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1.
本文用二维非线性有限元方法,计算了一个地堑剖面因地幔上涌引起的破裂危险。在两侧边界挤压应力小于岩石静压力条件下,破裂危险增长区主要集中于地堑内部及地堑断层附近 相似文献
2.
经常观察到这样的现象：活化的克拉通在其演化的不同阶段经历过裂谷作用，在这些地区有分割的地堑构造，有些地堑已变成现代的活跃地震带，如中国山西临汾地堑，中国河北邢台地堑和美国的新马德里地堑。大量资料表明，这些地区的地震成因与许多地质、地球物理条件有关，而不仅仅是活动断层。以临汾地堑为例，地震发生过程涉及到下列因素：（１）地堑周围强度较大的变质岩，这些岩体在区域应力场作用下产生应力积累；（２）地堑内５－ 相似文献
3.
汶川地震是有地震历史记载以来首次发生在大陆内部的高角度8级逆冲强震,给板内逆冲强震研究提供了许多新的课题。论文主要开展了以下两方面的研究:(1)近地表陡倾角铲形逆断层的破裂特征研究。基于龙门山断裂带中段动力学背景建立有限元模型,系统地研究近地表陡倾角铲形逆断层(本文所称近地表陡倾角铲形断层,要求近地表倾角至少≥65°)的破裂特征,并探讨了汶川地震逆冲滑动量随深度分布形态所可能蕴含的地壳信息。对于近地表陡倾角铲形断层,在断层倾向的高强度挤压下,断层近地表部分对逆冲破裂和滑动有一定的阻碍作用;铲形断层的近地表倾角越陡,陡倾角部分的深度范围越大,断层近地表部分对逆冲破裂和滑动的阻碍作用会越明显;近地表陡倾角的铲形断层形态和巴颜喀拉块体的高强度挤压很可能是形成汶川地震逆冲滑动量随深度分布形态的重要原因,无地表破裂的前期地震并不是造成汶川地震滑动量随深度分布特征的必要条件。(2)平行逆断层体系中断层活动之间的相互影响研究。讨论了分布距离对平行逆断层地震活动规律的影响,并定量地评估了汶川地震中前山断裂同震逆冲破裂对中央断裂逆冲破裂释放的影响。同震破裂实验结果显示:在同震逆冲破裂中,前山断裂和中央断裂的破裂释放之间有一定的替代关系;汶川地震中,由于前山断裂发生同震逆冲破裂,中央断裂相应段落逆冲破裂释放很可能降低了约10%,减少的标量地震矩约为9.54×1018 N·m。平行逆断层长期挤压破裂实验结果显示:在龙门山断裂带的动力学环境和浅层构造背景下,当平行逆断层之间的距离在20km以下时,两条平行逆断层会在破裂释放上形成主次关系,距离越短,主次关系越显著;两条平行逆断层之间发生同步逆冲破裂的比例很低,受平行逆断层之间距离的影响也很小;两条平行逆断层之间发生同步地表逆冲破裂的比例更低,在龙门山动力学机制和浅层构造背景下,距离在10~20km左右时,平行逆断层之间最容易发生同步地表逆冲破裂。结合龙门山断裂带中段的实验结果显示:后山断裂的地震活动很可能相对独立;12km的距离使得中央断裂和前山断裂之间发生同步地表逆冲破裂的风险相对较高,这很可能是导致汶川地震中出现同震地表破裂的一个重要原因。 相似文献
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西藏北部双湖地堑构造与新生代伸展作用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
以双湖地堑为代表, 羌塘地体内最新构造表现为东西向伸展作用下产生的南北向地堑构造, 双湖地堑由一系列近于平行的北东至北北东向正断层组成. 断层几何学、运动学及断陷盆地内沉积作用研究表明, 断层活动具明显阶段性, 其早期活动始于上新世, 并造成上新统与下覆双湖组和上覆第四系间不整合接触. 第四纪以来断层运动速率显著增大, 是断层强烈活动期. 地堑构造是青藏高原隆升后重力作用的结果, 预示高原腹地正在进行的伸展塌陷作用. 相似文献
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逆冲滑动是汶川地震的初始和主要震源过程,其破裂滑动量随断层深度的分布形态与多数板内逆冲强震不一致.本文用摩压比值来表征断层沿线的局部破裂危险程度,通过数值实验讨论了底部破裂源、近地表倾角和无地表破裂的前期地震等对铲形逆冲断层的破裂危险分布和破裂滑动分布的影响.有限元数值模拟结果显示,在巴颜喀拉块体对龙门山断裂带的高强度挤压下,上陡下缓近地表陡倾角的铲形断层形态使得汶川发震断层近地表对逆冲破裂和滑动有一定的阻碍作用;破裂滑动量集中于发震断层中部的前期逆冲地震是造成汶川MS8.0地震逆冲滑动分布异于板内逆冲强震滑动分布现象的一个可行解释. 相似文献
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汤阴地堑位于太行山脉与华北平原的过渡带,是太行山前重要的地质构造单元。为研究汤阴地堑上地壳结构和断裂特征,利用安阳市与新乡市活断层探测获得的深、浅地震反射剖面,结合研究区已有地震、地质资料,对汤阴地堑浅部结构、汤东断裂特征进行分析研究。结果表明,汤阴地堑北部与南部地壳结构差异明显。地堑北部是由汤东断裂控制的半地堑,地堑内反射震相丰富、反射波层组关系清晰,多组新生代、古生代沉积层强反射不整合地覆盖在自西向东倾伏的结晶基底反射Tg上,且随着深度增加,地层倾角增大,显示出明显的多期掀斜运动特征。地堑南部表现为由汤东、汤西断裂共同控制的断陷型地堑,地堑内新近系底界面反射波TN自西向东倾伏,其下为一些横向呈水平或东倾、延续性较短的反射震相。地堑南部与北部不同的反射震相特征表明,测线控制区域内的汤阴地堑沉积环境与运动特征可能有所差异。汤东断裂为走向NE,倾向NW的铲型正断层,汤西断裂为走向NE、倾向SE的正断层,北部中深层地震反射剖面上未发现该断层的存在。 相似文献
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西藏中部申扎—定结地堑系北段中新世以来构造地貌学研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用ETM遥感影像与30 m分辨率的ASTER DEM数据, 构建申扎—定结地堑系北段遥感影像三维数字高程模型, 结合野外地质地貌调查结果, 对地堑系地貌特征进行总体分析。并根据对主要断裂的产状和活动性野外调查与活动断裂展布的遥感解译结果, 认为地堑系由一条东倾的铲式主要断裂和一系列同倾向和反倾向的次级断裂组成的半地堑构造。基于半地堑系模式, 将地堑系简化成书斜式模型, 根据地堑的沉降量和地堑宽度值, 计算地堑系的滑脱面深度在3.6～9.7 km之间, 因此地堑中地震震源深度也多集中于滑脱面附近。最后探讨地堑的形成机制, 表明在印度板块的挤压作用下, 高原上地壳与下地壳发生应力解耦, 上地壳在重力作用下, 向南向东发生滑脱, 形成东倾的半地堑构造。 相似文献
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穿越逆冲断层的埋地管道非线性反应分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
穿越逆冲断层的埋地管道在地震作用下,容易发生局部屈曲或整体失稳等形式的破坏,研究逆冲断层作用下的埋地管道地震反应规律,对管道抗震设计及施工等具有重要的意义。本文将埋地管线及周围土体从半无限地球介质中取出,分别以空间薄壳单元和实体单元进行离散,采用非线性接触力学方法模拟管、土之间的滑移、分离及闭合现象;采用线性位移加载模拟断层的错动,考虑了系统初始应力状态的影响,对土体未开裂前的管土相互作用系统进行了拟静力数值分析;分析了位错量、土体刚度、埋设深度、径厚比及跨越角度对埋地管道反应的影响,得出了一些有益的结论。 相似文献
10.
在总结、讨论冲绳海槽弧后张裂构造的地形地貌、地球物理场和动力背景特征的基础上,归纳出海槽北、中、南三段之间的差异,以及它们在陆坡、槽底、岛坡上的不同表现特征.槽底雁行排列的地堑及断层斜切入陆坡,伴随的断块隆眷作用往南加强,使得钓鱼岛一赤尾屿隆起带区别于其北边的陆架外缘隆起带,吕宋岛向台湾的碰撞挤压引起的旋张活动加强了海槽南段的地壳拉张,从北往南岛坡侧都可以追踪出双列岛孤特性.海槽内部构造现象不能为笼统的构造动力背景所能完全解释,需要对各个典型中央地堑的具体深入探测研究.鉴于地堑、地垒、断层以及它们所界定的构造单元和它们内部发生的岩浆作用各有特点,最后讨论了各个地段中央地堑的构造属性、动力要素的差异及变化规律,以期为海槽构造动力的进一步深入研究提供借鉴参考. 相似文献
11.
In the tectonically active fault system of the Central Apennines Ridge (Italy) several normal/transtensive faults mapped as Quaternary structures show evidence of pre-Neogene thrusting activity. Therefore, determining the amount of fault-slip during Pleistocene–Holocene times is crucial for seismic hazard assessment. Three principal lines of evidence have been used in this study for estimating the pre-Quaternary activity of extensional fault systems in the Central Apennines. The first is the geological and stratigraphic record (i.e. thickness and facies variations) for pre-Quaternary successions. The second is the widespread structural analysis evidence of extensional faults involved in Neogene thrust tectonics; whether considering a passive role (e.g. fault carried and tilted above a thrust-sheet) or inversion (e.g. positive inversion and related minor structures). The third is the geomorphological evidence, particularly erosion surface analysis, which permits the understanding of the relief generated by tectonics after the formation of post-thrusting erosional surfaces. Preliminary results from some faults which belong to the Sibillini Mts. and the Norcia extensional fault zones show clear evidence of Quaternary reactivations. 相似文献
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THE RESEARCH OF THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE LUSHAN EARTHQUAKE BASED ON THE SYNTHESIS OF THE DEEP SEISMIC DATA AND THE SURFACE TECTONIC DEFORMATION 
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下载免费PDF全文 WANG Lin ZHOU Qing-yun WANG Jun LI Wen-qiao ZHOU Lian-qing CHEN Han-lin SU Peng LIANG Peng 《地震地质》2016,38(2):458-476
The seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake has remained in suspensed until now. Several faults or tectonics, including basal slipping zone, unknown blind thrust fault and piedmont buried fault, etc, are all considered as the possible seismogenic structure. This paper tries to make some new insights into this unsolved problem. Firstly, based on the data collected from the dynamic seismic stations located on the southern segment of the Longmenshan fault deployed by the Institute of Earthquake Science from 2008 to 2009 and the result of the aftershock relocation and the location of the known faults on the surface, we analyze and interpret the deep structures. Secondly, based on the terrace deformation across the main earthquake zone obtained from the dirrerential GPS meaturement of topography along the Qingyijiang River, combining with the geological interpretation of the high resolution remote sensing image and the regional geological data, we analyze the surface tectonic deformation. Furthermore, we combined the data of the deep structure and the surface deformation above to construct tectonic deformation model and research the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake. Preliminarily, we think that the deformation model of the Lushan earthquake is different from that of the northern thrust segment ruptured in the Wenchuan earthquake due to the dip angle of the fault plane. On the southern segment, the main deformation is the compression of the footwall due to the nearly vertical fault plane of the frontal fault, and the new active thrust faults formed in the footwall. While on the northern segment, the main deformation is the thrusting of the hanging wall due to the less steep fault plane of the central fault. An active anticline formed on the hanging wall of the new active thrust fault, and the terrace surface on this anticline have deformed evidently since the Quaterary, and the latest activity of this anticline caused the Lushan earthquake, so the newly formed active thrust fault is probably the seismogenic structure of the Lushan earthquake. Huge displacement or tectonic deformation has been accumulated on the fault segment curved towards southeast from the Daxi country to the Taiping town during a long time, and the release of the strain and the tectonic movement all concentrate on this fault segment. The Lushan earthquake is just one event during the whole process of tectonic evolution, and the newly formed active thrust faults in the footwall may still cause similar earthquake in the future. 相似文献
13.
阳关断裂位于青藏高原北部阿尔金断裂系向北扩展的前缘位置,对其几何学和运动学的深入研究,有助于理解青藏高原向大陆内部扩展的机制。文章通过卫星影像解译、探槽开挖、差分GPS及无人机测量等对阳关断裂开展了详细研究。结果显示：阳关断裂东段发育多条正反向断层陡坎,断层陡坎高度在0.4～8 m之间,平均约2.2 m,探槽揭示断裂倾角约60°,形成高角度逆断层,局部发育正断层;西段断裂向北西前缘扩展,形成一组弧形分布的断层陡坎,陡坎高度多在0.9～2.4 m,平均约1.9 m。同时自南向北,逆冲断层陡坎形态由多级陡坎转为单一陡坎。对探槽剖面分析,显示断裂断错晚更新世冲洪积砾石层,发育的断层倾角较缓,以低角度逆冲为主要特征,约26°,有的甚至沿地层向前推覆。结合前人的研究成果,阳关断裂可能为本区阿尔金向北扩展的北边界,与三危山断裂共同协调吸收了阿尔金断裂东段的部分应变量。 相似文献
14.
Tectonic inversion is a common phenomenon in island arc settings, especially in back‐arc basins. The reactivation of normal faults as thrusts, triggered by tectonic inversion, produces typical inversion fault‐related folds and thrusts in the hangingwall. These hangingwall inversion geometries are affected by two factors: the geometry of the underlying master fault and the angle of inclined simple shear relative to the regional dip of strata, in the case that the deformation is approximated by simple shear. This study employed numerical simulations to analyse the influence of the antithetic shear angle on the geometry of the hangingwall and displacement along the master fault. The simulation results reveal that a steeply inclined shear vector during extension produces a narrow, steep‐sided half‐graben, whereas a gently inclined shear produces a wide, open basin. After tectonic inversion, a tight anticline is formed under steeply inclined shear, whereas an open anticline is formed under gently inclined shear. Antithetic shear results in reduced total displacement along the master fault, and the greater the angle between the shear direction and the regional dip, the greater the displacement along the master fault. Because the deformation geometry of syn‐extension layers is affected by extension followed by contraction, a change in the shear angle during tectonic inversion produces a wide variety of deformation geometries. Comparison of the simulation results with the results of analogue modelling suggests that the shear angle decreases by 5° during the transition from extension to tectonic inversion and that such a change may be commonly observed in natural geological structures. These results highlight the benefits of numerical simulations, which can be used to readily examine a variety of constraining parameters and thereby lead to a better understanding of the mechanism of hangingwall deformation, avoiding erroneous estimates of the amount of fault displacement. 相似文献
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A strong earthquake with magnitude MS6.2 hit Hutubi, Xinjiang at 13:15:03 on December 8th, 2016(Beijing Time). In order to better understand its mechanism, we performed centroid moment tensor inversion using the broadband waveform data recorded at stations from the Xinjiang regional seismic network by employing gCAP method. The best double couple solution of the MS6.2 mainshock on December 8th, 2016 estimated from local and near-regional waveforms is strike:271°, dip:64ånd rake:90° for nodal plane I, and strike:91°, dip:26ånd rake:90°for nodal plane Ⅱ; the centroid depth is about 21km and the moment magnitude(MW)is 5.9. ISO, CLVD and DC, the full moment tensor, of the earthquake accounted for 0.049%, 0.156% and 99.795%, respectively. The share of non-double couple component is merely 0.205%. This indicates that the earthquake is of double-couple fault mode, a typical tectonic earthquake featuring a thrust-type earthquake of squeezing property.The double difference(HypoDD)technique provided good opportunities for a comparative study of spatio-temporal properties and evolution of the aftershock sequences, and the earthquake relocation was done using HypoDD method. 486 aftershocks are relocated accurately and 327 events are obtained, whose residual of the RMS is 0.19, and the standard deviations along the direction of longitude, latitude and depth are 0.57km, 0.6km and 1.07km respectively. The result reveals that the aftershocks sequence is mainly distributed along the southern marginal fault of the Junggar Basin, extending about 35km to the NWW direction as a whole; the focal depths are above 20km for most of earthquakes, while the main shock and the biggest aftershock are deeper than others. The depth profile shows a relatively steep dip angle of the seismogenic fault plane, and the aftershocks dipping northward. Based on the spatial and temporal distribution features of the aftershocks, it is considered that the seismogenic fault plane may be the nodal plane I and the dip angle is about 271°. The structure of the Hutubi earthquake area is extremely complicated. The existing geological structure research results show that the combination zone between the northern Tianshan and the Junggar Basin presents typical intracontinental active tectonic features. There are numerous thrust fold structures, which are characterized by anticlines and reverse faults parallel to the mountains formed during the multi-stage Cenozoic period. The structural deformation shows the deformation characteristics of longitudinal zoning, lateral segmentation and vertical stratification. The ground geological survey and the tectonic interpretation of the seismic data show that the recoil faults are developed near the source area of the Hutubi earthquake, and the recoil faults related to the anticline are all blind thrust faults. The deep reflection seismic profile shows that there are several listric reverse faults dipping southward near the study area, corresponding to the active hidden reverse faults; At the leading edge of the nappe, there are complex fault and fold structures, which, in this area, are the compressional triangular zone, tilted structure and northward bedding backthrust formation. Integrating with geological survey and seismic deep soundings, the seismogenic fault of the MS6.2 earthquake is classified as a typical blind reverse fault with the opposite direction close to the southern marginal fault of the Junggar Basin, which is caused by the fact that the main fault is reversed by a strong push to the front during the process of thrust slip. Moreover, the Manas earthquake in 1906 also occurred near the southern marginal fault in Junggar, and the seismogenic mechanism was a blind fault. This suggests that there are some hidden thrust fault systems in the piedmont area of the northern Tianshan Mountains. These faults are controlled by active faults in the deep and contain multiple sets of active faults. 相似文献
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郯庐断裂带是中国大陆东部一个重要的左行走滑断裂系,对于研究中国大陆的形成演化与构造格局有着十分重要的意义.阿拉善左旗—山东日照超宽频带大地电磁测深剖面在山东莒县附近穿越了郯庐断裂带中段,电性主轴分析结果表明断裂带附近构造走向大致为北东20°;反演电阻率模型表明剖面穿越处郯庐断裂带的宽度约为30 km,断裂带主体是两条切割深度大、陡倾的断裂,西侧断裂切割深度约为60 km,向西倾斜,断面陡立,倾角约为70°,东侧断裂切割深度大于80 km,但小于100 km,界面东倾,陡立,倾角约为60°~80°;这两条断裂都切穿了地壳,但未切穿岩石圈.郯庐断裂带东缘至剖面终端日照,整个地壳为高阻,与断裂带西侧地壳的电性结构差异明显,这表明郯庐断裂带是华北地块与胶辽朝地块的边界断裂. 相似文献
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在阿尔金构造系中,阿尔金走滑断裂具有逆冲分量。文中将阿尔金构造系的逆冲活动分为西、中、东3段描述。西段从阿依耐克至车尔臣河河口,阿尔金南缘断裂具有逆冲活动迹象,在山前发育了规模较小的逆冲断层,有较新的地貌面被错动;中段从车尔臣河河口至拉配泉一带,在阿尔金山北缘发育大规模的逆冲断层,有较新的地貌面被错动;东段从拉配泉至宽滩山,逆冲断层有2种形式,此段阿尔金北缘断裂有逆冲分量,同时在阿尔金山北缘及山前冲洪积扇上发育逆冲断裂。自晚更新世中晚期以来,中段及东段逆冲速率<2mm/a。中段西部江尕拉萨依地区自16kaBP以来逆冲速率约为0.33mm/a,中部米兰桥一带自32kaBP以来的逆冲速率约为1.42mm/a。东段最大的逆冲速率在近中部的团结乡,自约5.31kaBP以来达到约1.81mm/a,向东西两端有减小的趋势,在西部柳城子自约72.36kaBP以来的逆冲速率为0.57mm/a,而东端的红柳沟自约8.99kaBP以来仅为0.05mm/a。团结乡地区约自19kaBP以来,逆冲活动有增强的趋势 相似文献
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本文以海原断裂带区域活动构造为基础,将海原断裂划分为西、中、东3段.基于1999年12月26日至2010年7月26日间的精定位小震目录,估计了海原断裂带各段的倾角.考虑海原断裂沿走向可能存在南倾与北倾两种情况,将倾角的范围设置为.首先运用网格搜索法确定了平面断层模型,其次以特征深度节点为基础数据运用多项式构建了曲面断层模型.结果表明：当进行平面拟合时,海原断裂西段与中段、东段的倾向不同,西段为南倾,其倾角值为71°,而中段、东段为北倾,其倾角值分别为72°、65°,各段的倾角值均由地表以下8 km地震资料确定.当进行曲面拟合时,在8 km深度以内海原断裂西段、中段、东段的倾角均处于80°左右,即接近陡立.西段的倾角在深度为9 km处出现转换,之后倾角接近陡立;中段的倾角在深度为16 km处出现转换,之后倾角逐渐减小,当深度为18 km时倾角为30°;东段的倾角在深度为11 km处出现转换,倾角为42°,在深度为16 km处出现第二次转换,倾角为55°,之后倾角逐渐减小.结合震源机制解和大地测量观测资料反演拟合的合理性,验证了本文所估计倾角的可靠性. 相似文献
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Study on distribution characteristics of strong earthquakes in Sichuan-Yunnan area and their geological tectonic background 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Introduction Both Sichuan and Yunnan are provinces with more earthquakes. Based on catalogue of strong earthquakes in China compiled by the Prediction Department of China Earthquake Administration, there are 639 M5.0 earthquakes during 26 B.C.~A.D. 2001. Among them, 475 are M=5.0~5.9 events, 124 are M=6.0~6.9 events, 39 are M=7.0~7.9 events, and one is M=8 event occurred in Sichuan and Yunnan area. Here is one of the areas where seismic activities are most active in China. Sichuan-Yun… 相似文献