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1.
采用深、浅地震反射和钻孔地质剖面相结合的探测方法,对太行山东缘汤阴地堑的地壳结构和隐伏活动断裂进行了研究.结果表明,该区地壳厚度约36~42 km,莫霍面从华北平原区向太行山下倾伏.汤阴地堑是一个受汤东断裂控制的半地堑构造,其基底面形态与莫霍面展布呈"镜像"关系.汤东断裂是1条继承性的隐伏活动断裂,该断裂向上错断了埋深约20 m的中更新世晚期地层,向下延伸至上地壳底部.综合分析深地震反射和已有深地震宽角反射/折射剖面结果,发现深地震反射剖面上的中-下地壳强反射层和壳幔过渡带反射,与深地震宽角反射/折射剖面上出现的中-下地壳正负速度梯度变化层有着较好的对应关系,这表明本区中-下地壳和壳幔过渡带可能为一系列速度递变层或高低速物质的互变层,埋深约15~16 km的强反射带为上地壳与中-下地壳的转换带,壳幔过渡带的底界为地壳与地幔的分界.研究结果为深入理解该区的深部动力学过程、分析研究深浅构造关系、评价断裂的活动性提供了依据. 相似文献
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目前,华南地区通过数条地学大断面在内的地球物理探测工作,已经获得了大量深部地壳结构的信息,然而对其基底岩石的物理性质研究程度还不够.为此,我们选择华南地区扬子克拉通和华夏陆块具代表性的不同深度地壳岩石,对其进行高温高压弹性波速特征研究.结果表明两大构造单元基底的岩石波速差异较大,从而认为两者物质组成迥异,地壳结构完全不同.进而初步建立了扬子克拉通与华夏陆块各自的地壳结构模型,认为扬子克拉通具有多层结构的结晶基底,华夏陆块具三层结构但没有结晶基底,这一模型重新构建了华南的地壳结构,对华南深部地质研究和构造格局演化研究具有重要意义. 相似文献
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JiangShan Li NianQiao Fang WenJun Qu Xuan Ding LianFeng Gao ChangHang Wu ZhenGuo Zhang 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2008,51(10):1452-1459
Up to now, accurate determination of the growth age and hiatuses of the Co-rich crust is still a difficult work, which constrains the researches on the genesis, growth process, controlling factors, regional tectonics, paleo-oceanographic background, etc. of the Co-rich crust. This paper describes our work in determining the initial growth age of the Co-rich crust to be of the late Cretaceous Campanian Stage (about 75-80 Ma), by selecting the Co-rich crust with clear multi-layer structures in a central Pacific seamount for layer-by-layer sample analysis and using a number of chronological methods, such as Co flux dating, dating by correlation with 187Os/188Os evolution curves of seawater, and stratigraphic divi- sion by calcareous nannofossils. We have also discovered growth hiatuses with different time intervals in the early Paleocene, middle Eocene, late Eocene and early-middle Miocene, respectively. These re- sults have provided an important age background for further researches on the Co-rich crust growth process and the paleo-oceanographic environment evolution thereby revealed in the said region. 相似文献
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Salah Saleh 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2013,170(12):2037-2074
Crustal and lithospheric thicknesses of the southeastern Mediterranean Basin region were determined using 3D Bouguer and elevation data analysis. The model is based on the assumption of local isostatic equilibrium. The calculated regional and residual Bouguer anomaly maps were employed for highlighting both deep and shallow structures. Generally, the regional field in the area under study is considered to be mainly influenced by the density contrast between the crust and upper mantle. Use of the gravity and topographic data with earthquake focal depths has improved both the geometry and the density distribution in the 3-D calculated profiles. The oceanic-continental boundary, the basement relief, Moho depth and lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary maps were estimated. The results point to the occurrence of thick continental crust areas with a thickness of approximately 32 km in northern Egypt. Below the coastal regions, the thickness of crust decreases abruptly (transition zone). An inverse correlation between sediment and crustal thicknesses shows up from the study. Furthermore, our density model reveals the existence of a continental crustal zone below the Eratosthenes Seamount block. Nevertheless, the crustal type beneath the Levantine basin is typically oceanic; this is covered by sedimentary sequences more than 14 km thick. The modeled Moho map shows a depth of 28–30 km below Cyprus and a depth of 26–28 km beneath the south Florence Rise in the northern west. However, the Moho lies at a constant shallow depth of 22–24 km below the Levantine Basin, which indicates thinning of the crust beneath this region. The Moho map reveals also a maximum depth of about 33–35 km beneath both the northern Egypt and northern Sinai, both of which are of the continental crust. The resulting mantle density anomalies suggest important variations of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) topography, indicating prominent lithospheric mantle thinning beneath south Cyprus (LAB ~90 km depth), followed by thickening beneath the Eratosthenes seamount, Florence Rise, Levantine Basin and reaching to maximum thickness below Cyprian Arc (LAB ~115–120 km depth), and further followed by thinning in the north African margin plate and north Sinai subplate (LAB ~90–95 km depth). According to our density model profiles, we find that almost all earthquakes in the study area occurred along the western and central segments of the Cyprian arc while they almost disappear along the eastern segment. The active subduction zone in the Cyprian Arc is associated with large negative anomalies due to its low velocity upper mantle zone, which might be an indication of a serpentinized mantle. This means that collision between Cyprus and the Eratosthenes Seamount block is marked by seismic activity. Additionally, this block is in the process of dynamically subsiding, breaking-up and being underthrusted beneath Cyprus to the north and thrusted onto the Levantine Basin to the south. 相似文献
5.
地球物理在中国地学断面图的编制和综合研究中起着重要的作用．简要地概述了古地磁用于研究中国大陆的形成与演化；人工地震，特别是反射地震成功地用于研究地壳细结构；大地电磁用于了解壳内和岩石圈地幔的高导层；重、磁、地热，无论在方法上还是在解决地质问题上均取得了新进展．在综合解释上，研制出多种地球物理方法的人机交互解释系统，以及研制出在微机上实现数字化等成果．简介了地学断面成果受到国外同行的广泛重视．最后提出了地学断面研究的展望． 相似文献
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本文利用卡罗琳板块及其附近地区的自由空气重力异常和海水深度数据,结合滑动窗口导纳技术(MWAT),计算了该地区的岩石圈有效弹性厚度T_e.本文使用Multitaper(多窗谱)方法对功率谱密度进行估计,基于实际的海底地形,通过模拟计算得到了MWAT方法较真值的改正,MWAT方法计算的结果偏小20%左右.研究结果显示卡罗琳板块及其附近地区的T_e变化范围为1~34km.研究区域包括了海山、海底高原、俯冲带、扩张洋脊等多种构造,对它们的岩石圈强度的研究为认识西太平洋地区岩石圈的构造和演化提供了重要的依据.T_e与加载时的岩石圈年龄、地表热流相关.T_e与海底地壳年龄之间的关系显示T_e主要位于板块冷却模型的450℃的等温线深度以上.西太平洋的Magellan海山和Marcus-Wake Guyots(MWG)地区的T_e主要分布在加载形成时板块冷却模型的200℃的等温线深度附近,较低的等温线可能受太平洋超级地幔柱的影响.我们的研究结果也显示在研究区域内海洋地壳的热流与T_e之间存在一定的反相关性. 相似文献
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采薇海山位于西北太平洋麦哲伦海山区,是由中国发现、命名并负责资源勘探的重点调查区之一.本文利用大洋27航次在采薇海山北坡MABC-05站获得的箱式沉积物样品,开展了详细的岩石磁学研究.结果显示表层沉积物中的磁性矿物以颗粒较细的、矫顽力较低的磁铁矿为主;利用对数正态分布函数可以区分三个具有不同矫顽力值的磁性颗粒组分,并发现磁性颗粒的矫顽力值变化可以有效指示沉积物埋藏后的早期成岩特征.在参考现代物理海洋过程的基础上,我们推测南极底层水团的演化和太阳辐射的变化可能共同影响了采薇海山区海洋底层环境过程.这一结果为探讨南极气候状况对北太平洋的可能影响,评估海洋上层与底层的相互作用等重要科学问题提供了新途径. 相似文献
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利用连续地震背景噪声记录和互相关技术获得瑞利面波格林函数,进而反演获得了青藏高原东部和周边地区的地壳三维速度结构.地震数据源于北京大学宽频带流动观测地震台阵,国家数字测震台网数据备分中心提供的部分固定台站的连续记录及INDEPTH IV宽频带流动观测地震台阵.首先对观测数据进行处理和分析取得所有可能台站对的面波经验格林函数和瑞利波相速度频散曲线,反演得到了观测台阵下方周期从6~60s的瑞利波相速度异常分布图像.并且进一步反演获得研究区域三维剪切波速度结构和莫霍面深度分布.短周期(6~14s)相速度异常分布与地表地质构造特征吻合较好,在青藏高原和四川盆地之间存在一个明显的南北向转换带.而本文最重要的结果是周期大于25s的相速度异常分布图像显示,以昆仑断裂带为界,柴达木盆地和祁连山脉地区呈现与青藏高原截然不同的中地壳速度结构,反而与青藏高原东缘地区和川滇菱形块体速度结构相似.反演获得的剪切波速度在27.5~45km深度的切片也明显地揭示:青藏高原的松潘—甘孜地块和羌塘地块呈现均一的低速层;然而,柴达木盆地和祁连山脉地区则呈现较强的横向不均匀性,尤其是柴达木盆地的高速异常和四川盆地的高速异常相对应.这些结果为前人提出的青藏高原东北向台阶式增长模式提供了重要的地震学观测证据.与全球一维平均速度模型(AK135)相比较发现,本文测量和反演获得的研究区域内平均相速度和剪切波速度都比AK135模型慢很多,尤其是青藏高原的中地壳(25~40km)剪切波速度显著低于全球平均速度模型.进一步的层析成像反演证实松潘—甘孜和羌塘地块中地壳(27.5~45km)呈现大范围均一的低速层,为青藏高原可能存在大规模中下地壳"层流"提供地震学观测证据.在祁连山脉的27.5~45km深度观测到的明显低速异常体可能对应于该造山带下地幔岩浆活动导致的底侵作用,表明引起该地区地壳增厚的主要机制可能是来自地幔岩浆的底侵作用. 相似文献
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A great number of calcareous nannofossils have been found in the deep-sea sediments of 2.32 Ma at ODP Site 1143 located in
the Nansha area, the southern South China Sea. The number of coccoliths varies from about 0.5×106 up to almost 53×106 coccoliths/g sediment, with an average of 16×106 coccoliths/g sediment. The accumulation rate of total coccoliths varies from 1×106 to 278×106 coccoliths/cm2 ka. The nannofossil assemblages are usually dominated by a lower-photic species-Florisphaera profunda, of which the average percentage is about 70% in all samples. The absolute abundance and the accumulation rate of nannofossils
as well as the percentage ofF. profunda display significant oscillations on two different time scales. One is the fluctuation coincident with the glacial-interglacial
cycle, and the other is the long-term changes on a time scale longer than 100 ka. Six evolutionary stages of calcareous nannofossils
could be divided for the last 2.32 Ma, from which we can reconstruct the changes in the depth of nutricline of the Nansha
area. In this paper, the possible mechanism resulting in these variations is also discussed. 相似文献
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Introduction Shanxi uplift area is bounded by Ordos block to the west, Taihang Mountain front fault zone to the east. On the north side, it is also adjoined with Yinshan fold belt and Hetao-Baotou fault depression basin accompanied with its southern active ruptures, as well as on the south side, connected to Weihe fault depression basin accompanied with large ruptures on the northern margin of Qinling fold belt. The interior of the Shanxi uplift area, with complicated tectonic structures, … 相似文献
13.
为了进一步研究唐山地区深部地壳构造与唐山大地震孕育及发生的关系,国家地震局地球物理研究所在石油部物探局的协助下,于1985年1月在唐山震区完成了64km长的深反射剖面野外观测,获得了高分辨率的整个地壳结构的详细资料。分析结果表明,唐山震区内深度500m以上的沉积层十分破碎;结晶基底为前震旦纪地层,埋深2-7km不等,覆盖地层倾斜,且断层发育,其中陡河断裂为正断层,延深至6-7km,推断该断层为1976年唐山发震的重要构造之一。测线上大约21km深处普遍存在一反射层;莫霍面深度在31-32km左右,与该地区折射剖面得到的结果相当一致。 相似文献
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岷山隆起带与西秦岭构造带中段位于青藏高原物质东向流动的必经之处,又是南北地震带的组成部分和GPS速度场非连续性衰减和转换的关键部位,其地壳结构及地壳变形机制受到国内外地质地球物理学家的广泛关注,了解研究区深部细结构及主要边界断裂空间展布特征,对青藏高原隆升机制及中强地震孕震构造的研究有重要意义.本文依托分别横跨岷山隆起带及西秦岭构造带中段的两条大地电磁剖面(SG-WQL-L1与SG-WQL-L2)小点距观测数据,采用大地电磁相位张量分解技术对两条剖面上各个测点的电性走向、二维偏离度进行计算分析,根据分析结果对原始数据进行主轴方位角校正处理,进一步采用NLCG(非线性共轭梯度)二维反演方法开展TE与TM模式的相位和电阻率联合反演,获取沿剖面方向30 km以浅的电阻率结构模型,并完成了地质地球物理综合解释.两条大地电磁剖面勘探成果揭示出,马尔康地块中上地壳发育的壳内低阻层与峨山隆起上地壳低阻体在深部交汇,岷江断裂带与虎牙断裂带受控于马尔康地块与岷山隆起带上地壳底部的滑脱面,滑脱面呈现往东角度逐渐变陡峭的趋势且在岷江附近出现"断坡"构造,历史强震震源深度显示虎牙断裂为岷山隆起带新生代强震的发震断裂;西秦岭构造带中段中上地壳沿剖面方向表现为横向分块、纵向分层的电性结构特征,中地壳12~25 km左右发育厚度不等的壳内低阻层,壳内低阻层多与研究区次级地块的边界断裂在深部交汇,次级地块以及区分次级地块的活动断裂带可能是GPS速度场在研究区呈现非连续性的递减并伴随方向转换的构造成因;青藏高原内部的软流圈物质向NE和SSE流动,驱动巴颜喀拉地块东缘上地壳沿中上地壳低阻层东向运移,受到摩天岭高阻地块的阻挡作用,软弱的岷山隆起带发生地壳褶皱变形并向东逆冲推覆从而形成高耸的岷山山脉,岷江断裂与虎牙断裂的左旋运动加速了岷山的隆起. 相似文献
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野外、实验和地震数据表明:浅部地壳的变形以脆性破裂为主,深部地壳的变形以晶体塑性流动为主.在这种认识的基础上,提出了地壳变形的2种机制模型,即发生脆性变形的上部地壳强度基于Byerlee摩擦定律以及发生塑性变形的下部地壳强度基于幂次蠕变定律.而位于其间的脆塑性转化带的深度与浅源地震深度的下限具有很好的一致性.然而,二元结构的流变模型局限性在于其力学模型过于简单,往往过高估计了脆塑性转化带的强度.问题的根源在于对脆塑性转化带的变形机制的研究已有很多,但没有定量的力学方程来描述脆塑性转化带强度;而且以往对断层脆塑性转化带的研究主要集中在温度引起的脆塑性转化方面,对因应变速率和流体对脆塑性转化的影响方面的研究也比较薄弱.对断层带内矿物变形机制研究表明,某些断层带脆塑性转化发生在相同深度(温度和压力)内,发生脆塑性转化的原因是应变速率的变化,而这种变化被认为与地震周期的同震、震后-间震期蠕变有关,这种变化得到了主震-余震深度分布变化的证实.对断层流体特征分析表明,断层带内可能存在高压流体,这种高压流体会随断裂带的破裂及愈合而周期性变化,在地震孕育及循环中起着关键性作用.高压流体的形成(裂隙愈合)有多种机理,其中,压溶是断层带裂隙愈合的主导机制之一.研究在水作用下的压溶,可以对传统的摩擦-流变二元地壳强度结构及其断层强度进行补充与修正.通过以上分析,认为有必要通过野外变形样品和高温高压实验,深入研究应变速率及流体压力对断层脆塑性转化的影响,同时,通过实验建立压溶蠕变的方程,近似地估计脆塑性转化带的强度. 相似文献
16.
Sara Emanuel Tokiyuki Sato Shun Chiyonobu J. Bruce H. Shyu Davide Bassi Yasufumi Iryu 《Island Arc》2021,30(1):e12411
We established a high-resolution calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy for the late Pliocene–Pleistocene by analyzing a 242 m-thick, continuous sedimentary succession from Ocean Drilling Program Site 1146, Hole A, in the South China Sea (SCS). A total of 14 calcareous nannofossil datums were detected in the SCS succession. They are, in descending order: first occurrence (FO) of Emiliania huxleyi, last occurrence (LO) of Pseudoemiliania lacunosa, LO of Reticulofenestra asanoi, FO of Gephyrocapsa parallela, FO of R. asanoi, LO of large Gephyrocapsa spp., FO of large G. spp., FO of Gephyrocapsa oceanica, FO of Gephyrocapsa caribbeanica, LO of Calcidiscus macintyrei, LO of Discoaster brouweri, LO of Discoaster pentaradiatus, LO of Discoaster surculus, and LO of Discoaster tamalis. The FO of E. huxleyi was not precisely detected due to poor preservation and dissolution of nannofossils in the underlying strata. We refined the previous calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy in the SCS by identifying Gephyrocapsa species and four evolutionary extinction events of the genus Discoaster. The proposed calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy correlates with those reported in other terrestrial and marine areas/sites and global benthic foraminiferal δ18O records. The age–depth curves based on nannofossil biostratigraphy indicate a significant increase in the sedimentation rates at the LO of R. asanoi (0.91–0.85 Ma). The timing of this increase corresponds to reef expansion in the Ryukyu Islands linked to a stepwise increase in Kuroshio Current intensity. This timing is broadly coeval with a sea surface temperature increase of ∼2 °C in the northwestern Pacific due to expansion of the Western Pacific Warm Pool towards the north and south subtropical regions. This can be explained by increased weathering and erosion of terrestrial areas in glacial periods and increased rainfall causing higher sediment transport in interglacial periods, which were both linked to Middle Pleistocene Transition-related climatic changes. 相似文献
17.
马尼拉俯冲带热结构数值模拟与地震意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究马尼拉俯冲带地震分布的成因机制,根据马尼拉俯冲带最新的莫霍面深度和地壳厚度等地质与地球物理资料,选取3条典型剖面,模拟俯冲带热结构。结果表明:1俯冲带热结构主要受俯冲角度、俯冲速度和俯冲板块本身地质条件等因素影响;2 BB′剖面和CC′剖面属于热俯冲;3当洋壳俯冲至软流圈边界时,俯冲板块温度迅速升高,容易形成地震活动。BB′剖面的俯冲角度和俯冲速度比CC′剖面小,使得BB′剖面发生地震的深度更浅。俯冲洋壳底部温度比顶部低,地震活动也持续到更大的深度。 相似文献
18.
ASAHIKO TAIRA SANEATSU SAITO KAN AOIKE SUMITO MORITA HIDEKAZU TOKUYAMA KIYOSHI SUYEHIRO NARUMI TAKAHASHI MASANAO SHINOHARA SCHOICHI KIYOKAWA JIRO NAKA & ADAM KLAUS 《Island Arc》1998,7(3):395-407
The bulk composition of the continental crust throughout geological history is thought by most previous workers to be andesitic. This assumption of an andesitic bulk composition led to an early hypothesis by 72 ) that the continental crust was created by arc magmatism. This hypothesis for the origin of continental crust was challenged by several authors because: (i) the mean rate of arc crust addition obtained by 50 ) is too small to account for some certain phases of rapid crustal growth; and (ii) the bulk composition of ocean island arcs, the main contributor to the Archean and early Proterozoic crust, is basaltic rather than andesitic ( 4 ; 49 ). New data from the Northern Izu–Bonin arc are presented here which support the 72 ) hypothesis for the origin of the continental crust by andesitic arc magma. A geological interpretation of P wave crustal structure obtained from the Northern Izu–Bonin arc by 66 ) indicates that the arc crust has four distinctive lithologic layers: from top to bottom: (i) a 0.5–2-km-thick layer of basic to intermediate volcaniclastic, lava and hemipelagite (layer A); (ii) a 2–5-km-thick basic to intermediate volcaniclastics, lavas and intrusive layer (layer B); (iii) a 2–7-km-thick layer of felsic (tonalitic) rocks (layer C); and (iv) a 4–7-km-thick layer of mafic igneous rocks (layer D). The chemical composition of the upper and middle part of the northern Izu–Bonin arc is estimated to be similar to the average continental crust by 73 ). The rate of igneous addition of the Northern Izu–Bonin arc since its initial 45-Ma magmatism was calculated as 80 km3/km per million years. This rate of addition is considered to be a reasonable estimate for all arcs in the western Pacific. Using this rate, the global rate of crustal growth is estimated to be 2.96 km3/year which exceeds the average rate of crustal growth since the formation of the Earth (1.76 km3/year). Based on this estimate of continental growth and the previously documented sediment subduction and tectonic erosion rate (1.8 km3/year, 24 ), several examples of growth curves of the continental crust are presented here. These growth curves suggest that at least 50% of the present volume of the continental crust can be explained by arc magmatism. This conclusion indicates that arc magmatism is the most important contributor to the formation of continental crust, especially at the upper crustal level. 相似文献
19.
D. E. Teterin 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2010,46(10):862-871
The paper is based on the results of geoscience investigations conducted within the continental margin of the Amundsen Sea
during the expeditions of the German research vessel “Polarstern”. The analysis and interpretation of the new data together
with the geological and geophysical information available from the earlier studies of this region showed that the transition
zone of the Amundsen Sea was formed as an Atlantic-type passive margin since the end of the Late Cretaceous to the present
time. The tectonic-magmatic evolution of the continental margin has been significantly affected by the mantle-plume activity
that led to the destruction of the continental and oceanic basement and to the formation of the Marie Byrd Seamount Province. 相似文献
20.
Andrew W.H. Bunch 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1979,45(2):453-463
Seismic data from a 250 km long refraction profile on Rockall Bank have been re-interpreted to determine a detailed velocity-depth structure. The analysis was carried out using synthetic seismograms to match the amplitude and waveforms of the experimental records. The structure obtained from a travel-time analysis alone was found to be inadequate, and the final preferred velocity-depth model is defined more in terms of velocity gradients than of constant velocity layers. In the preferred structure a thin high-velocity layer, 6.7–6.9 km/s, was found in the upper crust at a depth of 7 km and the Moho transition was modelled by a velocity gradient zone 1.5 km thick with the velocity rising from 7.5 to 8.2 km/s. This new analysis supports the conclusion of the previous analysis: Rockall Bank is a continental fragment. 相似文献