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1.
Tributyltin (TBT) concentrations in waters of Poole Harbour ranged between 2–139 ng l−1 (as Sn) and increased to 234–646 ng l−1 within marinas. Seasonal trends in contamination coincided with boat usage patterns and peaked during summer months. A combination of poor tidal flushing and removal of TBT to particulates restricts high levels of contamination to areas closest to marinas and moorings; TBT concentrations in benthic sediments decreased from 0.52 μg g−1 near such sites to 0.02 μg g−1 at the harbour mouth. Organotin accumulations in several benthic invertebrates including polychaetes (Nereis diversicolor), snails (Littorina littorea) and clams (Scrobicularia plana, Mya arenaria) reflect the distribution of contamination in the environment, though concentration factors (relative to water) vary considerably between species and were highest in sediment dwelling clams, notably Mya (1.3×105). Compared to organotins, biological availability of inorganic tin is low.

Levels of TBT in parts of Poole Harbour exceed Environmental Quality Targets designed to protect marine life and may be responsible for poor recruitment, particularly in bivalves, at heavily contaminated sites.  相似文献   


2.
Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were transplanted to seven stations around a large shipyard for 126 days to evaluate tributyltin (TBT) contamination. Although the application of TBT-based paints to ships is totally banned in Korea, butyltin compounds were found to accumulate in mussels following transplantation. Concentrations of TBT and total butyltins in transplanted mussels near the shipyard were in the range of 40-350 ng Sn/g and 74-530 ng Sn/g on a dry weight basis, respectively. Obviously, low TBT concentrations (6.0-53 ng Sn/gdw) were determined in mussels at four stations outside the shipyard. A negative gradient of TBT concentrations and TBT portion to total butyltin concentrations were found in both the surface water and transplanted mussels according to distance from the shipyard. In addition, TBT concentrations in surface water and transplanted mussels showed significant correlation (r(2) = 0.71; p < 0.001). These results indicate that the shipyard still releases fresh TBT into surrounding waters even after TBT regulation in Korea, and mussel transplantation is useful in evaluating TBT contamination in shipyard area.  相似文献   

3.
《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(6-12):883-888
Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were transplanted to seven stations around a large shipyard for 126 days to evaluate tributyltin (TBT) contamination. Although the application of TBT-based paints to ships is totally banned in Korea, butyltin compounds were found to accumulate in mussels following transplantation. Concentrations of TBT and total butyltins in transplanted mussels near the shipyard were in the range of 40–350 ng Sn/g and 74–530 ng Sn/g on a dry weight basis, respectively. Obviously, low TBT concentrations (6.0–53 ng Sn/g dw) were determined in mussels at four stations outside the shipyard. A negative gradient of TBT concentrations and TBT portion to total butyltin concentrations were found in both the surface water and transplanted mussels according to distance from the shipyard. In addition, TBT concentrations in surface water and transplanted mussels showed significant correlation (r2 = 0.71; p < 0.001). These results indicate that the shipyard still releases fresh TBT into surrounding waters even after TBT regulation in Korea, and mussel transplantation is useful in evaluating TBT contamination in shipyard area.  相似文献   

4.
Restrictions on the use of tributyltin (TBT) in aquaculture and on boats in coastal regions, except for ocean-going vessels, have been in place in Japan since 1990 due to the strong toxic effects of TBT on marine organisms. However, TBT pollution along the Japanese coasts has been reported after this legislation was enacted. In order to elucidate the present status of contamination by butyltin (BT) compounds, we measured the levels of BTs [monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and TBT] in seawater and Caprella spp. samples obtained from the western part of Seto Inland Sea, Uwa Sea and Uranouchi Bay in western Japan during March to September, 2001. Butyltins were detected in more than 90% of the seawater samples (n = 59), with average concentrations of 8.2 ± 9.2 (SD) ng MBT L−1, 3.3 ± 3.0 ng DBT L−1 and 9.0 ± 7.0 ng TBT L−1. Among 41 stations situated on coastal lines, a sufficient number of Caprella organisms for chemical analysis could be collected from only 16 stations. The butyltin concentrations in seawater and Caprella samples from Uwa Sea and Uranouchi Bay, in which the dominant industry in both waters is aquaculture, showed significantly higher than or no significant differences from those samples from the western part of Seto Inland Sea, a major heavy-industry area in Japan. As the TBT concentration in seawater increased, the number of Caprella organisms collected decreased. The mean TBT concentration among the seawater samples was above the estimated lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) that reduces the survival rate of Caprella danilevskii. Thus, the present study indicates that TBT is still a potential ecological hazard to the survival of marine invertebrates inhabiting coasts along western Japan, even 11 years after the partial ban on TBT usage was implemented.  相似文献   

5.
Concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene (BAP) were measured in subpopulations of softshell clams, Mya arenaria, from four intertidal sites in Coos Bay from June 1976 to June 1978. Subsequently, concentrations of 15 unsubstituted polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAH) were determined in two subpopulations from September 1978 to August 1979. There were significant differences between BAP concentrations in clams from the four sites. For the two-year period, they were highest in clams inhabiting areas adjacent to the industrialized bayfront and lowest in clams inhabiting more remote areas. There were no significant seasonal variations in BAP concentrations during this period. During the 1978–1979 study, the average total PNAH concentration in clams from the bayfront area was 555.1 μg kg?1 compared to 76.3 μg kg?1 for clams from a more remote environment. In general, PNAH concentrations were lowest in the fall-winter and highest during the spring-summer.  相似文献   

6.
Tributyltin (TBT), dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT) were measured in surficial sediments at, the ports of Pasaia and Bilbao, together with other mid- and small-size harbours of the Basque Country (northern Spain), in 2007-2008. The highest values of the sum of the three measured butyltin species (3523-3640 ng g−1, as Sn) were found at sampling stations near to shipyards located within the port of Pasaia. The highest value of TBT concentration (3143 ng g−1, as Sn) was found at the marina of Getxo, in the port of Bilbao. The degree of TBT degradation varied greatly between sampling stations, being found to be generally higher in those sediments with higher values of redox potential and lower values of TBT concentration (normalized by organic matter content).  相似文献   

7.
Levels of estrogenic compounds in Xiamen Bay sediment, China   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
Concentrations of seven estrogenic compounds, i.e., estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethynylestradiol(EE2), diethylstilbestrol (DES), nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP) and bisphenol A (BPA), were determined in sediments and pore water from Xiamen Bay in China, and their distributions and potential risks in the Bay were assessed. Total estrogenic compounds concentrations varied from 49.20 to 1230.69 ng/g dw in sediments and from 102.33 to 4376.60 ng/L in pore water. The highest levels of these compounds were found at Yundang Lagoon. The results showed that estrogenic compounds in Xiamen Bay originated mainly from municipal wastewaters. Compared with other areas, Xiamen Bay was contaminated with high levels of estrogen hormones. This contamination poses a potential threat to benthic organisms. Although a good relationship (r = 0.94) was observed between the estrogenic compounds concentrations and total organic carbon (TOC) contents in sediments, which did not indicate that the sediment organic matter favors the accumulation of the detected estrogenic compounds.  相似文献   

8.
To elucidate the characteristic distribution and contamination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments, 63 sediments and five benthic organisms from Kyeonggi Bay, Namyang Bay and Lake Shihwa, West coast of Korea, were analysed. Characterization of PCBs distribution in sediments was conducted by correlation between PCBs concentrations and environmental parameters, comparison of contamination level and composition of PCBs homologs between Kanechlor mixture (KC-mix) and sediments. The residues of PCBs in sediments were correlated with total organic carbon (TOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) contents, not with mud contents and grain size distributions. Elevated concentrations of T-PCBs were found in sediments from Incheon North Harbor (INH) in Kyeonggi Bay. T-PCBs concentrations were decreased with distance increase from inner site of INH. The residues of T-PCBs in sediments from Namyang Bay were either non-detectable or near to detection limit. The contamination by PCBs in sediments from Lake Shihwa was also low. The PCBs congener profiles in INH were similar to those of KC-mix, while those in less contaminated sites showed relatively high percentage of lower chlorinated biphenyls. Sites K18 (580 ng/g or 48 ug/g-OC dry wt) and K19 (330 ng/g or 38 ug/g-OC dry wt) within INH exceeded the sediment quality criteria (SQC) (16 micrograms/g-OC as a KC-mix) derived from equilibrium partitioning (EqP) approach.  相似文献   

9.
Sections from a sediment core taken from the River Thames were analysed for butyltin species using gas chromatography with species-specific isotope dilution mass spectrometry. Results demonstrated that in most samples tributyltin concentrations of 20–60 ng/g accounted for <10% of the total butyltin species present, which is in agreement with data from other sediment samples which were historically contaminated with tributyltin. Vertical distribution of the organotin residues with depth throughout the core, with data on organochlorine compounds and heavy metals allowed for the construction of a consistent hypothesis on historical deposition of contaminated sediments. From this it was possible to infer that the concentrations of tributyltin in sediments deposited during the early 1960s were in the order of 400–600 μg/g by using degradation rate constants derived by other workers. Such values fall well within the range quoted for harbour sediments in the literature.  相似文献   

10.
Tests for the acute toxicity of tributyltin (TBT) were conducted on amphipod crustaceans collected from Otsuchi Bay, Japan. Five species of caprellids and three species of gammarids, which belong to a closely related ecological niche, were used for the exposure experiments at seven test concentrations (0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 microg TBTCl/l) for 48 h at 20 degrees C. The 48-h LC50 values of the caprellids were 1.2-6.6 microg TBTCl/l, and these were significantly lower than those of the gammarids (17.8-23.1 microg TBTCl/l). This suggests that caprellids are more sensitive to TBT than gammarids. Furthermore, the proportions of TBT and its derivatives, dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT), were measured in the amphipods collected from Otsuchi Bay. In the caprellids, TBT was the predominant compound, accounting for 72% of the total butyltin which reflected the butyltin ratio in seawater, while in the gammarids, TBT's breakdown products (DBT and MBT) predominated, accounting for 75% of the total butyltin. This difference suggests that caprellids may have lower metabolic capacity to degrade TBT than gammarids. Therefore, the difference in sensitivity to TBT among the amphipods is thought to be related to the species-specific capacity to metabolize TBT.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

A Kelvin wave in a semi-infinite ocean with a narrow (compared with the wavelength) continental shelf is diffracted by a narrow gap that feeds any of a second semi-infinite ocean, a semi-infinite channel, a closed channel of finite length, a small bay, or a channel terminated by a bay. An equivalent electrical circuit is constructed, in which the incident-wave displacement in the gap appears as the input voltage and the flow into the gap appears as the input current. Approximations to the elements of this circuit are constructed from a quadratic functional that is derived from the integral equation implied by the boundary-value problem. The phase shift in the diffracted Kelvin wave is calculated, and numerical results are given for representative configurations. The general results are applicable to other tidal waves in the semi-infinite ocean, e.g., a Poincaré wave. A model of San Francisco Bay, opening into the ocean through a short, narrow channel (the Golden Gate) and fed by rivers through a long channel (Carquinez Straits), is constructed. It yields a resonant period of 4.6h and a time delay of 3.6 sec for a semi-diurnal (12.4h) Kelvin wave.  相似文献   

12.
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the distribution and accumulation of tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPhT) in seawater, sediments and selected organisms from a cage mariculture area in southern Taiwan, Hsiao Liouchiou Island. Our results show that ΣOTs were found in concentrations as high as 196 ng/L in seawater collected from the sites in Pai-Sa harbor, and up 1040 ng/g dry wt. in sediments dredged from sites within Da-Fu harbor. Also, ΣOTs concentrations of 859 ng/g dry wt. were observed in the liver of cobia (Rachycentron canadum) from mariculture cages. As most published studies have focused on the acute toxicity and bioaccumulation of organotins in mussels, the effects of organotins on cobia and other marine fauna are still poorly understood. This study highlights the significance of ΣBTs accumulation in cobia, as well as in the sediments and seawater surrounding their culture facilities.  相似文献   

13.
《Marine pollution bulletin》2009,58(6-12):645-651
We assessed the current status of tributyltin (TBT) contamination of Thais clavigera (Gastropoda) along the coastal area of Mirs Bay, China for the first time. The snail samples were collected from 10 different sites in the summer (June) and winter (December) of 2006, respectively. They were analyzed for imposex status, i.e. relative penis size index (RPSI) and vas deferens sequence index (VDSI), followed by quantification of butyltins in their tissues. Most of the collected females suffered from imposex, but the level of butyltin contamination varied with the distance from Yantian Port, which is currently the fourth busiest container port in the world. The tissue concentration of TBT varied with season. For a particular site, the winter samples in general contained much higher concentration of TBT than the summer samples. RPSI, VDSI and organotin concentrations were higher in T. clavigera collected from sites closer to the Port, such as the Seafood Street and Kat O. Both RPSI and VDSI were positively correlated with the tissue burden of tributyltin. VDSI exhibited little seasonal variability, whereas RPSI showed marked seasonal variability, with lower values in the summer samples. The current results will serve as an important reference for long-term monitoring of butyltin contamination in this area.  相似文献   

14.
This study provides baseline information on the extent of contamination in sediments of the Jobos Bay estuary and surrounding areas in Puerto Rico. Sediments from Jobos Bay area (n = 14) had higher overall average concentrations than those from La Parguera area (n = 5, used as reference site), in μg/g dw, for As (17 vs 9), Cu (29 vs 14), Pb (11 vs 4), and Zn (64 vs 28); and in %, for Fe (2.6 vs 0.6). Sediments (n = 8) screened for PAHs and PCBs exhibited total concentrations (ng/g dw) that ranged from 40.4 to 1912, and from not detected to 11.21, respectively. The quality of sediments of Jobos Bay could be classified as low to moderate pollution. The proximity to anthropogenic sources of contamination warrants a monitoring program for inorganic and organic pollutants in Jobos Bay area for an effective coastal management program of this tropical ecosystem.  相似文献   

15.
Edible fish species were collected from 13 locations throughout San Francisco Bay, during the spring of 1994, for determination of contaminant levels in muscle tissue. Species collected included white croaker, surfperch, leopard and brown smoothhound sharks, striped bass, white sturgeon and halibut. 66 composite tissue samples were analysed for the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (P0CBs), pesticides, trace elements and dioxin/furans. The US EPA approach to assessing chemical contaminant data for fish tissue consumption was used for identifying the primary chemicals of concern. Six chemicals or chemical groups were found to exceed screening values (SVs) established using the US EPA approach. PCBs (as total Aroclors) exceeded the screening level of 3 ng g−1 in all 66 muscle tissue samples, with the greatest concentrations (638 ng g−1) found near San Francisco's industrial areas. Mercury was elevated (> 0.14 μg g−1) in 40 of 66 samples with the greatest concentrations (1.26 μg g−1) occurring in shark muscle tissues. Concentrations of the organochlorine pesticides dieldrin, total chlordane and total dichlorodiphenyltri-chloroethane (DDT) exceeded screening levels in a number of samples. Dioxin/furans (as toxic equivalent concentrations (TEQ's)) were elevated (> 0.15 pg g−1) in 16 of the 19 samples analysed. Fish with high lipid content (croaker and surfperch) in their muscle tissue generally exhibited higher organic contaminant levels while fish with low lipid levels (halibut and shark) exhibited lower organic contaminant levels. Tissue samples taken from North Bay stations most often exhibited high levels of chemical contamination. The California Office of Health Hazard Assessment is currently evaluating the results of this study and has issued an interim Health Advisory concerning the human consumption of fish tissue from San Francisco Bay.  相似文献   

16.
Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCHs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), chlordane compounds (CHLs) and butyltin compounds (mono-, di- and tributyltin) were determined in biota and sediments collected from locations on the west coast of Sri Lanka. The PCB concentrations found in fish from the Kelani River mouth were higher than those from other Asian developing countries. The pattern of organochlorine accumulation was in the order of PCBs > DDTs > CHLs > HCHs > HCB, and resembled those reported for most developed countries. The accumulation pattern of butyltins in fish was in the order of TBT > DBT > MBT suggesting recent exposure to TBT sources. Total butyltin concentrations found in rabbit fish liver (11-38 micrograms/g wet wt), collected from the Colombo dockyard, could be the highest ever reported for fish in the world.  相似文献   

17.
Despite the huge amount of literature available on butyltins (BuTs), few studies addressed the environmental levels of phenyltins (PhTs), octyltins (OcTs) and total tin (SnT) in environmental samples. In 2006 a mussel watch survey was developed for the Portuguese coast (total of 29 sampling sites) in order to describe the concentrations of BuTs , PhTs, OcTs and SnT in the whole tissues of Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819). BuTs were detected in all analyzed samples accounting, in average, for 98.6% of total organotins (∑OTs = BuTs + PhTs + OcTs), and presented highest values in the vicinity of harbors. Tributyltin (TBT) was the dominant butyltin, representing, in average, 62% of ∑BuTs (∑BuTs = TBT + DBT + MBT) suggesting that fresh inputs of TBT are still occurring in the Portuguese coast, particularly near harbors. The contribution of organotin compounds derived from antifouling paints to the total tin levels in M. galloprovincialis is discussed.  相似文献   

18.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have garnered much attention due to their bioaccumulation, carcinogenic properties, and persistence in the environment. Investigation of the spatial distribution, composition, and sources of PAHs in sediments of three recreational marinas in San Diego Bay, California revealed significant differences among marinas, with concentrations in one site exceeding 16,000 ng g? 1. ‘Hotspots’ of PAH concentration suggest an association with stormwater outfalls draining into the basins. High-molecular weight PAHs (4–6 rings) were dominant (> 86%); the average percentage of potentially carcinogenic PAHs was high in all sites (61.4–70%) but ecotoxicological risks varied among marinas. Highly toxic benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) was the main contributor (> 90%) to the total toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) in marinas. PAHs in San Diego Bay marina sediments appear to be derived largely from pyrogenic sources, potentially from combustion products that reach the basins by aerial deposition and stormwater drainage from nearby streets and parking lots.  相似文献   

19.
Shim WJ  Hong SH  Kim NS  Yim UH  Li D  Oh JR 《Marine pollution bulletin》2005,51(8-12):922-931
Butyl- and phenyltin residues in bivalves were quantified around the coast of Korean peninsula in 1995–1998 and 2001. Butyltin compounds were detected at all the sites surveyed, whereas phenyltins were detected at 41 out of 67 sites in 1995–1998. Tributyltin (TBT) concentrations in bivalves ranged 48–2800 ng Sn/g on dry weight basis. Triphenyltin (TPT) concentrations ranged <3–1820. The mean TPT concentration was 3.5 times less than that of TBT. Spatial distribution of TBT was closely related to boating and dry-docking activities. TPT concentration in bivalves showed significant correlation with TBT. Concentrations of TBT in bivalves, 2001 are not significantly changed compared to those in 1995–1998. However, TPT concentrations in bivalves steeply decreased in 2001. High concentration of TBT and lesser extent TPT and their nation-wide distribution indicate that organotins are one of major organic pollutants in the marine environment of Korea.  相似文献   

20.
We examined Cu contamination effects on macrobenthic communities and Cu concentration in invertebrates within Shelter Island Yacht Basin, San Diego Bay, California. Results indicate that at some sites, Cu in sediment has exceeded a threshold for “self defense” mechanisms and highlight the potential negative impacts on benthic faunal communities where Cu accumulates and persists in sediments. At sites with elevated Cu levels in sediment, macrobenthic communities were not only less diverse but also their total biomass and body size (individual biomass) were reduced compared to sites with lower Cu. Cu concentration in tissue varied between species and within the same species, reflecting differing abilities to “regulate” their body load. The spatial complexity of Cu effects in a small marina such as SIYB emphasizes that sediment-quality criteria based solely on laboratory experiments should be used with caution, as they do not necessarily reflect the condition at the community and ecosystem levels.  相似文献   

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