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基于一组实验结果,讨论了岩石标本的非均匀性（预存微裂纹和宏观裂纹）对声发射 时空分布的影响. 对比分析表明,预存微裂纹的存在使得破裂成核前声发射率快速增加、 b值表现出一种短期异常现象,即在下降背景上出现起伏,从而增加了破裂时间的可预报 性. 宏观结构（节理、层面等）的存在对声发射率和b值的影响与微裂纹相同,而且宏 观结构对声发射的空间分布具有控制作用,声发射丛集的宏观构造通常控制着未来的主破裂 . 这意味着宏观构造的存在使得主破裂的时间和位置预报成为可能. 相似文献
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1 研究背景
声发射是指岩石在受力过程中发生变形和破裂,其应变能释放所监测到的一种物理现象,而b值是表征地震震级—频度关系的参数,研究人员发现,b值具有非线性特征,且与岩石破裂过程密切相关.因此,利用岩石试件变形破坏过程中产生的声发射事件模拟地震,进而研究不同加载条件下岩石变形破坏过程中的声发射b值变化特征,可用于监测岩石受力破坏过程中内部预存微裂隙的活动状态,有助于揭示岩石损伤机理及岩石的破坏程度,也可作为岩石失稳预警参数,捕捉地震发生的前兆信息. 相似文献
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资料表明某些强地震前中小地震的地震非均匀度（GL值）参数在强地震孕育进入中期或短期阶段出现明显异常变化, 显示出区域中小地震活动状态发生变化. 本文通过对含有障碍体的平直断层、 挤压型雁列式断层及Ⅲ型剪切裂纹等3种类型的岩石样本变形破坏过程声发射事件时间序列的分析, 讨论了GL值变化的物理意义. 计算结果表明, 这3种标本变形破坏过程中, 在应力应变处于非弹性阶段前夕或在岩石整体破裂失稳前破裂成核期间, GL值出现持续大于１的异常变化. 表明GL值能较好地刻画受压岩石破坏前的应变的非弹性变化, 具有一定的标本破裂指示意义. 相似文献
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根据室内岩石变形声发射实验结果,计算了声发射序列的地震非均匀度GL值,并以此探讨了岩石破裂失稳的可预测性。在双轴压缩、等速率加载条件下,含障碍体断层、挤压雁列断层和Ⅲ型剪切断层等非连续岩石标本在临近滑动失稳前,声发射活动均出现了显著的均匀—非均匀的状态变化,表现为GL值出现持续大于1的异常变化,GL值异常的位置与破裂成核部位相重合,并与断层走向一致;改变统计窗长、窗内分割数及能级统计下限计算声发射序列的GL值,结果表明,GL值计算结果具有一定的稳定性。综合分析认为,地震非均匀度(GL值)可以较好地刻画岩石失稳前夕因破裂成核导致的声发射活动在时间分布上的状态变化,GL值持续异常是岩石失稳的显著性标志,对预测岩石失稳具有较好的指示意义。 相似文献
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SF-1型岩石声发射测试仪是岩石力学实验研究的一种非常有用的测试仪器。它可以用来监测岩石或岩石样品在外力作用下,发生变化过程中由微破裂所产生的声发射现象。它不仅可以研究微破裂与应力、变形、波速、时间等的变化规律,而且还可以进一步研究微破裂与主破裂(大破裂)的关系。所以它在岩石或岩体的变形破坏实验研究中具有重要的意义。多年来,在进行岩石力学研究中一直缺少适用的声发射仪,从而影响了这方面工作的开展。为了当前 相似文献
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在双向压缩条件下,研究了一种非均匀断层模型标本在变形过程中的声发射(AE)时空特征.结果表明,随侧向应力sigma;2的增大,断层破裂强度提高,自加载至破坏的时间延长,破坏形式由突发失稳逐渐转变为渐进式破坏.预制断层及其非均匀性对标本变形过程中AE空间分布图象起明显的控制作用.预制断层,特别是预制断层上的强度不均匀部位及高强度段落,控制着微破裂空间分布的总体格局.破裂局部化均起始于断层上强度不均匀部位,随侧向应力sigma;2的增大,微破裂密集区域从预制断层强度不均匀部位逐渐扩展到整个高强度区段.侧向应力sigma;2的大小对AE时序特征具有显著影响.较低sigma;2条件下,断层表现为突发失稳,失稳发生在微破裂活动ldquo;增强-平静rdquo;的背景之上;而较高sigma;2条件下,断层表现为渐进式破坏,破坏前后AE频次持续增加,AER呈指数增长.sigma;2对b值变化也具有一定影响.当断层破坏表现为突发失稳时,b值在弹性阶段后期至弱化阶段显示出ldquo;前兆rdquo;性降低;而当断层表现为渐进式破坏时,b值变化平稳. 相似文献
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许多大地震前地震活动存在明显的平静现象,由于其普遍性,地震平静现象被认为是具有物理意义的地震前兆并被作为地震预报的重要依据.关于大震前地震平静现象的物理机制,国内外学者从不同角度进行了研究,其中包括用破裂强度的双峰式分布、扩容硬化、震前滑动造成的应力松弛、震源体内外介质性质的差异和相互作用等机制解释强震孕育过程中短期地震活动的平静现象.尽管在一些模型中把岩石力学实验结果作为证据之一,但来自与地震活动最相似的岩石变形声发射的实验证据并不多.因为以往大量的实验结果表明,在恒定的加载条件下(等位移速率、等应力速率等),岩石破坏失稳前声发射活动多表现为加速特征,尽管一些岩石破坏前声发射活动加速现象不明显,但也难以观测到平静现象.然而,在我们开展的一系列断层结构和介质不同的中尺度标本的声发射实验中,一些标本破坏失稳前声发射活动表现出明显的相对平静现象,据此我们对大地震前地震活动平静现象的物理机制进行了讨论. 相似文献
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研究岩石样品变形过程中的声发射主要包括两个方面的内容:一是研究声发射事件的时空分布;二是研究声发射信号的振幅-频度分布。由于声发射活动性的研究与地震活动性的研究是十分相近的,所以实验室中对岩石样品声发射的研究有可能增进对地震活动性的认识。 本文总结了最近在声发射研究方面的一些结果,讨论了应力水平、加载时间和加载历史对岩石样品声发射活动性的影响,即讨论了在单调加载、静态疲劳加载和重复加载三种情况下的声发射特征。本文强调指出,即使是实验室内,利用声发射活动进行岩石样品的破坏预报方面仍然存在着一些困难。最后提出了解决这些困难的建议。 相似文献
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在单轴应力条件下对不同应力变化过程岩石的声发射b值或m值进行了研究。所用的岩石为济南辉长岩和房山大理岩。实验的方式有三种:(1)重复加载实验;(2)递增加载实验;(3)应力增减实验。实验表明,应力减小过程的声发射b值比应力增加过程的声发射b值低。重复加载时声发射率显著下降但声发射b值变比不大,声发射b值对岩石的应力历史的记忆效应也不及声发射率的记忆效应明显。 相似文献
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《地震地质》2020,(3)
文中采用尺寸为50mm×50mm×150mm的花岗闪长岩、大理岩以及砂岩3种不同的岩石样品,开展了超声尾波和声发射同步观测研究。结果显示:1)尾波变化与声发射演化过程存在良好的对应关系,声发射频度增加时尾波的变化随之改变,尤其是声发射频度增加的早期阶段尾波便出现变化。这预示了分析尾波可获得岩石早期的损伤信息。2)不同变形阶段,尾波变化的物理机制不同。加载初期,尾波变化存在明显的散射体改变特征;随后,在线弹性变形阶段则以波速变化为主;加载后期,散射体的改变增加,且与波速变化共存,散射体的改变效应与岩石微破裂的程度有关。3)随着载荷的增加,波速增加的幅度总体呈逐渐减小的趋势,这与通过直达波获得的认识基本一致。4)岩石变形过程中产生的微破裂会改变尾波变化的物理机制,散射体效应将显著增强。同时,声发射波形将对超声尾波造成干扰,因此在仅利用尾波资料分析岩石损伤时需要关注相关的问题。总之,超声尾波变化和声发射均可反映岩石内部的损伤情况,且不同的变形阶段尾波的变化机制不同,二者的联合观测可起到相互验证的作用,有利于提高观测结果的可靠性。 相似文献
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M. N. French R. L. Bras W. F. Krajewski 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1992,6(1):27-45
A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities. 相似文献
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Gtz Schroth Luciana Ferreira Da Silva Marc‐Andree Wolf Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira Wolfgang Zech 《水文研究》1999,13(10):1423-1436
The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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M. A. Kahn 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2000,28(2):95-101
Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate. 相似文献