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把环境应力增高，作为将要发生强震的前兆。根据陈培善导出的利用地震波资料直接计算环境剪应力τ＿０值的公式，计算了１９８７─１９９１年全国范围内的环境剪应力值，并据此预测了１９９２年以后３年内可能发生６级以上地震的５个强震危险区。实际验证结果是：从１９９２年５月至今，中国境内共发生Ｍ≥６．０的地震７次，６次均落在预先划定的危险区内。根据进一步的研究，计算了１９９２─１９９３年全国环境应力值，结合１９９１年以前的资料，对未来１９９３年１１月─１９９６年３年内可能发生强震的危险区进行了预测，提出了６个值得注意的强震危险区。 相似文献
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１９９３年中国大陆地区地震灾害评述李建一，李革平，陆鸣，朱宏任，张晓华１９９３年中国大陆地区共发生Ｍｓ≥５．０中强地震１９次（包括３次余震），其中Ｍｓ≥６．０的强震６次，最大震级为Ｍｓ６．６，１９次中强震全部发生在中国大陆西部地区。这使得１９９３年中... 相似文献
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根据３６个初选问题的Ｗａｌｌｅｎ评分，精选出１０项能突出表现地震序列的特征参数作为指标，采用ＦＣＭ模糊聚类方法对地震序列进行分类，在分类过程中，将地震序列分为两类：Ｉ类为Ｍ≥６．０强震后六个月内还有震级为Ｍ≥５．０的强震发生；Ⅱ类为Ｍ≥６．０强震后六个月内无Ｍ≥５．０地震。以中国大陆地区１９９６年以来的２６次Ｍ≥６．０强震序列建立震后判别模型，然后以近期发生的８次强震序列进行了外推检验。 相似文献
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在充分了解地震序列特征的基础上，选出２６项地震序列的原始特征。根据这些原始特征的Ｗａｌｌｅｎ评分，精选出１１项能突出表现地震序列的特征参数作为指标。采用ＩＳＯＤＡＴＡ模糊聚类方法对地震序列进行分类，Ⅰ类为Ｍ≥６．０强震后三个月内还有震级为Ｍ≥５．０的强震发生；Ⅱ类为Ｍ≥６．０强震后三个月内无Ｍ≥５．０的地震。对中国大陆地区１９６６年以来的２２次Ｍ≥６．０强震序列进行聚类分析，建立预报震后趋势判别模型，然后以８次强震序列为例进行了外推检验。结果表明，该方法对地震序列类型的判别效果较好。 相似文献
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利用１次中强以上地震（Ｍ０≥４．７）发生后前６天地震序列的资料，对未来半年内是否可能发生相当（Ｍ＝Ｍ０±０．３）或更大的地震进行模糊聚类分析．根据３６个初选问题的Ｗａｌｌｅｎ评分，精选出１３项能突出表现地震序列的特征参数作为指标．应用模糊聚类的ＦＣＭ算法对地震序列进行分类，Ⅰ类为Ｍ０级中强震后６个月内还有震级为Ｍ≥Ｍ０－０．３级的地震发生；Ⅱ类为Ｍ０级中强震后６个月内无相当或更大的地震。以中国大陆地区１９６６年以来的４８次Ｍ０≥４．７级中强震序列资料建立震后判别模型，然后对近期发生的８次强震序列进行了外推检验。 相似文献
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研究讨论了云南强震活动的时空特征，指出区内Ｍ≥６８级地震呈现活跃与平静；主体活动区东西交替及时空轮回迁移等特征。据此指出１９８８年云南地区进入了Ｍ≥６８级地震强震活跃期，主体地区在云南西部，１９９５—１９９７年存在发生６—７甚至７级以上地震的危险。同时讨论了孟连７３级地震前相关区地震活动，滇西北、滇西南有关ｂ值、小震频度、调制比异常等８种地震学异常的空间分布、时间进程等特征。特别指出了１９９４年９月至１９９５年５月滇西南地区Ｍ≥４７级地震形成的时空密集现象，及其在短临阶段对震级及地点方面判断的重要作用。 相似文献
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在充分了解地震序列特征的基础上，从不同角度的物理背景选出２６项地震序列的原始特征。根据这些原始特征的Ｗａｌｌｅｎ评分，精选出１１项能突出表现地震序列的特征参数作为指标，采用ＩＳＯＤＡＴＡ模糊聚类方法对地震序列进行分类，在分类过程中，将地震序列分为两类：Ｉ类为Ｍ≥６．０级强震后三个月内还有震级为Ｍ≥５．０级的强震发生；Ⅱ类为Ｍ≥６．０级强震后三个月内无Ｍ≥５．０级的地震。在一次强震发生后，短期内还有没有另一次强震？这是大震现场分析预报工作中最重要、最迫切的问题之一。这一问题的解决，实际上就是在强震发生后的短时间内，对地震序列的类型作出判断。人们已研究过不少判别地震序列类型的方法，如ｈ值、ｂ值、等待时间，Ｋ值等。这些方法大多需要震后积累一定时段的序列资料才能满足应用条件，而震后趋势判断又是一项十分迫切的任务。为了使地震序列类型的划分具有预报价值，我们已作了一些有意义的工作，曾利用一次中强以上地震（Ｍ＿ｏ≥４．７）发生后头三天地震序列资料，应用模式识别、模糊数学方法对未来三个月内是否可能发生相当（Ｍ＝Ｍ＿ｏ±０．３）或更大（Ｍ＞Ｍ＿ｏ）地震作过综合判定。本文在此基础上用模糊聚类的ＩＳＯＤＡＴＡ方法对此问题作一具体 相似文献
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地壳介质是一种里面存在着许多裂纹的非完整介质．断裂力学的研究结果表明，这种介质的强度远低于完整介质的强度．笔者认为，地震的发生是由于地壳中裂纹在合适的条件下由稳态扩展逐渐发展到失稳扩展的结果，地震破裂即为断裂力学所阐明的低应力快速破裂现象．
快速破裂的出现必需要有局部应力和应变的高度集中．根据Knott(1973)对裂纹尖端进行的弹塑性应力分析表明，裂纹尖端的应力状态对裂纹的扩展起了极其重要的作用．由于应力集中，在裂纹尖端必然形成一个塑性区．塑性区中的位移已不是弹性位移，而是塑性位移．=a20/2y，这里，0是作用剪应力，它相当于地震发生时的初始应力或构造应力，a是裂纹半长，是刚性模量，y是介质剪切屈服强度．而地震位错恰恰是发生在形成塑性区的裂纹末端．于是我们提出了一个关键性的假定，设位错D(1，t)为文中的公式(5)，地震最大位移为Dmax=L20/4g，式中，L是断层长度．若刚性模量取上地壳的数值，=33 GPa，介质剪切屈服强度y取实验室给出的平均值y=30 MPa，那么，根据Dmax和L的观测值，利用此公式就可以估计大震的构造剪应力值．计算结果表明，全球的大震构造剪应力值大多数在5——20 MPa 之间，有地区差异，平均为10 MPa．
笔者在进一步研究了震源谱的性质后，又导出了体波震级mb对0和地震矩M0的依赖关系(即文中的公式(11))，此公式提供了直接利用地震观测资料大量计算构造剪应力值的可能性．我们认为，构造剪应力场是控制地震发生的主要因素，出现高应力值地震的地区是容易发生强震（MS6.0）的地区，即地震危险区．我们对1987年以来全国所有mb3.8的地震计算了它们的剪应力值，据此，划出了我国大陆地区强震危险区并给出了震级范围．
1992年4月——1994年1月31日，中国大陆地区共发生9次MS6.0的地震，其中8次均落在我们事先划定的危险区内，只有1次在危险区外．实践证明，这种新方法作为中期强震预报，是一种有效的预报手段，有着良好的物理基础和令人鼓舞的发展前景，值得深入探讨和研究． 相似文献
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１９９６年８月全球Ｍ≥５．０地震动态根据地震学合作研究会（ＩＲＩＳ）地震数据管理中心提供的资料，１９９６年８月份全球范围内共发生Ｍ＞５．０的地震１１６次（见附表），其中Ｍ＞６．０地震１１次，Ｍ＞７．０地震２次，最大的一次地震发生在斐济群岛地区，震级为... 相似文献
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中国大陆地壳垂直运动高梯度区与强震危险区发震概率估计 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
概述了中国大地地壳垂直形变速率梯度的分布特征，统计了１９６０－１９９３年间大陆Ｍ≥６．０级地震与高梯度区的对应关系，从构造物理的角度论证了形变速率高梯度区是未来可能的强震危险区，采用贝叶斯公式估算了主要地震危险区的发震概率。 相似文献
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《国际泥沙研究》2014,(4)
正Director:Shangfu Kuang,China Vice-directors:Chunhong Hu,China Duihu Ning,China Guangquan Liu,China The International Research and Training Center on Erosion and Sedimentation(IRTCES)was jointly set up by the Government of China and UNESCO on July 21,1984.It aims at the promotion of international exchange of knowledge and cooperation in the studies of erosion and 相似文献
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《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,(3)
正SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,an academic journal cosponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China,and published by Science China Press and Springer,is committed to publishing high-quality,original results in both basic and applied research. 相似文献
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Richard D. Hey 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1979,4(1):59-72
Feedback mechanisms, which operate upstream through drawdown and backwater effects and downstream through sediment discharge are responsible for channel evolution. By combining these mechanisms with channel processes it euables a dynamic process-response model to be developed to simulate the initial evolution of straight gravel-bed channels. When erosion commences on a land surface, sediment entrained in the headwater reach by hydraulic action is selectively transported, deposited and reworked. This produces a damped oscillation between degradation and aggradation as the channel and valley respond to spatial and temporal variations in sediment calibre and hydraulic conditions. The initial cut and fill phases are responsible for valley incision and floodplain development while secondary and subsequent activity can produce river terraces. Eventually sediment entrainment in the headwaters declines as slopes are reduced. Subsequent channel evolution is relatively insignificant because it is dependent on local weathering activity producing material that can be transported on declining slopes. Therefore landforms produced during the initial phase of development, when local weathering was non-limiting, dominate the landscape. 相似文献
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Based on relocating the Jiujiang-Ruichang earthquake sequence which occurred on November 26, 2005 in Jiangxi Province with the double-difference （DD） algorithm and master event technique, the paper discusses the focal mechanism of the main shock （MsS.7） and the probable seismo-tectonics. The precise relocation results indicate that the average horizontal error is 0.31kin in a EW direction and 0.40kin in a NS direction, and the average depth error is 0.48kin. The focal depths vary from 8kin to 14kin, with the predominant distribution at 10kin - 12kin. The epicenter of the main shock is relocated to be 29.69^oN, 115.74^oE and the focal depth is about 10.Skin. Combining the predominant distribution of the earthquake sequence, the focal mechanism of the main shock and the tectonic conditions of N-E- and NW-strike faults growth in the seismic region, we infer that the main shock of the earthquake sequence was caused by a NW striking buried fault in the Rnichang basin. The nature of seismic faults needs to be further explored. 相似文献
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《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6)
Abstract The western reservoirs represent the principal groundwater system in Morocco. Demographic, industrial and agricultural developments during the last decade have markedly altered groundwater quality. The Mamora coastal aquifer system is among the Atlantic systems which are most heavily threatened by pollution. Agricultural and industrial activities, and rapid urban growth contribute to the pollution of the groundwater. Contamination transport is facilitated by a high permeability of the aquifer formations. In order to assess the actual groundwater quality of the Mamora aquifer and to understand the influence of the factors generating the pollution, an extensive multidisciplinary research programme is in progress, with hydrochemistry and microbiology playing essential roles. The present paper concerns the spatial distribution of physico-chemical parameters in the groundwater, subjected to domestic, industrial and agricultural pollution. Fifty-seven samples were analysed for several parameters (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl?, SO4 2?, HCO3 ?, NO3 ?, pH, electrical conductivity and temperature). The microbiological analysis of 143 samples reveals the presence of four kinds of indicator bacteria in the groundwater resources: faecal Streptococci, faecal coliform, Escherichia coli and Clostridium. The physico-chemical results and bacteriological monitoring show that the nitrate and bacteria concentrations exceed the maximum admissible levels, notably around pumping stations in the sectors of Sidi Taibi, Sidi Ahmed Taleb and Aïn Sbaâ. Contamination is generated by uncontrolled anthropogenic activities and accentuated by the high intrinsic vulnerability of the aquifer system. Several parameters appeared to exceed admissibility standards. Measures are recommended to prevent groundwater pollution in the region. 相似文献
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K.-G. Malle 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1992,20(4):196-204
Zinc in the Environment. In 1990 the world production of zinc ammounted to 7 Mio. metric tons. The main areas of application were: galvanization, alloys like brass and zinc metal. The content in the earth crust varies between 10–300 ppm zinc with a mean of 70 ppm. Uncontaminated surface waters contain less than 10 mg/m3 zinc. Apart from civilization air contains 1–10 ng zinc per m3. These background concentrations are exceeded by orders of magnitude in zinc deposit areas and where anthropogenic influences predominate. Accumulation can occur in sediments and sewage sludge. Molluscs and Algae also accumulate zinc. Zinc is essential for live. With normal food the zinc supply of man is just sufficient. Bioaccumulation of zinc towards man or chronic oversupply of man is not known. Zinc has no teratogenic or mutagenic effects, a suspicion on a carcinogenic effect proved wrong. In stockbreeding and plant cultivation a minimum supply of zinc is necessary. Plants are relatively less sensitive against higher soil contents of zinc. Considering the toxicological and ecotoxicological effects of zinc in the environment, the critical organismens are marine invertebratae like tubifex, daphnia, gammarus and algae. But normally only a minor part of the total zinc contest is biologically available, depending on salt content and pH of the waters. 相似文献