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1.
针对山西省境内长期承受非对称交通荷载的公路拓宽路堤,采用FLAC~(3D)建立数值模型,土工格栅采用FLAC~(3D)内置土工格栅单元(geogrid)模拟,其余部分均采用实体单元,屈服准则采用Mohr-Coulomb准则。将交通荷载简化为半正弦波荷载,分析非对称交通荷载作用下不加筋和加筋两种工况下拓宽路堤的变形特性及稳定性,进而改变拓宽路堤部分填土参数、交通荷载幅值、频率和行车间隔等参数,分析其对加筋工况下拓宽路堤变形的影响。结果表明:非对称交通荷载作用下,设置土工格栅加筋对新、旧路堤变形的约束作用有限,但能提高路堤的整体稳定性;增大拓宽路堤填土的压缩模量和黏聚力,可减小新、旧路堤沉降差;增大交通荷载一侧幅值会引起新、旧路堤过大差异沉降;增大交通荷载频率和时间间隔,路堤沉降均逐渐减小,但沉降差保持不变。上述结论对受非对称交通荷载拓宽路堤的施工提供了一定的理论依据。 相似文献
2.
Piled embankments, which offer many advantages, are increasingly popular in construction of high-speed railways in China. Although the performance of piled embankment under static loading is well-known, the behavior under the dynamic train load of a high-speed railway is not yet understood. In light of this, a heavily instrumented piled embankment model was set up, and a model test was carried out, in which a servo-hydraulic actuator outputting M-shaped waves was adopted to simulate the process of a running train. Earth pressure, settlement, strain in the geogrid and pile and excess pore water pressure were measured. The results show that the soil arching height under the dynamic train load of a high-speed railway is shorter than under static loading. The growth trend for accumulated settlement slowed down after long-term vibration although there was still a tendency for it to increase. Accumulated geogrid strain has an increasing tendency after long-term vibration. The closer the embankment edge, the greater the geogrid strain over the subsoil. Strains in the pile were smaller under dynamic train loads, and their distribution was different from that under static loading. At the same elevation, excess pore water pressure under the track slab was greater than that under the embankment shoulder. 相似文献
3.
针对巴准重载铁路高路堤典型断面,采用三维非线性有限元与经验公式相结合的方法,建立了可考虑列车-轨道动力相互作用的重载列车振动荷载引起的高路堤路基累积变形计算方法。首先,基于列车-轨道垂向耦合动力系统理论,建立重载列车-轨道动力耦合体系数值模型,并实施重载列车-轨道耦合系统动力分析;其次,建立轨枕-道床-路基-场地动力系统的三维有限元模型,并输入求解的列车振动荷载作为外部激励;最后,采用Li和Selig推荐的改进土体累积变形预测模型并结合有限元分析结果,分析了未加固和应用土工格栅加固的高路堤路基累积变形的基本特征与规律。发现土工格栅可显著减小路基的动力累积变形作用。 相似文献
4.
5.
随着西部黄土地区城镇化进程的加快,填挖结合的新增用地方式要求地基处理技术需要重点解决填方区的强度与变形问题。论文将粉煤灰作为改性填料对黄土进行改良,通过直剪试验、三轴试验、湿陷试验与扫描电镜试验,分析不同粉煤灰掺入比条件下加筋与未加筋黄土试样的强度变化规律、宏观破坏特征和微结构特征。结果表明:采用粉煤灰改良和土工格栅加筋后,黄土的最优含水率增大,最大干密度降低。当粉煤灰掺入比λ=20%时,加筋改良效果最好,黄土的峰值强度、残余强度和等效内摩擦角均有大幅提高,侧向变形显著减小,且能有效降低其湿陷性。微结构分析表明:粉煤灰对黄土的改良主要体现在颗粒直接填充和化学结晶体交织成的网状填充两种类型的强化作用,改良后黄土的孔隙率与孔隙尺寸均有所下降。研究结果可为黄土地区填方边坡与填方路基的改良加固提供参考。 相似文献
6.
This paper deals with the results of cyclic load tests on masonry walls performed for the purpose of evaluation of in-plane shear behaviour and identification of shear strength, stiffness and energy dissipation. Eight walls in two series were assembled in laboratory conditions. The first series consisted of four unreinforced masonry walls constructed from solid clay bricks and lime mortar. The walls from the second series were strengthened by application of RC jackets on both sides. These were constructed of the same material and were characterized by the same geometry properties and vertical load levels as those of the walls from the first series. The main goal of the tests was to compare the behaviour of the unreinforced and strengthened walls under cyclic horizontal load. The results from the tests showed that the application of the strengthening method contributed to a significant improvement of the shear resistance of the jacketed walls. Analytical models were used to predict the shear resistance of the walls. Good agreement with the experimental results was obtained with a model based on tensile strength of masonry. 相似文献
7.
Shaking table tests were conducted on saturated clean Vietnam sand in the large biaxial laminar shear box (1880 mm×1880 mm×1520 mm) at the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE), Taiwan. The settlement of sand specimens was measured and evaluated during and after each shaking test. Without liquefaction, the settlement of sand caused by shaking is very small. Significant volume changes occur only when there is liquefaction of sand. The volumetric strain of liquefied sand was calculated according to the measured settlement and the thickness of liquefied sand in the specimen. Relations between volumetric strain after liquefaction and the relative density of saturated clean sand were developed for various shaking durations and earthquake magnitudes. They are not affected by the shaking amplitude, frequency, and direction (one- or multidirectional shaking). 相似文献
8.
In order to study the influence of pile spacing on the seismic response of piled raft in soft clay, a series of shaking table tests were conducted by using a geotechnical centrifuge. The dynamic behavior of acceleration, displacement and internal forces was examined. The test results indicate that the seismic acceleration responses of models are generally greater than the surrounding soil surface in the period ranges of 2–10 seconds. Foundation instant settlements for 4×4 and 3×3 piled raft (with pile spacing equal to 4 and 6 times pile diameter) are somewhat close to each other at the end of the earthquake, but reconsolidation settlements are greater for 3×3 piled raft. The seismic acceleration of superstructure, the uneven settlement of the foundation and the maximum bending moment of pile are relatively lower for 3×3 piled raft. Successive earthquakes lead to the softening behavior of soft clay, which causes a reduction of the pile bearing capacity and thus loads are transferred from the pile group to the raft. For the case of a 3×3 piled raft, there is relatively smaller change of the load sharing ratio of the pile group and raft after the earthquake and the distribution of maximum bending moments at the pile head is more uniform.
相似文献9.
地铁循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土的动力特性研究对于揭示软黏土在地铁荷载下的孔压、强度以及变形模式具有重要意义,可以为控制地铁长期沉降、降低运营风险提供理论依据。试验加载形式的不同会带来不同的动力特性表征,需选取最能反映地铁列车真实性质的荷载形式。本文在列车荷载作用下研究土动力特性,采用室内动三轴试验的方法,对比分析不同形式下动力荷载作用效果。试验研究表明:偏压正弦波可以作为简化波形研究列车荷载,它不仅可以确保加载过程中地基土只有压应力,而且能较好地模拟列车循环荷载。 相似文献
10.
Negin Kananizadeh Taghi Ebadi Seyed Alireza Khoshniat Seyed Ehsan Mousavirizi 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2011,39(7):605-611
This study evaluates the effect of nanoclay on permeability, swelling, compressive strength, and cation exchange capacity of a compacted Kahrizak landfill clay liner. The results show that 4% nanoclay significantly reduces permeability (3 × 10?9 to 7.74 × 10?11 cm/s in neutral, 3.66 × 10?9 to 7.9 × 10?10 cm/s in acidic, and 3.25 × 10?9 to 5.24 × 10?10 cm/s in alkaline condition), and increases compressive strength (by 36.28%) and the percentage of swelling (from 16.67 to 41.82, 23.33 to 45.45, and 15 to 38.18 at pH 7, 4.8, and 9, respectively) compare to raw clay samples. Moreover, the results of cation exchange capacity tests show that adding 4% nanoclay to the Kahrizak clay, permeated with landfill leachate, helps the sample maintain its mono‐valent ions between layers and remains dispersed. The results of SEM and XRD analyses show that by adding nanoclay, nanoclay clusters are formed in the sample; as a result, the interlayer spacing decreases which makes it remain dispersed. XRF analyses also demonstrate that by adding nanoclay to the mixture, the permeability and therefore, the amount of heavy metals which can penetrate into it decreases. The results justify the construction of clay barriers with nanoclay in order to prevent leachate penetration, and consequently reduce the operation costs. 相似文献
11.
通过分别开展包裹碎石桩加固、碎石桩加固以及未加固的饱和砂土液化振动台试验,对比分析不同加固类型下的抗液化性能,重点剖析包裹碎石桩加固的砂土液化机理。试验表明:振动加载过程中,包裹碎石桩始终保持桩体的完整性与良好的排水性能且其加固模型地基的总沉降量相较于未加固模型地基减少了50%,相较于碎石桩加固模型地基减少了31.8%。包裹碎石桩加固模型排出水量较未加固模型地基提高了33.3%,较碎石桩加固模型地基提高了16.6%;包裹碎石桩加固模型地基的超静孔压值下降显著且地基下层砂土出现未液化的现象;并进一步发现包裹碎石桩的排水加固作用沿土层竖向深度呈递增趋势。因此,可以发现包裹碎石桩加固砂土液化的抗震性能优于碎石桩。 相似文献
12.
不同地域的软黏土表现出不同的动力学特性,针对舟山地区海相软黏土,采用Wille动三轴仪开展了一系列不排水三轴试验,研究了不同加载频率及循环应力比对软黏土的动应力-应变-孔压及软化指数等的影响规律。结果表明：低频荷载的应力-应变滞回曲线对应的面积较大且曲线趋势更倾向于应变轴,随着循环次数的增加土体的软化程度明显增加(软化指数减少),且在高循环应力比下产生较大的累积塑性应变和残余动孔压;在低频较大循环振次和高频荷载作用下,不仅需要关注循环应力比CSR的影响,也需要进一步分别关注围压和轴向偏应力各自数值不同所导致的土体累积塑性应变、残余动孔压的变化;降低循环应力比可以显著减少不同频率荷载对软黏土地基动力特性的影响。此外,实验所测的累积塑性应变和残余动孔压分别采用相关修正模型拟合,取得了一致的拟合结果。该研究将为舟山海相软黏土的工程应用提供参考依据。 相似文献
13.
地震荷载作用下发生滑坡的滑动带通常由粗颗粒与细颗粒组成。滑带土的动力性质及动孔隙水压力的发展对边坡的稳定性至关重要。对掺细料砾石混合土进行动三轴试验来探讨细料(粒径小于0.5mm)含量对砾石(粒径6~20mm)混合土的动孔压特性的影响,进行细料含量为0%、20%和40%的三组试样的动三轴试验,采用固结围压为100kPa、固结应力比为1.0、频率为1.0Hz,施加轴向动应力分别为0.50、0.55、0.60和0.65kN,得到动孔压的变化规律。试验发现:(1)相同激振力作用下,随着细料含量的增加,动孔隙水压力增长速度逐渐变缓;相同细料含量时,随着激振力的增大,动孔隙水压力增长速度变快。(2)激振力较大和细料含量较少时,动孔隙水压力在较少的振次下达到较大值并趋于稳定。(3)细料含量为20%的砾石混合土试样在试验终止时的振动次数最大,细料含量为40%的砾石混合土在试验终止时的振动次数最小。(4)当细粒含量为0%和20%时,试验终止时最终的孔压都可以接近固结围压;当细粒含量为40%,激振力较大时,试验终止时最终的孔压才接近固结围压,而激振力较小时最终的孔压远远没有达到固结围压。 相似文献
14.
利用SDT-20型三轴仪探究双向动荷载下红黏土动变形特性。结果表明:相位差为0其他条件相同时红黏土动剪切模量随径向动荷载幅值增加而减小;双向动荷载下红黏土动剪应变与振动次数近似呈指数型关系增长,并存在一个临界循环次数;随含水率升高和固结应力增大,重塑红黏土破坏模式由受拉破坏变为受压破坏;径向动荷载幅值的增加使重塑红黏土更容易发生受拉破坏;双向动荷载下阻尼比随动剪应变增加无明显规律,动剪应变小于1%时阻尼比的变化无规律,动剪应变大于1%时随动剪应变增加阻尼比处于稳定平衡阶段。含水率对阻尼比变化规律有明显影响,含水率小于20%时阻尼比随含水率增大而增大,含水率大于20%时其对阻尼比影响可以忽略。 相似文献
15.
In China, The Yellow River delta is the youngest large river delta, and the low liquid limit alluvial silt is widely distributed there. The silt is easy to liquefy so that the silt subsoil shows large settlement under traffic load. At present, few in situ model tests were conducted to study the traffic-load-induced settlement of silt subsoil. Therefore, a falling-weight simulation equipment of traffic load was developed. By adjusting the technical parameters such as the falling height of the weight, different types of traffic loads can be well simulated. With the equipment, in situ tests were carried out to study cumulative settlement of silt subsoil in the Yellow River delta. Tests indicate that the settlement and excess pore water pressures rapidly grow initially and then tend to be stable with increasing the number of load cycles, and they also increase with the magnitude of the traffic load. When the load attains a threshold value, liquefaction takes place in the silt subsoil. After terminating loading, the pore water pressure rapidly decreases and the settlement increases simultaneously, while after one hour they tend to stabilize. Based on Chai–Miura cumulative deformation model of soil, the traffic-load-induced cumulative settlement of silt subsoil was calculated and compared with the test results. The calculated cumulative settlement with increasing number of load cycles agrees well with the test results, except the initial phase of cyclic loading where the settlement observed in the situ tests is overestimated. This is mainly because Chai–Miura model assumes undrained conditions while the subsoil under traffic loads is partly drained. 相似文献
16.
Praveen K. Malhotra 《地震工程与结构动力学》2002,31(7):1441-1457
The seismic response spectrum defines the amplitude of the load, but it does not specify the number of cycles for which the load must be resisted by the structure. The amplitude by itself is not sufficient to evaluate the seismic resistance of a structure, because the structure's strength, stiffness and energy‐dissipation capacity reduce with an increase in the number of load cycles. This paper presents a cyclic‐demand spectrum, which, in conjunction with the amplitude spectrum, provides a more complete definition of the seismic load, hence a way to consider the degradation in strength, stiffness and energy‐dissipation capacity in a rational manner. Similarly to three amplitude parameters (peak ground acceleration, peak ground velocity, and peak ground displacement), three cyclic‐demand parameters are introduced for stiff, moderately stiff, and flexible systems. A design example is presented to illustrate the use of the cyclic‐demand spectrum. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
Multi-layered soil profiles, where one or more layers consist of loose liquefiable material, most commonly require pile foundations extending beyond the liquefiable layer to competent material. Under seismic loads, if the loose layer liquefies, then large localized plastic demands may be generated in the piles. To study this behavior and provide detailed data to validate numerical models, a 1-g shaking table experiment was conducted considering a single reinforced concrete pile embedded in a three-layer soil system. The model pile of 25 cm diameter was tested under increasing amplitude earthquake excitation in a sloped laminar soil box. The test specimen was designed at the lower bound of typical design to promote yielding, per ATC-32 (Applied Technology Council, 1996) [1]. The pile penetrated 7D (D=pile diameter) into a multi-layered soil configuration composed of a stiff uppermost crust overlying a saturated loose sand layer and a lower dense layer of sand. Plastic demands in the pile were characterized using curvature profiles coupled with back-calculation of the plastic hinge length and post-test physical observations. Results from this test quantify the post-yield behavior of the pile and serve as a complement to previously conducted centrifuge tests. 相似文献
18.
The paper describes the earthquake performance assessment of two historical buildings located in Istanbul exposed to a Mw = 7+ earthquake expected to hit the city and proposes solutions for their structural rehabilitation and/or strengthening.
Both buildings are unreinforced clay brick masonry (URM) structures built in 1869 and 1885, respectively. The first building
is a rectangular-shaped structure rising on four floors. The second one is L-shaped with one basement and three normal floors
above ground. They survived the 1894, Ms = 7.0 Istanbul Earthquake, during which widespread damage to URM buildings took place in the city. Earthquake ground motion
to be used in performance assessment and retrofit design is determined through probabilistic and deterministic seismic hazard
assessment. Strength characteristics of the brick walls are assessed on the basis of Schmidt hammer test results and information
reported in the literature. Dynamic properties of the buildings (fundamental vibration periods) are measured via ambient vibration
tests. The buildings are modelled and analyzed as three-dimensional assembly of finite elements. Following the preliminary
assessment based on the equivalent earthquake loads method, the dynamic analysis procedure of FEMA 356 (Pre-standard and commentary
for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, 2000) and ASCE/SEI 41-06 (Seismic rehabilitation of existing buildings, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, 2007) is followed to obtain dynamic structural response of the buildings and to evaluate their earthquake performance. In order
to improve earthquake resistance of the buildings, reinforced cement jacketing of the main load carrying walls and application
of fiber reinforced polymer bands to the secondary walls are proposed. 相似文献
19.
为了提高村镇承重夯土墙体的抗震性能,对2片竹片网水泥砂浆加固墙体和1片未加固对比墙进行拟静力试验,研究其破坏形态、水平承载力、滞回性能和耗能等抗震性能。试验结果表明:与未加固夯土墙体相比,加固后墙体的受力性能、变形性能及耗能能力均得到明显改善;同等加固水平下:斜放竹片网对夯土墙承载力的提高显著,相比对比试件峰值荷载和极限荷载分别提高82.58%和76.97%;正放竹片网加固的墙体滞回曲线更加饱满,骨架曲线下降更加平缓,变形能力和耗能提高更加明显,相比对比试件峰值位移和极限位移分别提高63.33%和327.69%,耗能提高了781%,且正放竹片网加固施工方便,可提倡应用。总之,竹片网水泥砂浆加固方法生态经济,可明显减轻墙体的破坏,有效改善墙体抗震性能,研究成果可对村镇夯土建筑实地加固提供参考。 相似文献
20.
Andrea Meoni Antonella D'Alessandro Nicola Cavalagli Massimiliano Gioffré Filippo Ubertini 《地震工程与结构动力学》2019,48(8):910-928
The seismic behavior of unreinforced masonry buildings is typically characterized by premature brittle collapse mechanisms that can cause serious consequences for the protection of human lives and for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage. Structural health monitoring can be a powerful tool enabling a quick post-earthquake assessment of the structure's performance, but its applications are still scarce as a consequence of the severe limitations affecting off-the-shelf sensing technologies, in terms of local nature of the measurements, costs, as well as long-term behavior, installation, and maintenance. To overcome some of these limitations, the authors have recently proposed a new sensing technology, called “smart brick,” that is a durable clay brick doped with stainless steel microfibers, working as a smart strain sensor for masonry buildings. This paper presents the first full-scale application of smart bricks, used for detecting and localizing progressive earthquake-induced damage in an unreinforced masonry building subjected to shaking table tests. Smart bricks are employed to detect changes in load paths on masonry walls, comparing strain measurements acquired after each step of the seismic sequence with those referring to the undamaged structure. Experimental results are interpreted using a 3D finite element model built to reproduce the shaking table tests. Overall, the results demonstrate that the smart bricks can effectively reveal local permanent changes in structural conditions following a progressive damage, therefore being apt for earthquake-induced damage detection and localization. 相似文献