach, the MMW Network has been able to quantify 137Cs levels in mussels from 60 coastal stations and to produce the first distribution map of this artificial radionuclide at the scale of the entire Mediterranean and Black Seas. While measured 137Cs levels were found to be very low (usually <1 Bq kg−1 wet wt) 137Cs activity concentrations in the Black Sea and North Aegean Sea were up to two orders of magnitude higher than those in the western Mediterranean Basin. Such effects, far from representing a threat to human populations or the environment, reflect a persistent signature of the Chernobyl fallout in this area. 相似文献
19.
《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(6-12):801-806
The common mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was selected as unique biomonitor species to implement a regional monitoring programme, the CIESM Mediterranean Mussel Watch (MMW), in the Mediterranean and Black Seas. As of today, and upon standardization of the methodological approach, the MMW Network has been able to quantify 137Cs levels in mussels from 60 coastal stations and to produce the first distribution map of this artificial radionuclide at the scale of the entire Mediterranean and Black Seas. While measured 137Cs levels were found to be very low (usually <1 Bq kg−1 wet wt) 137Cs activity concentrations in the Black Sea and North Aegean Sea were up to two orders of magnitude higher than those in the western Mediterranean Basin. Such effects, far from representing a threat to human populations or the environment, reflect a persistent signature of the Chernobyl fallout in this area. 相似文献
20.
Laurel Saito Bill Christian Jennifer Diffley Holly Richter Melissa M. Rohde Scott A. Morrison 《Ground water》2021,59(3):322-333
Groundwater is a critical resource not only for human communities but also for many terrestrial, riparian, and aquatic ecosystems and species. Yet groundwater planning and management decisions frequently ignore or inadequately address the needs of these natural systems. As a consequence, ecosystems dependent on groundwater have been threatened, degraded, or eliminated, especially in arid regions. There is growing acknowledgment that governmental protections for these ecological resources are necessary, but current legal, regulatory and voluntary provisions are often inadequate. Groundwater management premised on “safe yield,” which aims to balance human withdrawals with natural recharge rates, typically provides little to no consideration for water needed by ecosystems. Alternatively, the “sustainable yield” concept aims to integrate social, economic and environmental needs for groundwater, but the complexity of groundwater systems creates substantial uncertainty about the impact that current or future groundwater withdrawals will have on ecosystems. Regardless of the legal or regulatory framework, guidance is needed to help ensure environmental water needs will be met, especially in the face of pressure to increase human uses of groundwater resources. In this paper, we describe minimum provisions for planning, managing, and monitoring groundwater that collectively can lower the risk of harm to groundwater-dependent ecosystems and species, with a special emphasis on arid systems, where ecosystems and species may be especially reliant upon and sensitive to groundwater dynamics. 相似文献